摘要:對(duì)歷史和敘事關(guān)系的研究也是在努力追尋中國(guó)小說(shuō)起源。在文中,我將對(duì)中國(guó)小說(shuō)敘事傳統(tǒng)形成的原因和意義進(jìn)行解釋。無(wú)論是中國(guó)還是歐洲,歷史和小說(shuō)都有特定的形式特征因而很容易辨別,但在早期,小說(shuō)還不能從歷史中區(qū)別出來(lái),隨著時(shí)間的推移,小說(shuō)逐漸從歷史中分離出來(lái)。然而,這一趨勢(shì)喚起了復(fù)古和擬古的中國(guó)文學(xué)傳統(tǒng),復(fù)古也就是將古復(fù)活于今日,這一傳統(tǒng)會(huì)刺激后來(lái)者努力超越前人。因此,如果不將歷史和敘事區(qū)別開來(lái),就無(wú)法理清楚它們兩者之間的關(guān)系。
關(guān)鍵詞:史傳性;獨(dú)創(chuàng)性; 復(fù)古;正典;建設(shè)的想象力
中圖分類號(hào):I207.4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3963/j.issn.16716477.2016.06.0001
一、史傳與虛構(gòu)
歷史與小說(shuō)的關(guān)系是古今眾多從事中國(guó)小說(shuō)研究的學(xué)者們所關(guān)注的一個(gè)重要課題。近代以前,中國(guó)人對(duì)小說(shuō)抱著雙重態(tài)度,即志怪、傳奇乃至話本、白話小說(shuō)之類的敘事作品,并沒有受到重視,反而一直被輕視甚至被忽略;另一方面,這類作品所具有的教化功能卻受到了過(guò)分的夸張。這又例證了一個(gè)事實(shí):古代中國(guó)人并沒有單純地將這些敘事作品視為記錄虛構(gòu)的事件。可以說(shuō),這一切源自于中國(guó)人傳統(tǒng)上將所有小說(shuō)視為歷史的一部分。
這樣看來(lái),圍繞著歷史與小說(shuō)關(guān)系所進(jìn)行的討論,已超越了單純的體裁區(qū)分問題,其中蘊(yùn)含著更加廣泛的意義。
“對(duì)探究中國(guó)敘事的本質(zhì)問題必須從史傳文的重要性與在某個(gè)意義上又為文化的總合體的歷史主義理解下出發(fā)。實(shí)際上,如何定義中國(guó)敘事的范疇這一問題,歸根結(jié)底可以總結(jié)為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的兩大重要形態(tài)——史傳和虛構(gòu)是否存在內(nèi)在的平衡感?!雹?/p>
在中國(guó)小說(shuō)史上,探究歷史與小說(shuō)的關(guān)系,不僅意味著從體裁方面比較兩者之間的異同,更意味著這是在探尋中國(guó)敘事的本質(zhì)問題。為此,現(xiàn)代眾多學(xué)者關(guān)注“歷史與小說(shuō)的關(guān)系”,可以說(shuō)就是揭示“中國(guó)小說(shuō)的起源”的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。之所以這樣說(shuō),是因?yàn)椤靶≌f(shuō)出于歷史”的主張,正是為闡明“中國(guó)小說(shuō)的起源”所作的努力之一②。
二、小說(shuō)是不是“正史之補(bǔ)”?
有趣的是,中國(guó)學(xué)者們?cè)谧h論“中國(guó)小說(shuō)的起源”時(shí),往往有為其區(qū)分“稗官說(shuō)”與“史傳說(shuō)”的傾向。這里所謂的“稗官說(shuō)”,是主張小說(shuō)的由來(lái)是源自于統(tǒng)治者為了解民情而派遣名為稗官的官吏去采集民間“街談巷語(yǔ),道聽途說(shuō)者之所造”而來(lái)的;“史傳說(shuō)”則認(rèn)為小說(shuō)是從史傳文學(xué)發(fā)展而來(lái)的。由此可集約出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論,即“稗官說(shuō)”是以創(chuàng)作的主體為基準(zhǔn),“史傳說(shuō)”則是側(cè)重于與其他文學(xué)體裁的聯(lián)系關(guān)系。
另外,從“稗官”來(lái)探索小說(shuō)的起源,是另具含義的,這可以從后代小說(shuō)史家對(duì)小說(shuō)功能的重視得以論證。絕大多數(shù)的小說(shuō)史家主張小說(shuō)是“正史之補(bǔ)”,“小說(shuō)出自稗官”一說(shuō)則是他們的有力依據(jù)。這一過(guò)程中成為問題的是有關(guān)“稗官”的職責(zé)和地位。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)所載,中國(guó)古代各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,都有大小不同的官吏各司其職,稗官是其中地位甚微的一個(gè)官職,其地位遠(yuǎn)不如正統(tǒng)史官[1]5-6。
在上述內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,張振君概括了古代中國(guó)“小說(shuō)”所包涵的幾種含義:[1]6-7
其一,就小說(shuō)的作者而言,其乃是地位低下的稗官,而非高貴的史官(如太史);
其二,就小說(shuō)的內(nèi)容而言,其主要記“里巷世故,芻蕘狂夫之議”,而不是像正史那樣記君國(guó)大事;
其三,就小說(shuō)的形式而言,其“含殘叢小語(yǔ),近取譬喻,以作短書”,而不是像正史那樣可洋洋灑灑,連篇累牘;
其四,就小說(shuō)的功用而言,其主要供封建統(tǒng)治者觀民風(fēng)、知民情,而不是像正史那樣“鑒君臣之善惡,載政事之得失,觀人才之吉兇,知邦家之休戚”;
其五,就小說(shuō)的價(jià)值而言,其淺薄虛妄,而不是像正史那樣征實(shí)可靠。
張振君就此還進(jìn)一步闡述了“史傳性”才是中國(guó)小說(shuō)所具有的民族特征③。
綜上所述,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為小說(shuō)出于稗官、小說(shuō)是“正史之補(bǔ)”。根據(jù)記載,該主張最早見于漢代班固的《漢書·藝文志》:“小說(shuō)家者流,蓋出于稗官,街談巷語(yǔ),道聽涂說(shuō)者之所造也。”班固在此所指的小說(shuō)家并非如今的小說(shuō)家,他所列舉的小說(shuō)15家1380篇作品亦不同于如今的小說(shuō),故無(wú)需追加解釋。不過(guò)重要的是,自班固以來(lái)后世毫無(wú)質(zhì)疑地接受了小說(shuō)的起源源于歷史這一說(shuō)法。
