石遠金
表示人,事物,地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞叫名詞,英語中的名詞有詞尾變化,而漢語中的名詞無詞尾變化。名詞的主要用法如下:
一、名詞的用法
1. 作主語
Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits. 健康問題與不良的飲食習慣息息相關(guān)。
Self-Confidence is the key to success. 自信是成功的關(guān)鍵。
2. 作表語
It is no use arguing with Mary because she will never change her mind. 與瑪麗爭辯是沒有用的,因為她從來不會改變主意。
3. 作動詞的賓語
At the meeting they discussed three different approaches to the study of mathematics. 在會上,他們討論了三種不同的數(shù)學學習方法。
4. 作介詞的賓語
School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations. 必須教會學生如何處理危險情況。
He made a promise to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. 他對父母許下諾言,畢業(yè)后自己謀生。
5. 作定語
多數(shù)情況下名詞用單數(shù)形式作定語
Sorry,I am not a chemistry teacher, but an English teacher. 對不起,我不是化學老師,而是英語老師。
又如,a shoe shop /a film star / winter holiday / street lamps / village people / a stone bridge / heart attack 鞋店/電影明星/寒假/街燈/村民/石橋/心臟病發(fā)作
▲注意
(1)man和woman作定語:其單復數(shù)形式與所修飾的單復數(shù)保持一致,常用“單單(a woman teacher)復復(two men nurses)?!?/p>
(2)但有些名詞需要用復數(shù)形式作定語:a sports meeting運動會,a clothes shop服裝店,a sales manager銷售經(jīng)理。
(3)在表示時間、地點、距離、團體和機構(gòu)等的名詞作定語時要使用名詞所有格形式:five minutes walk步行五分鐘的路程,todays newspaper今天的報紙。
6. 作同位語
Mr. Black, our new history teacher, is friendly to us. 布萊克先生,我們的新歷史老師,對我們很友好。
We students need to be honest in having exams. 我們學生在考試中要誠實。
7. 作狀語
We dont have any classes Sundays. 星期天我們不上課。
二、考點點撥
在全國卷中,名詞方面的考點主要體現(xiàn)在語法填空和短文改錯中,考查名詞的用法、名詞的單復數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞的用法特點和名詞的所有格。
1. 下列詞修飾名詞時,名詞都要用復數(shù)形式:many, several, a few, one and half, one / each of..., a pile of, a series of, a group of,a hand of, these, those, both, all,以及大于一的數(shù)詞等。
2. 在下列詞組中名詞要用復數(shù)形式:burst into tears, best wishes / regards to sb(向某人問侯), shake hands with, make friends with,in low/high spirits(以很高熱情地), bad / good manners(無 / 有禮貌), in the 1990s, take turns, by turns, by means of, hurt ones feelings, have / take lessons, in rags(衣衫破爛), in ones eyes, thanks to等。
3. in+ones+基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)形式,表示“在某人幾十多歲時”。例如:in his fifties在他五十多歲時。
4. tens of, dozens of, scores of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of等短語后面也接復數(shù)形式。
5. 只有復數(shù)形式的名詞有trousers, clothes, socks, shorts, goods, thanks, congratulations, belongings, scissors, glasses, wages(工資),riches(財富),surroundings(環(huán)境),ashes(灰塵),compasses(圓規(guī))等。
6. 下列名詞都沒有復數(shù)形式:fun, advice, information, news, health, wealth, progress, weather, nature, music, clothing , furniture, equipment, baggage, housework, homework, traffic, laughter等。
7. 抽象名詞surprise, cold, pleasure, pity, failure, success, knowledge, honor具體化為可數(shù)名詞時,其前面通常用不定冠詞,如:He was a success. 他是個成功的人。
三、真題練習
語法:
1. (2016年I卷)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract).
2.(2016年I卷)The nursery team switches him every few________ (day) with his sister.
3. (2016年Ⅱ卷)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve).
4.(2016年Ⅱ卷)Recent ________ (study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
5.(2016年Ⅲ卷)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the ________ (develop) of chopsticks.
6.(2015年I卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ________ (painting).
7.(2014年I卷)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the ________(change)are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
改錯:
1.(2016年I卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
2.(2016年Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.
3.( 1206年Ⅱ卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges.
4.(2015年I卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.
參考答案與解析:
語法:
1. attraction 指“吸引人的事物”, 名詞作表語,
2. days 空格前有few 修飾,故day用復數(shù)。
3. achievement 作介詞of的賓語,用名詞。
4. studies 由show可知主語為復數(shù)。
5. development作動詞influenced的賓語,用名詞。
6. paintings 因受many修飾,要用復數(shù)形式。
7. changes 名詞作主語,由are可知,要用復數(shù)形式changes。
改錯:
1. honest改為honesty,名詞作表語。
2. 表示從“13到19歲”這幾年,year為可數(shù)名詞,故year應改為復數(shù)形式y(tǒng)ears。
3. knowledge意為“知識”,是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復數(shù)形式,故改knowledges為knowledge。
4. 因air是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復數(shù)形式,故改airs為 air。
責任編輯 蔣小青