周紅元

近些年來(lái)英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)的閱卷采用了新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不再把要點(diǎn)齊全、語(yǔ)法正確作為閱卷的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而要求考生運(yùn)用一些高級(jí)表達(dá)方式來(lái)提升文章的檔次。也就是說(shuō)閱卷老師最注重的是語(yǔ)言，換句話說(shuō)是亮點(diǎn)，根據(jù)語(yǔ)言使用情況，亮點(diǎn)的多少而定出檔次，所以考生在書(shū)面表達(dá)中語(yǔ)言上的亮點(diǎn)是得高分的關(guān)鍵。常見(jiàn)的有：高級(jí)詞匯和句型;修辭手法;有效的連詞;名人名言或諺語(yǔ)。本文簡(jiǎn)單介紹亮點(diǎn)當(dāng)中至關(guān)重要的高級(jí)表達(dá)形式，過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)等一些技巧的使用。

一、高級(jí)表達(dá)的類型

1.盡力使用高級(jí)詞匯

詞匯量能反映一個(gè)人知識(shí)儲(chǔ)存量的多少，靈活運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯是語(yǔ)言能力較強(qiáng)的重要標(biāo)志。表達(dá)時(shí)使用高級(jí)詞匯能有效地提高表達(dá)的層次，使語(yǔ)言不至于單純和幼稚。

（1）寫(xiě)作中要根據(jù)具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境，使用些具有特定意義，蘊(yùn)含感情色彩的詞語(yǔ)，少用一些過(guò)于大眾化的詞匯。

He is a good teacher .和 He is a warm-hearted teacher.

“good”一詞可以用來(lái)表“人”，也可用來(lái)表“事”，但用在特定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，最好想一個(gè)更能說(shuō)明事物特征的詞來(lái)替換。

（2）盡可能用短語(yǔ)。多使用短語(yǔ)，來(lái)代替單詞，會(huì)增加文采，同時(shí)也使句子表達(dá)更形象生動(dòng)。

①I(mǎi) have asked him to bring you the Chinese painting you want.

I have asked him to bring you the Chinese painting you have been looking forward to .

②I can no longer bear the way he speaks to us.

I can no longer put up with the way he speaks to us.

（3）使用高中階段的新詞。寫(xiě)作中要盡可能使用高中學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯來(lái)代替初中學(xué)過(guò)的一些同義的簡(jiǎn)單的詞匯。

Each time I meet him， he is busy with his research.

Each time I meet him， he is occupied with his research.

（4）盡量在同一文章中不重復(fù)使用某個(gè)詞。

Weve built a new experiment building beside the old one and weve also built a library where the old playground used to be.

Weve built a new experiment building beside the old one and weve also set up a library where the old playground used to be.

不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，以上例句中，第二種表達(dá)方式與第一種表達(dá)的意思相同，但使用的詞匯或短語(yǔ)使句子表達(dá)更加的生動(dòng)化、多樣化。因此，為了能在寫(xiě)作中突破，須從以上幾點(diǎn)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練。

二、使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)

在一篇短文中，要適當(dāng)?shù)馗淖冋Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)同一種意思，會(huì)使文章表達(dá)多樣化，層次感突出，也就是把閱卷老師心目中的亮點(diǎn)凸顯出來(lái)。在書(shū)面表達(dá)中的亮點(diǎn)句式主要有以下幾種：倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、從句、分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、感嘆句、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 以及虛擬語(yǔ)氣等

（1）妙用倒裝句。在一篇陳述到底的文章中，有倒裝句的出現(xiàn)會(huì)使閱卷老師眼前一亮。

【典例1】They can grow up to be independent and become truly successful only in this way.

→Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.

【典例2】Although I was tired， I never felt so happy.

→ Tired as I was， I never felt so happy.（倒裝句）

（2）巧用被動(dòng)句。受漢語(yǔ)思維影響，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，考生通常使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)文義。其實(shí)，在一篇文章中適當(dāng)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也會(huì)使句型豐富起來(lái)。

【典例3】We should make full use of every minute to learn English well.

→Every minute should be made full use of to learn English well.

【典例4】Youd better pay more attention to your pronunciation.

→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.

（3）會(huì)用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中，分詞的用法是一重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)，其在句中的功能也是多變的，因此，學(xué)會(huì)使用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是分詞作狀語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)，完全可以用來(lái)替代狀語(yǔ)從句，從而也增加文章的亮點(diǎn)。

【典例5】When we are faced with this terrible situation， we never give in to it.

→Faced with this terrible situation， we never give in to it.

【典例6】All the books which are offered by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day.