自班固以后,最能體現(xiàn)此說(shuō)的乃是魏晉南北朝時(shí)期的一些志怪作家。首先葛洪指出:
“然神仙幽隱,與世異流,世之所聞?wù)撸q千不得一者也。……予今復(fù)抄集古之仙者,見于《仙經(jīng)服食方》及百家之書,先師所說(shuō),耆儒所論,以為十卷,以傳知真識(shí)遠(yuǎn)之士。”[2] 在此葛洪闡明了為補(bǔ)遺秦代阮倉(cāng)和漢代劉向記錄的缺陷而作。同時(shí)期的代表志怪作品集有《搜神記》,該書作者干寶的主張亦無(wú)異于葛洪,其言曰:“雖考先志于載籍,收遺逸于當(dāng)時(shí),蓋非一耳一目之所親聞賭也,亦安敢謂無(wú)實(shí)者哉!……然而國(guó)家不廢注記之官,學(xué)士不絕誦覽之業(yè),豈不以其所失者小,所存者大乎!…… 及其著述,亦足以明神道之不誣也。群言百家不可勝覽,耳目所受不可勝哉?!盵3]
干寶不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)了歷史記錄的重要性與困擾,進(jìn)一步對(duì)事實(shí)(reality)作了廣泛的規(guī)定,那就是所謂著名的“神道之不誣也”。對(duì)于干寶的主張,我們需要破讀的不是其話語(yǔ)的真?zhèn)?,而是話語(yǔ)中所隱含的那個(gè)時(shí)代的人們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)④。即使以現(xiàn)代的觀點(diǎn),志怪的內(nèi)容無(wú)非有超越現(xiàn)實(shí)之感,然而當(dāng)時(shí)人們對(duì)其所持的態(tài)度是絕對(duì)當(dāng)真的,以至于認(rèn)為是某種歷史。從這一意義上來(lái)說(shuō),也許古代中國(guó)人認(rèn)為志怪就是歷史記錄的一股支流⑤。
《漢武洞冥記》作者郭憲亦曾在其書的序中指出過(guò):“欲保存古代記錄是作為一個(gè)歷史家的沖動(dòng)”⑥。
憲家世述道書,推求先圣往賢之所撰集,不可窮盡,千室不能藏,萬(wàn)乘不能載,猶有漏逸。或言浮誕,非政聲所同,經(jīng)文史官記事,故略而不取。蓋偽國(guó)殊方,并不在錄。愚謂古曩余事,不可得而棄,況漢武帝明俊特異之主,東方朔因滑稽浮誕以匡諫,洞心于道教,使冥跡之奧,昭然顯著,今藉舊史之所不載者,聊以聞見,撰《洞冥記》四卷,成一家之書,庶明博君子,該而異焉。武帝以欲窮神仙之事。故絕域遐方,貢其珍異奇物及道術(shù)之人,故于漢世,盛于君主也,故編次之云爾。東漢郭憲序。
唐代歷史家劉知幾又言:“國(guó)史之任,記事記言,視聽不該,必有遺逸,于是好奇之士,補(bǔ)其所亡?!盵4]
此后到了明代,不僅馮夢(mèng)龍指出“史統(tǒng)散而小說(shuō)興”(馮夢(mèng)龍,《古今小說(shuō)序》),之后亦有諸多學(xué)者談及到歷史與小說(shuō)的關(guān)系:“傳記之作……而通之于小說(shuō)。”(馬端臨,《文獻(xiàn)通考》)“正史之流而為雜史也,雜史之流為類書、為小說(shuō)、為家傳也。”(陳言《穎水遺編·說(shuō)史中》)“稗官野史實(shí)記正史之未備?!保ㄐ艽竽荆缎驴笏窝萘x中興英烈傳序》)“小說(shuō),正史之余也?!保ㄐㄖ魅?,《今古奇觀序》)“用佐正史之未備,統(tǒng)曰歷朝小說(shuō)?!保▌⑼^,《在園雜志序》)
近代以后,談及“歷史與小說(shuō)”關(guān)系的作者自魯迅以來(lái)不計(jì)其數(shù)。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)小說(shuō)史或小說(shuō)史之類的著作也是一直把小說(shuō)跟中國(guó)“史傳”傳統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來(lái)進(jìn)行討論的。
關(guān)于“小說(shuō)與歷史”的相關(guān)性認(rèn)識(shí),不僅僅局限于中國(guó)。
“根據(jù)Lionel Gossman:很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間歷史與文學(xué)的關(guān)系并沒有造成什么問題,因歷史是文學(xué)的一部分。18世紀(jì)末,文學(xué)一詞的意義或文學(xué)制度本身開始發(fā)生變化的時(shí)候,歷史與文化才被區(qū)分開。”⑦而且這些初期的西方小說(shuō)家對(duì)自己的作品被歸類為小說(shuō)一直持否定態(tài)度。
“就像近代一些學(xué)者所表示,17—18世紀(jì)大部分作者默示或者明示地將隱瞞了他們寫小說(shuō)或羅曼史Romance的事實(shí)。將他們所寫的作品命名為‘一史,‘一生活,‘一回憶錄等。這將為了區(qū)分輕浮、變異、荒唐,時(shí)而隱含不道德的一些已有作家的作品。常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)寫在序文上的‘這既不是小說(shuō),也不是羅曼史、故事的句段”⑧。
這和一些志怪與傳奇作家們將他們的作品命名為 “一經(jīng)”、“一傳”或“一記”的事實(shí)的緣由相同⑨。由此可見,無(wú)論是西方還是中國(guó),對(duì)于虛構(gòu)的看法都一致,都在有意識(shí)地否定與回避這一事實(shí),并且傾向于歷史的觀念上相同⑩。
可見將敘事與歷史等同看待的原因是因?yàn)閮烧咧g所具有的形式上的特征B11。因此,像劉歆、班固等初期的目錄學(xué)者也就將志怪列入了雜傳類之中。
傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)一直到相當(dāng)晩期的大部分文學(xué)理論家對(duì)敘事采取“歷史中心”的研究方法。對(duì)敘事的注解與理論以歷史敘事作為其原型的基礎(chǔ)。一些虛構(gòu)敘事往往以歷史敘事的尺度理論化來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。歷史著作成為解釋敘事作品的主要依據(jù)(方式)。敘事既是歷史,小說(shuō)既是非正式且不完整的歷史B12。
三、是事實(shí)的記述,還是意義的解釋?
中國(guó)古代歷史記述同時(shí)存在兩個(gè)相對(duì)的立場(chǎng):其一是歷史記述的接近方式;其二是解釋學(xué)的接近方式。這也可以理解為史學(xué)與經(jīng)學(xué)的兩個(gè)分支,《春秋》正是說(shuō)明這兩者的一個(gè)好例子。也就是說(shuō)《春秋》具有經(jīng)典與史書的雙重性格,“《春秋》既是六經(jīng)之一,屬于經(jīng)學(xué)領(lǐng)域,同時(shí)也是作為歷史文本,屬于史學(xué)領(lǐng)域。”B13上述兩點(diǎn),即一個(gè)是站在中立的立場(chǎng)對(duì)客觀事實(shí)的記述,另一個(gè)是對(duì)此事實(shí)的內(nèi)在含義進(jìn)行解釋的過(guò)程。
同時(shí),這種差異在小說(shuō)里同樣可以發(fā)現(xiàn)志怪與傳奇的區(qū)別:
這個(gè)(志怪)流傳到唐代發(fā)展為傳奇。這(傳奇)與志怪不同,志怪自始至終就是記錄怪異之事,重視記錄性和事實(shí)性;傳奇則為傳,有解釋之義,換言之,就是發(fā)揮作家的想象力,即發(fā)展為以作家想象力為主的創(chuàng)作。傳奇無(wú)需根據(jù)事實(shí),更重視作家的想象力與語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力,這與我們所認(rèn)為的“現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)”的定義相接近,而且已具備了現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)的一些要素。另外,志怪并不重視作者,但傳奇卻很重視作者[5]。
傳奇的“傳”并不單純意味著事實(shí)的傳達(dá),其在積極意義上是作家參與并加以解釋的行為,由此唐代被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)小說(shuō)史上的一個(gè)重要轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。歷史記述上的這種差異,在后人理解真實(shí)(reality)的方式上也呈現(xiàn)出不同的立場(chǎng),即是“歷史的意義并不是通過(guò)解釋這一扭曲過(guò)程所發(fā)現(xiàn)的”,“事實(shí)是在歷史文本中自身顯現(xiàn)”B14的立場(chǎng),和“從歷史的角度解釋的‘存在is,sein與‘當(dāng)為ought to be,sollen,相互交織而不可分離”,“道德的、意識(shí)形態(tài)的、政治的基準(zhǔn)是建立在對(duì)于歷史里實(shí)際的、事實(shí)的所有探求的基礎(chǔ)上”B15的兩相對(duì)立的立場(chǎng)。
前者代表人物為唐代著名史學(xué)家劉知幾。他主張歷史記述的中心原則為“實(shí)錄”,又認(rèn)為“像《左傳》一樣寫得完美無(wú)缺的歷史敘事,因記錄完整,無(wú)須解釋”B16。這很容易使人聯(lián)想到19世紀(jì)后期法國(guó)自然主義者陳述的劉知幾的這些主張,基于歷史敘事中的語(yǔ)言和意義不存在分歧,它們之間是一致的觀念。他的這種假設(shè)是根據(jù)人與人之間的關(guān)系基于事物與事件的本質(zhì),“只要客觀地?cái)⑹鲞^(guò)去的故事,就會(huì)使讀者在他們所看到的故事中得到道德上的教訓(xùn)?!彪S即“客觀的歷史談?wù)搶⒁磺惺聦?shí)放在透明自然的視角中,就不需解釋了?!本驮诖它c(diǎn)上由此引起了動(dòng)人的辯證的反轉(zhuǎn),這就是劉知幾的那種“起初所抱有的‘否定的懷疑性解釋學(xué)顯然變?yōu)椤隙ǖ谋普嫘栽?shī)學(xué)”。也就是說(shuō)“寫歷史并不是構(gòu)成‘事實(shí)的某物而是朝著羅蘭·巴特所說(shuō)的創(chuàng)造‘引起現(xiàn)實(shí)感的效果(Reality Effect)”的方向改變了B17。
劉知幾的逼真性可讓我們回顧一下歷史撰寫的基本背景為“歷史材料根據(jù)人與現(xiàn)實(shí)的特定觀點(diǎn),錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜而又意識(shí)形態(tài)化的組織體系”。換言之,由于逼真性,而得以“無(wú)法隱蔽已被公認(rèn)的結(jié)構(gòu)與所設(shè)定的主題”。如今歷史編撰已不是“外表上起初所看到的自然談?wù)?,反倒是意識(shí)形態(tài),即‘在特定社會(huì)里的歷史存在和角色所賦予的再現(xiàn)體系”B18在此正當(dāng)性是取得逼真性存在的原理,同時(shí)又是上面所談到的解釋學(xué)接近方式的最終實(shí)體。在此要提示一下,以上談及的歷史記述的接近方式,與解釋學(xué)的接近方式——“文本text里的‘語(yǔ)言與‘意義、‘文字與‘真義之間具有不一致性”的看法——正好找到了切點(diǎn)B19。
其實(shí),在中國(guó)歷史的探究上,“關(guān)注客觀性與經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的背后,隱含著深厚的‘政治的無(wú)意識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)”,由此“讀、寫歷史的中國(guó)人有一個(gè)基本上的前提”就是“‘正統(tǒng)性,即社會(huì)地位的正統(tǒng)性、對(duì)繼承王室與王朝的正統(tǒng)性的中心觀念”B20。換言之,“中國(guó)的歷史談?wù)撘恢笔歉呒?jí)的政治化行為”,從而必須是“客觀性的同時(shí),又是規(guī)范性”?!皻v史可以說(shuō)是正當(dāng)化、自我合理化的后設(shè)敘事(Meta-Narrative)?!盉21以客觀事實(shí)為依據(jù)的逼真性的追究與正當(dāng)性促成了絕妙的組合,引致歷史記述的接近方式與解釋學(xué)的接近方式的和諧,由此歷代王朝的史官與文人就無(wú)需在處理兩者的關(guān)系之間產(chǎn)生沖突了。
我們發(fā)現(xiàn),與歷史的界限含糊不清且具模糊地位的小說(shuō)亦有此傾向。就中國(guó)小說(shuō)而言,區(qū)分歷史與小說(shuō)的基準(zhǔn)并不在于“單純的事實(shí)與編造出的故事,實(shí)際性與蓋然性,文字字義的真實(shí)與想象中的真實(shí)”的兩分法,而在于“正典與非正典,正式被公認(rèn)的故事與非正式的談?wù)?,正統(tǒng)與非正統(tǒng)”之間B22。因此,無(wú)論在中國(guó)和西方,為理解古代敘事必須接受幾乎所有的記錄都與歷史記述有著密切相關(guān)的事實(shí)。換言之,中國(guó)小說(shuō)史是從歷史中分出的虛構(gòu)要素走向獨(dú)立的過(guò)程B23。