→All the books offered by the students are reported to have been sent to the children in the countryside the other day

（4）用好復(fù)合句。利用基礎(chǔ)詞匯和基本句型來(lái)寫(xiě)作，盡管無(wú)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，也不能得到高分，而在寫(xiě)作中能用好復(fù)合句等較復(fù)雜的句式，即：名詞性從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，定語(yǔ)從句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型等，即使有小錯(cuò)誤（只要不是表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤）亦可得到最高檔次的分?jǐn)?shù)。

【典例7】我們最喜歡的是我們?cè)谝黄鹳p月的那段時(shí)光。

→What we love most is the time when we enjoyed the full moon together.

（主語(yǔ)從句）

【典例8】自從上大學(xué)以來(lái)，我一直擔(dān)任班長(zhǎng)，這大大提高了我的組織能力。

→I have been class monitor since I came to our college， which greatly brought me a strong ability of organization.（定語(yǔ)從句）

（5）活用強(qiáng)調(diào)句行。

【典例9】We can finish the task on time in this way.

→It is in this way that we can finish the task on time.

三、巧用過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)，增強(qiáng)文章的邏輯性銜接

在經(jīng)過(guò)審題、擬點(diǎn)、寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)、充實(shí)句子之后，能有效地使用語(yǔ)句間或段落間的過(guò)渡詞將句子或段落銜接好，使文章更加的流暢自然，是考生突破書(shū)面表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵一步。下面將幾種過(guò)渡銜接詞語(yǔ)歸納如下：

（1）開(kāi)篇表達(dá)型。according to， at first， first ， first of all， to start with， recently， so far， up to now ， at present， in recent years， currently 等。

（2）承上啟下型。whats more， furthermore， moreover， besides， in addition （to）， whats worse， to make matters worse， worse still， on the one hand… on the other hand， for example， such as， as follows， then， that is（to say）， in other words， meanwhile， at the same time等。

（3）前因后果型。because ， as， since， thanks to， due to， owing to， as a result （of）， because of， in view of， on account of， as a consequence， one reason is that …， another reason is that…， so …as to…， so…that， so that， therefore等。

（4）轉(zhuǎn)折過(guò)渡型。but， however， on the contrary， or ， or else， otherwise， while， despite， in spite of， regardless of， instead （of） ， no matter who （what， when ， where等）以及what/ who/ when/ where 等/+ever等。

（5）總結(jié)概括型。in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， above all， finally， in conclusion， at last， in summary， in ones opinion， as far as sb. be concerned等e.g①I(mǎi) dont like the dress. Its too expensive.

→I dont like the dress， whats more， its too expensive.

②I will go to Beijing for a visit and I will go on a trip to Sichuan， where there are a great number of places of interest.

→I will go to Beijing for a visit. In addition， Ill go on a trip to Sichuan， where there are a great number of places of interest.

練習(xí)：Dear friends，

In todays world，（1）it will be helpful to be able master a foreign language in our life. Here Id like to share my learning methods.

A， I think it useful to learn grammar and remember as many useful sentence patterns as I can. I believe（2）if we read more English， our English will be better. B I spend much time reading English newspapers and magazines after class. （3）It helps to improve my English. C， TV and radio programs are very helpful.

①Learning English D increases my awareness of foreign cultures E

helps me to communicate with English-speaking people and to make more new friends.

F， sometimes I get discouraged G I keep forgetting words I have just learned. Id like to use the opportunity to seek for your advice. Thank you ?、?/p>

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

按要求將文章改寫(xiě)：

1.在A～G處加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪^(guò)度詞或關(guān)連詞

A. B.

C. D.

E. F.

G.

2.將序號(hào)（1）后的句子改變主語(yǔ)形式后為：

3.將序號(hào)（2）后的句子用另外句型表達(dá)為：

4.將序號(hào)（3）后的句子與其前句子合并為復(fù)合句：

5.將序號(hào)①② 換成短語(yǔ)表達(dá)為：

①

②

答案：

1.A. At first 及類似均可

B .So

C. Besides/ In addition等類型均可

D. not only

E ?but also

F. ?However

G ? because

2.being able to master a foreign language will be helpful

3.the more we read， the better our English will be

4.I spend much time reading English newspapers and magazines after class， which helps to improve my English

5. ①of great help ?②make use of

四、歸納總結(jié)

（1）無(wú)論使用高級(jí)詞匯，多樣句式還是過(guò)渡銜接詞，都要經(jīng)過(guò)再三斟酌，確保沒(méi)有明顯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤或上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系恰當(dāng)合理，否則會(huì)弄巧成拙。

（2）使用高級(jí)表達(dá)和過(guò)渡銜接詞時(shí)，要運(yùn)用自然，不矯揉造作，不要一味追求新、奇、難的語(yǔ)法。

（3）在使用高級(jí)表達(dá)時(shí)，也不要全篇均是高級(jí)表達(dá)，否則讓閱卷者讀起來(lái)很不自然，顯得更加地生硬。