虛構(gòu)事實(shí)的記錄自歷史分離出來(lái)的過(guò)程,體現(xiàn)在傳統(tǒng)目錄學(xué)家談?wù)摌邮降姆诸愔?。如上所述,較早期的目錄學(xué)家劉歆、班固等人將小說(shuō)列入雜傳類以來(lái),以目錄學(xué)的立場(chǎng)對(duì)小說(shuō)的分類,早期的時(shí)候并沒有與歷史劃分界限。但到了后期,小說(shuō)遂與歷史區(qū)分了。這種認(rèn)識(shí)直接影響了后世的目錄學(xué)者,因此有著將小說(shuō)看作史書的主導(dǎo)傾向。古代中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)目錄分類法——四部分類法雖已被廣泛接受,但小說(shuō)一直沒有被納入文學(xué)領(lǐng)域里,最初使用四部分類法的魏征的《隋書·經(jīng)籍志》則為代表之例。根據(jù)安正燻所指,《隋書·經(jīng)籍志》與被認(rèn)為是沿襲了《隋書·經(jīng)籍志》的《舊唐書·經(jīng)籍志》里,屬于志怪的作品大致分類為史部雜傳類、雜事類里;“對(duì)歷史人物的逸話、評(píng)論和以詼諧而富有諷刺的談?wù)撍纬傻摹敝救俗髌繁环值阶硬啃≌f(shuō)家中[6]54-58。而且魏征的四部分類法造成了“哲學(xué)和歷史、(在形式上)談?wù)摵蛿⑹麻g明顯的界限”,由于小說(shuō)“其本身具有繁雜瑣碎的故事、細(xì)小的事情、雞鳴狗盜的言說(shuō)之義”。因此跟敘事相比,其順其自然就屬于談?wù)摰念I(lǐng)域了B24。
然而到了宋代這種局勢(shì)就發(fā)生了巨大變化,小說(shuō)終于擺脫了歷史的范疇。首先就史書的情況看,歐陽(yáng)修參與編纂的《新唐書·經(jīng)籍志》一書中,屬于史部雜傳類的大量志怪作品被列入小說(shuō)家[6]58-61;小說(shuō)脫離歷史范疇的另一個(gè)標(biāo)志可舉同一時(shí)期編纂的各種類書。類書意義的依據(jù)可從“當(dāng)時(shí)具有補(bǔ)充漸次精細(xì)而純正的歷史書的作用”,“承擔(dān)保存排在正統(tǒng)歷史書之外的一些古代記錄的責(zé)任”上尋找B25。
魯曉鵬對(duì)此舉出《文選》和《文苑英華》中“傳”的一例相反意見的情況:“與《文選》相比,《文苑英華》的明顯差異是以‘傳記或‘傳為名的小說(shuō)體裁的出現(xiàn)?!段倪x》里確實(shí)包含‘碑、‘墓志、‘行狀等等的敘事與準(zhǔn)傳奇的體裁。可‘傳與其說(shuō)是文學(xué)體裁,不如說(shuō)是更接近歷史體裁,因而被排除選集之外?!P(guān)注于多樣傳奇作品的定義與分類的卻是一些史學(xué)家和目錄學(xué)家。《隋書·經(jīng)籍志》在‘歷史部門列舉了217個(gè)《雜傳》題目,并將這些劃分為歷史作品的13類型之一。在《史通》中,劉知幾通過(guò)〈雜述〉這一章節(jié)敘述了不能包含在正統(tǒng)、正式的歷史全集中的準(zhǔn)歷史作品。他認(rèn)為‘別傳是非正式歷史的十個(gè)類型中的一個(gè)?!?/p>
《文苑英華》中,載有很多如“行狀”、“志”、“碑”、“銘”的古傳奇與準(zhǔn)傳奇體裁。其與過(guò)去選集不同的最大特點(diǎn)是其中混雜了唐代作家所作的30個(gè)以上的虛構(gòu)“傳奇”。虛構(gòu)傳奇可與高雅的正統(tǒng)文學(xué)體裁并肩而立了。對(duì)微不足道的虛構(gòu)體裁的這種認(rèn)識(shí),以及對(duì)虛構(gòu)體裁賦予了正式文學(xué)正典的資格,此兩點(diǎn)可為中國(guó)小說(shuō)研究的一大變遷。宋代之前,傳奇與小說(shuō)以歷史與準(zhǔn)歷史的形態(tài)分類,并以歷史記述的觀點(diǎn)論述?!盉26
在此之前,被史家們定為“雜傳”的傳奇類敘事作品,在《文選》里被看成歷史而沒有收錄,但在《文苑英華》里“傳”卻被歸為文學(xué)領(lǐng)域。這說(shuō)明具有濃厚的文學(xué)性的“傳”,在《文選》中被看作文學(xué)分類之外的歷史領(lǐng)域,而到了《文苑英華》卻發(fā)生了變化。這樣看來(lái),宋代小說(shuō)脫離歷史領(lǐng)域的標(biāo)志可以總結(jié)為以下三點(diǎn):其一,在《文苑英華》一書中,將虛構(gòu)傳奇與其他文學(xué)體裁放在一起,作為文學(xué)體裁相提并論;其二,出現(xiàn)具有特殊地位的小說(shuō)全集《太平廣記》的編纂B27;其三,列舉在《新唐書》里的小說(shuō)部門的書的題目性質(zhì)接近于現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)的概念B28。
綜上所述,自“史部雜史類”轉(zhuǎn)移到“子部小說(shuō)家”的過(guò)程,可以說(shuō)是排除虛構(gòu)成分的結(jié)果。也可以解釋為對(duì)“事實(shí)性”認(rèn)識(shí)的變化。主張中國(guó)小說(shuō)“史傳說(shuō)”的代表學(xué)者之一石昌渝認(rèn)為:從現(xiàn)代觀念來(lái)看,“說(shuō)實(shí)話”的是歷史學(xué)家,“說(shuō)假話”的是小說(shuō)家[7]3。與此同時(shí),他主張?jiān)谥袊?guó)人的觀念中,將小說(shuō)列入子部也好史部也好,這并不重要,排斥虛構(gòu)與不允許作者的想象摻進(jìn)敘述過(guò)程里,才是中國(guó)人的傳統(tǒng)思維[7]2。
四、回歸歷史的小說(shuō)談?wù)?/p>
排斥虛構(gòu)、不允許作家的想象摻進(jìn)敘述過(guò)程的這一主張,不禁讓人想起孔子所主張的“述而不作”與遵循其說(shuō)的司馬遷的一句名言:“余所謂述故事,整齊其世傳,非所謂作也,而君比之于春秋謬矣?!盵8]
司馬遷認(rèn)為史記不是“作”之產(chǎn)品,故聲明不可與所謂“作”領(lǐng)域的《春秋》進(jìn)行比較。他的這一表明,為對(duì)創(chuàng)作的傳統(tǒng)理解提供了引人注目的反轉(zhuǎn)契機(jī)。黃衛(wèi)總認(rèn)為,司馬遷本著孔子述而不作的原則,主張其《史記》不是革新,同時(shí)又不可與為其本身看作革新者的孔子相提并論的這種看法,這一瞬間,卻把中國(guó)歷史上最具革新的人物之一的孔子或司馬遷本身的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性否認(rèn)了B28。黃衛(wèi)總的指責(zé),其意義甚為深遠(yuǎn)。他指出了這樣的事實(shí):在傳統(tǒng)觀念上,中國(guó)人為了追隨孔子“述而不作”的精神,而否認(rèn)了自身著作的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性,這種觀點(diǎn)反倒形成了主張獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的特殊修辭手段?!巴ㄟ^(guò)否認(rèn)得以主張(claiming by means of disclaiming)”,才呈現(xiàn)出具有極致反向的獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的本質(zhì)。黃衛(wèi)總的此論,使F. W. Mote在對(duì)有關(guān)藝術(shù)獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)態(tài)度的下列一段言論中得到了很大啟示:“美學(xué)上、技術(shù)上的成就度越高,富于創(chuàng)造力的個(gè)人就越能控制過(guò)去,反之則被控制于過(guò)去。因?yàn)樗鼈兪峭耆y(tǒng)一的?!盉29
進(jìn)而在此基礎(chǔ)上,黃衛(wèi)總例示了中國(guó)文學(xué)史上在復(fù)古restoring antiquity or returning to antiquity與擬古imitation of the ancients的名分下所形成的諸多文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。首先以唐代李白為首的諸多詩(shī)人所創(chuàng)作的詩(shī)歌如果是在擬古之下取得的成果,那么唐代發(fā)起的古文運(yùn)動(dòng)同樣也是被反向命名的散文改革運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此,明代何景明對(duì)于把復(fù)古的名稱用于韓愈的古文運(yùn)動(dòng)感到別扭,以至于聲明“古文精神與其說(shuō)是復(fù)興于韓愈的手上,毋寧說(shuō)是敗在其手中”。當(dāng)然,何景明的這一見解,不僅使不懂獨(dú)創(chuàng)性之“逆說(shuō)”的諸多評(píng)論家陷入混亂,甚至于激怒了他們B30。究其緣由,無(wú)非在于他們不了解反面教材的應(yīng)用原理而已。
值得注意的是,就連“獨(dú)創(chuàng)性”一詞也往往藉“復(fù)古”、“擬古”等范例加以表達(dá)的中國(guó)人的思維體系將傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)的研究對(duì)象局限于“原本研究”、“影響研究”、“派生研究”等范疇之內(nèi),也就不難理解了B31。從而“按時(shí)間先后,以較晩出現(xiàn)的小說(shuō)敘事文學(xué)來(lái)探討史傳文學(xué)的‘源頭和‘原型,進(jìn)行所謂逆流而上的研究”B32成了過(guò)去相當(dāng)一段時(shí)期中國(guó)小說(shuō)研究的主要趨勢(shì)B33。
可謂“對(duì)起源的懷古之情(nostalgia for origin) ”B34常會(huì)引發(fā)后人一種焦慮感,即“究竟讓我們能做到的還剩下什么”?這種過(guò)去的負(fù)面影響,可總結(jié)之前所說(shuō)的對(duì)“獨(dú)創(chuàng)性”的渴望和與此同時(shí)伴隨突破傳統(tǒng)方式的一種嘗試。因此江西詩(shī)派對(duì)文體進(jìn)行“脫胎換骨appropriating the embryo”或“點(diǎn)鐵成金catalytic transformation”的做法,亦即通過(guò)把前人的詩(shī)句和詩(shī)意等的互文inter-textuality手法來(lái)減輕“因先例而不安anxiety for precedence”的心理負(fù)擔(dān)。這“復(fù)古”不再是單純的擬古傾向,而是積極意義上的“用古using antiquity”[9]。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),“中國(guó)小說(shuō)與史傳文學(xué)之間的關(guān)系”,在某個(gè)意義上,應(yīng)該被看成是維持在一種文學(xué)的相互連貫或互文性上。故事記述者的驚人記憶力和描繪技巧,以及在過(guò)去威權(quán)下被從屬的小說(shuō)談?wù)摰母挥猩a(chǎn)性、創(chuàng)作性的實(shí)例不停地還原到回歸歷史B35。
況且,古代中國(guó)小說(shuō)理論家一方面重視小說(shuō)“正史之補(bǔ)”的功能,另一方面主張小說(shuō)不僅停留在單純地對(duì)事實(shí)的傳達(dá)。這是一個(gè)重要的態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)換,意味著不再把小說(shuō)單純視為文本text的累積,而看作是一個(gè)談?wù)揹iscourse的主體。例如,可以說(shuō)古代統(tǒng)治者僅藉稗官以解民風(fēng)與民情的做法,到后來(lái)竟發(fā)展成藉小說(shuō)來(lái)教化百姓的境界。
從歷史走向虛構(gòu)的這一事實(shí),意味著人們的關(guān)心不再停留在事實(shí)(實(shí)際)與證實(shí)上了。早期由稗官采集的民間故事是統(tǒng)治者為考察“民情(習(xí)俗)”所用的工具,如今卻擴(kuò)大其領(lǐng)域成了教化百姓的積極涵義。如果說(shuō)由稗官采集故事的過(guò)程能起到一種“向心力”的作用,那么在一定意義上,積極地向百姓散布教化意圖的行為,可稱為是一種“離心力”。
科林伍德(Collingwood)將這種離心力稱為“構(gòu)成上的想象力”(constructive imagination)B36是指事實(shí)與意義(意味)活躍結(jié)合的過(guò)程。正是“通過(guò)這種結(jié)合過(guò)程形成了談?wù)摰奶囟ㄒ饬x結(jié)構(gòu),而我們必須承認(rèn)這就是歷史意識(shí)的產(chǎn)物”B37。進(jìn)而Hayden White將科林伍德的“構(gòu)成上的想象力”稱為“(在不能隨意啟動(dòng)義上的)先驗(yàn)的、(或組成可能思考的對(duì)象,并在為形式的一貫性概念所控制的義上)構(gòu)造的”B38。
中國(guó)古代不能或不許將小說(shuō)與歷史分開來(lái)談?wù)?。問題的核心是,小說(shuō)和歷史均為屬于敘事這一大范疇的何物?對(duì)此進(jìn)行劃分,而其基準(zhǔn)終究是當(dāng)代社會(huì)所要求的實(shí)際需求。如今,我們究竟是在記述歷史,還是在寫小說(shuō)呢?
注釋:
①“Any theoretical inquiry into the nature of Chinese narrative must take its starting point in the acknowledgement of the immense importance of historiography and, in a certain sense, ‘historicism in the total aggregate of the culture. In fact, the question of how to define the narrative category in Chinese literature eventually boils own to whether or not there did exist within the traditional civilization a sense of the inherent commensur ability of its two major forms:historiography and fiction.”(See Plaks,Andrew H., Chinese Narrative Theory-Towards a Critical Theory of Chinese Narrative,Plaks, Andrew H. ed., Chinese Narrative-Critical and Theoretical Essays,Princeton University Press, 1977. p.311.)
②中國(guó)小說(shuō)的起源眾說(shuō)紛紜,有“稗官說(shuō)”、“方士說(shuō)”、“神話說(shuō)”、“史傳說(shuō)”、“莊子說(shuō)”、“諸子寓言說(shuō)”、“勞動(dòng)的休息說(shuō)”等。詳細(xì)內(nèi)容可參考張稔穰的《中國(guó)古代小說(shuō)藝術(shù)教程》一書(山東教育出版社,1991年版第4-5頁(yè));更加詳細(xì)的論議可參考刊載在《中國(guó)小說(shuō)論叢》第4輯(首爾:中國(guó)小說(shuō)研究會(huì),1995年3月)趙寬熙的《試論中國(guó)小說(shuō)的起源、概念和定義》一文。
③張振軍所說(shuō)的“史傳性”為:題材的史傳性;思想觀念的史傳性;小說(shuō)藝術(shù)的史傳性。詳細(xì)內(nèi)容請(qǐng)參考張振軍的《傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)與中國(guó)文化》一書(廣西師范大學(xué)出版社,1996年版第16-19頁(yè))
④“我們必須早日從辨別所有古代記錄的真?zhèn)芜@一愚蠢的行動(dòng)中脫離。如同東洋學(xué)界本世紀(jì)文獻(xiàn)學(xué)的金字塔之一的張心澂的《偽書通考》所代言,吾人還不能脫離這種真?zhèn)伪鎰e文獻(xiàn)學(xué)的幼稚階段?!袣v史的陳述由于其樣式具有各自特有、固有的意義,所以不能做為真?zhèn)蔚膶?duì)象?!?(參見金容沃的《何為女》一書,首爾:Tongnamu,1986年第134-135頁(yè))。
⑤“按照一般的常理言,小說(shuō)并非歷史??墒俏簳x南北朝小說(shuō),無(wú)論內(nèi)容和形式,都受到先秦兩漢史傳的影響,實(shí)際是史傳的一股支流?!?(參見劉葉秋的《魏晉南北朝小說(shuō)》一書,中華書局,1961年第21頁(yè))
⑥“……the historians urge to preserve ancient records.”(See DeWoskin, Kenneth J.,“The Six Dynasties Chih-Kuai and the Birth of Fiction”, in Plaks, Andrew H. ed., Chinese Narrative, Princeton University Press, 1977. p.30)
⑦“According to Lionel Gossman, ‘For a long time the relationship of history to literature was not notably problematic. History was a branch of literature. It was not until the meaning of the word literature, or the institution of literature itself began to change, toward the end of the eighteenth century, that history came to appear as something distinct from literature.Lionel Gossman”,“History and Literature:Reproduction or Signification”,in The Writing of History:Literary Form and Historical Understanding, Eds.Robert H. Canary and Henry Kozicki, Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. P.23. 轉(zhuǎn)引自Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.29.
⑧“As recent scholars have shown, most seventeenth-and eighteenth-century authors implicitly or explicitly denied that they were writing novels or romances.They entitled their works ‘histories, ‘lives, or ‘memoirs to dissociate themselves from the frivolous,fanciful, improbable, sometimes immoral aspects of the former. In one form or another, the phrase ‘this is not a novel/romance/story appeared frequently in prefaces.”(See Wallace Martin, op. cit., p.43)
⑨“只要大致檢討現(xiàn)存志怪文本,顯然就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)與歷史著作類似。大部分的志怪集以‘志、‘記、‘傳作為題目。With even a cursory examination of the chih-kuai texts that we now have, their affinity with traditional historical writing is obvious. Most collections are entitled ‘records, ‘a(chǎn)ccounts, ‘biographies.”(See DeWoskin, Kenneth J., op. cit., p.26)
⑩不過(guò),雖然歷史與小說(shuō)之間有相同性,但對(duì)兩者之間的關(guān)系,中國(guó)與西歐認(rèn)識(shí)上的差異是比較鮮明的。在中國(guó),小說(shuō)從歷史中被分離,而在西歐,歷史從文學(xué)中被分離。這可以說(shuō)是因?yàn)椤霸谖鳉W清楚強(qiáng)調(diào)‘模仿,作家講故事是從虛構(gòu)中所產(chǎn)生的”,與此相反,“在中國(guó)講究‘傳達(dá),強(qiáng)調(diào)作家講故事都是真實(shí)所產(chǎn)生的”。(參見金震坤的《中國(guó)小說(shuō)研究序說(shuō)》之《故事、小說(shuō)、Novel》,首爾:藝文書院,2001年第39頁(yè))
B11其中最具代表性的是在中國(guó)的小說(shuō)作品中“以采取第三人稱全知視角為多”。“歷史記述者大體上想要強(qiáng)調(diào)事實(shí),由此,想要不把敘述主體放在前面,而完善地再建構(gòu)敘述對(duì)象”,“這種趨勢(shì)必定對(duì)中國(guó)小說(shuō)產(chǎn)生影響?!保▍⒁娊鹫鹄さ摹吨袊?guó)小說(shuō)研究序說(shuō)》之《故事、小說(shuō)、Novel》,首爾:藝文書院,2001年第39頁(yè))
B12“Until quite late in the Chinese tradition, most literary theorists adopted a ‘historical approach to narrative. Notions and theories of narrative were essentially based on the model of historical narratives. More often than not, fictional narratives were theorized and judged in accordance with the standards of historical narratives. Historical interpretation remained the predominant mode of reading narrative works. Narrative was history, and fiction was unofficial, defective history. "”(See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p. 3.)
B13“The annals itself has the double status of being at once a Classic and a history. As one of the Six Classics, the annals falls in the domain of ching-hsüeh, the ‘study of the Classic. But as a historical text, it also belongs to the realm of shih-hsüeh, ‘historical studies. Whereas the hermeneutic approach grew out of exegesis of the Classics, the historiographical approach emerged from the discipline of history. ” (See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.54.)
B14“The meaning of history is not to be recovered through the tortuous procedures of interpretation:it emerges freely and naturally from a well-structured historical narrative. ”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.55.)
B15“The ‘is and the ‘ought are intertwined and become inseparable in historical interpretation. Behind all intentions of objectivity and empiricism in Chinese historical inquiry exists a deep-seated ‘political unconscious. A moral, ideological, and political measure underlies all search for the actual and real in history. ”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., pp.90-91.)
B16“Liu thinks that in a well-written historical narrative, such as the Tso chuan, the meaning of the recorded events is self-evident and interpretation is superfluous.”(See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.75.)
B17“The curious point in Lius historiography is his belief in a natural,inevitable link between language and meaning,and between signifier and signified. His fundamental assumption is that human relations are grounded in the nature of things and events. Once the stories of the past are narrated ‘objectively , the reader can draw moral lessons from what he reads. Interpretation becomes superfluous once objective historical discourse locates everything within a transparent, natural perspective.At this point, his initial ‘narrative hermeneutics of suspicion apparently transforms into a positive poetics of vraisemblance. In the end objective narration and realistic description support the existing conventions of representing history. The writing of history does not constitute the ‘real but creates, in Barthess words, a ‘reality effect(Barthes,‘Historical Discourse, 154).”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., pp.76-77.)
B18“But what is backgrounded in historiography is an intricate and ideologically motivated system of organizing historical materials that conforms to specific views of humanbeings and reality.The effects of vraisemblance do no succeed in concealing the entrenched structure of legitimation and the establishment of subjects.Historiography is far from being the natural discourse it might seem at first:rather, it is nothing less than an ideology, ‘a(chǎn) system(with its own logic and rigor)of representations(images,myths,ideas or concepts……)endowed with a historical existence and role within a given society(Althusser, For Marx, 231)”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.6.)
B19“A basic premise of the Chun-chiu commentators is that a discrepancy between word and meaning,between the ‘letter and the ‘spirit, exists in the text.” (See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., pp.60-61.)
B20“Behind all intentions of objectivity and empiricism in Chinese historical inquiry exists a deep-seated ‘political unconscious.……one fundamental assumption of Chinese readers and writers of history is the central notion of ‘legitimacy: the legitimacy of social posit ions and the legitimacy of the succession of royal houses and dynasties.” (See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., pp.90-91.)
B21“Historical discourse has always been a highly politicized activity in China:it has had to be at once objective and normative.……History may be called the grand me tanarrative of legitimation and self-legitimation.”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.82.)
B22“The difference between history and fiction was no longer solely the dichotomy of fact and invention, actuality and probability, or literal truth and imaginative truth.The line separating them was,to alarge extent,between canonical and non-canonical texts, between officially sanctioned discourse and non-official discourse,between orthodoxy and heterodoxy. ” (See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.5.)
B23上述所引用的魯曉鵬一書,就如其書名,不難看出是以自歷史的事實(shí)性到小說(shuō)虛構(gòu)之變化這一范例paradigm為中心追遡中國(guó)小說(shuō)史的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。“中國(guó)古代歷史的著作與小說(shuō)的要素尚未區(qū)分、共存之際,把某樣式或某時(shí)期指定為小說(shuō)的誕生正是說(shuō)明小說(shuō)與歷史的分割。If ficton is said to have cohabitated with genuine historical writing from the beginning in China,when we designate a genre or a perion as the birth of fiction we are in face describing the divergence of fiction and history from each other.(See DeWoskin, Kenneth J., op. cit., p.27)
B24“In the ssu-pu system as Wei Cheng inherited it, there was an explicit line drawn between philosophy and history, discourse and narrative in formal terms, and the hsiao-shuo were naturally shelved with the philosophies.hsiao-shuo,be the term rendered ‘little talk,trivial explanation, ‘minor persuasion,or the like,clearly belonged to the discursiverather than the narrative in a division.”(See DeWoskin, Kenneth J., op. cit., p.46.)
B25“The emergence and development of the lei-shu seen from this perspective complements the increasing sophistication and purification of the historical writing of the period, their appearance coming in response to the need to preserve ancient records that were being abandoned by the traditional bearer.” (See DeWoskin, Kenneth J.,op. cit., p.48)
B26“A notable difference between the Wen-hsüan and the Wen-yüan ying-hua is the emergence hsiao-shuo genre of ‘biography,or chuan. To be sure,the Wen-hsüan contains such narrative and quasi-biographical genres as the ‘stone inscription(pei),the ‘commorative record (mu-Chi),and the ‘a(chǎn)ccount of a career(hsing-chuang).But the chuan is exclude from the anthology for being a historical genre rather than a literary one.Chapter 12 of Liu Hsiehs theoretical treatise,the Wen-hsin tiao-lung,is devoted to the semibiographical genres of ‘elegy(lei) and ‘stone inscription(pei). Chaper 6, which deal with historical writings,briefly mentions the topic of the chuan. But neither the Wen-hsüan nor the Wen-hsin tiao-lung discusses the ‘biography(chuan) in its diverse forms. It was, rather, the historians and bibliographers who were interested in defining and classifying the varietyes of biographical writings.The ‘Chin-chi chih of the Sui-shu lists 217 titles of ‘miscellaneous biography(tsa-chuan) in the ‘History Sectionand teats them as one of the thirteen types ofhistorical writings.The ‘BibliographicTreatise of the Chiu Tang-shu basically follows the practiceof the Sui-shu on this matter.In the Shih-tung,Liu Chih-chi devoted a chapter,Miscellaneous Narritive(‘Tsa-shu), to the quasi-historical writings that cannot be included in the corpus of canonical and official histories.He considers,separate biography(pieh-chuan) one of the ten types of non-offical histories. In the Wen-yüan ying-hua,there is no lack of such old biographical and semi-biographical genres as hsing-chuang, chih(record), ei, and ming(commemorative record). A major change from previous anthologies is the incorporation of more than thirty fictional ‘biographies be Tang writers.Fictional biography is now listed alongside the elevated official literrary genres.This recognition of a humble fictional genre and its investiture by the official literay canon are not insignificant for the study of Chinese fiction.Before the Sung,biograph and hsiao-shuo had been classified as forms of historical and quasi-historical writings and discussed from the point of view of historiography.”(See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng (1994), op. cit., pp.131-132.)
B27“專門收集有關(guān)小說(shuō)記錄的第一本類書《太平廣記》的編纂,象征宋初并未將志怪看作小說(shuō)的最后一個(gè)證據(jù)這與歐陽(yáng)修將志怪排除《新唐書·史部》可作一比較。The compilation of the Tai-ping kuang-chi,the first anthology explicitly engaged in the gathering of hsio-shuo,in the same sense marks the final rejection of the chih-kuai as history in the early Sung, and coincides with Ou-yang Hsius expunging of the shih-pu(史部 histories) in the Hsin Tang-shu of chih-kuai material.”(See DeWoskin, Kenneth J., op. cit., p.48.)
B28“This is indicated by several facts first,the treatment of fictional biographies as a literary genre alongside other literary genres in the Wen-yüan ying-hua:second,the compilation of the special hsiao-shuo anthology,the Tai-ping kuang-chi:and third,the nature of the title listed in the hsiao-shuo section of the Hsin Tang-shu, which come close to the modern conception of fiction.”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1994), op. cit., p.132.)
B29“Having in mind Confuciuss remark about innovation and transmission, Sima Qian was saying that his writing of Shiji was not innovation. But his insistence that he should not be compared with Confucius(whom he considered an innovator) seems to subvert Confuciussdisclaimer of originality and ultimately his own. (Of course, both Confucius and Sima Qian are considered to be among the most innovative figure in Chinese history.) ” Huang, Martin Weizong, “Dehistoricization and Intertextualization The Anxiety of Precedents in the Evolution of the Traditional Chinese Novel脫歷史化和互文性化:在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)發(fā)展上的因先例而不安”, CLEAR 12, 1990. p.46.
B30“So, the greater the aesthetic and technical achievement, the more the creative individual was thought to be in command of the past, or under command of the past―for they were the same thing. ”Frederic W. Mote,“The Art and the ‘Theorizing Mode of theCivilization 藝術(shù)與文明的”理論化樣式, Christian F. Murck ed. ,Uses of the Past in Chinese Culture: Artists and Traditions(Princeton university Press, 1976. p.7. 轉(zhuǎn)引自黃衛(wèi)總,同上書,第46頁(yè))
B31何景明對(duì)韓愈的評(píng)論,激怒了若干評(píng)論家的實(shí)例可參見劉大杰的《中國(guó)文學(xué)發(fā)展史》(上海古籍出版社,1982年版第901頁(yè))
B32“A major constituents of the research in the area of traditional Chinese fiction has been what is called ‘source study,‘influence study,or ‘derivation study which attempts to establish textual connections between works of fiction and the earlier works from the same or a different generic tradition. ” (See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng, "The Fictional Discourse of Pien-wen: The Relation of Chinese fiction to Historiography", CLEAR 9, 1987. p.49.)
B33“Very often in the case of Chinese fiction, retrogressive searches ultimately come back to the the tradition of historical writings or historiography which is chronologically the ‘origin and ‘a(chǎn)ntecedent of the much later fictional narrative literature.”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1987), op. cit., p.49-50.)
據(jù)說(shuō),經(jīng)常以“索隱”名目被稱呼的這種研究?jī)A向,依照魯曉鵬的主張,賦予在“中國(guó)的文言傳統(tǒng)”與“整個(gè)中國(guó)文化之內(nèi)存續(xù)高度的持續(xù)性和統(tǒng)一性”的印象。“The evidence of the happy linkage of the two essential modes of Chinese narrative leaves one with the impression that there exits a great continuity and uniformity within the Chinese literary tradition and Chinese culture at large.”(See Lu, Sheldon Hsiao-peng(1987) , op. cit., p.50.)
B34“for a culture as old as the Chinese, it may be expected that Sinology is often haunted by a nostalgia for origin and motivated toward hunting for direct, factual sources.” (See Lu, Sheldon Hsiapeng(1987), op. cit., p.50.)
B35“Forms of traditional, positivistic adaptation/derivation studies often go back to historiography for the final location of textual sources and the basis of subsequent literary inspiration. for the better or worse, these studies unavoidably picture a process of reduction towards tradition and continuity in accountiong for the mechanism of textual formation and variations. The productive and creative instances of fictional discourse are subjugated to the techniques of mnemonics and creative instances of the past.”(See Lu,Sheldon Hsiao-peng (1987), op. cit., p.52.)
B36“This, according to Collingwood, is ‘the renacment of past thought in the historians mind. ……they certainly acknowledge with him the necessity of the constructive imagination in in writing a history. ”(Yu, Anthony C. 余國(guó)藩, "History,F(xiàn)iction and the Reading of Chinese Narrative", CLEAR 10, 1988. p.5.)
B37“This discourse itself is the actual combination of facts and meaning which gives to it the aspect of a specific structure of meaning that permits us to identify it as a product of one kindof historical consciousness rather than another. ”(See Yu, Anthony C. 余國(guó)藩, op. cit., p.6.)
B38“This is, in fact,how White explains Collingwoods understanding of the constructive imagination,……was both a priori(which meant that it did not act capriciously) and structural (which meant that it was governed by notions of formal coherency in its constitution of possible object of thought). which for the latter”(See Yu, Anthony C. 余國(guó)藩, op. cit., p.6.)
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(責(zé)任編輯 文 格)
Abstract:The concern about the relationships between history and fiction can be described as one of the efforts that illustrate the origin of Chinese novel. In this thesis, I will explain the reason and meaning of the tradition of historiography of Chinese fiction being treated as an important thing. The reason that history and fiction can be easily identified in China and Europe is mainly due to the formal features of both. In an early stage, fictions were not distinguished from history, but gradually diverged from history as time went by. This trend, however, evoked the returning to antiquity and imitation of the ancients in the Chinese literary tradition. The restoring antiquity that can be called the nostalgia to the originality always fretted the descendants to do their efforts of relieving their anxiety for precedence. Consequently, it might be impossible to discuss the relationship between history and fiction without both being separated.
Key words:historiography;originality;restoring antiquity or returning to antiquity;canon;constructive imagination