劉哲,程燕南,楊健
磁共振增強檢查因釓對比劑高弛豫率的特點,通過靜脈注射可以突出顯示病灶的形態(tài),在臨床疾病的診斷及鑒別診斷中廣泛應(yīng)用。在美國,每年有超過1000萬患者進行磁共振增強檢查,占全部磁共振檢查的40%~50%[1],被認為是非常安全的檢查方法之一。自從2006年有報道提出腎功能損傷患者注射釓對比劑和NSF密切相關(guān)以來[2-3],磁共振釓對比劑的安全應(yīng)用一再引起重視,尤其是近些年報道的腎功能正?;颊叨啻巫⑸溽弻Ρ葎痫B內(nèi)釓沉積現(xiàn)象,更是得到了美國食品和藥物管理局(Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)的關(guān)注(http://www. fda. gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM455390. pdf, 2015.),但目前釓沉積的可能的機制及臨床意義尚不清楚。因此,筆者回顧國內(nèi)外關(guān)于磁共振釓對比劑應(yīng)用的文獻,總結(jié)其不同分類及危險等級、體內(nèi)分布與沉積現(xiàn)狀、可能的發(fā)生機制及臨床意義等,為臨床釓對比劑的選擇應(yīng)用提供有力的幫助。
目前通過美國FDA認證的釓對比劑主要有9種,根據(jù)其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)及電荷量可分為線狀、環(huán)狀、離子型及非離子型(表1)[4];根據(jù)分子的動力學(xué)和熱力學(xué)作用,釓離子和其配體在溶液中解離處于動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài),不同類型對比劑熱穩(wěn)定性不同,因此釋放釓離子的能力也不盡相同。2008年Frenzel等[5]報道了注射不同釓對比劑15 d后血清(pH 7.4,37 ℃)中的穩(wěn)定性,釓弗塞胺和釓雙胺約有20%的釓釋放,離子線型有小于2%的釓釋放,環(huán)狀對比劑沒有檢測到釓釋放,同時,2017年有學(xué)者最新提出在兒童多次靜脈注射環(huán)狀對比劑不會引起齒狀核T1信號增高[6]。因此釓對比劑的穩(wěn)定性由高至低排序如下:環(huán)狀對比劑>離子線型對比劑>非離子線型對比劑[7]。因為釓離子在體內(nèi)具有毒性,解離度越大的對比劑危險性越高,尤其是腎功能異?;颊撸w內(nèi)長時間存留的釓離子更易促進腎源性系統(tǒng)性纖維化(nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, NSF)的發(fā)生。歐洲用藥委員會(CHMP)根據(jù)磁共振對比劑造成NSF的危險性,將其分為高危、中危和低危三級(表2)[8],不同釓對比劑的危險等級為臨床醫(yī)生安全性用藥提供了有力的參考。
釓對比劑解離的機制主要有金屬置換反應(yīng)、血清pH值和炎性機制(氧化應(yīng)激、細胞凋亡)等。高親和力的Zn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+等和釓的配位鍵結(jié)合,或釓和磷酸鹽及碳酸鹽相結(jié)合引起置換反應(yīng),促進釓螯合物的解離,使體內(nèi)釓離子增加[9]。另外一個釋放釓離子的機制可能是血清pH值,pH值越低,釓螯合物越不穩(wěn)定,釓離子越容易被釋放。因此,血清內(nèi)游離釓越多,體內(nèi)釓沉積現(xiàn)象越容易發(fā)生[9]。
表1 目前已被證實的臨床使用的釓對比劑[4]Tab. 1 Gadolinium-based contrast agents currently approved for clinical use: biochemical properties[4]
表2 歐洲用藥委員會發(fā)布磁共振釓對比劑的危險等級[8]Tab. 2 CHMP: risk level of Gadolinium-based contrast agents[8]
磁共振釓對比劑注射途徑是影響其體內(nèi)生物學(xué)分布和安全性的主要因素[9],臨床主要為靜脈注射,非特異性對比劑存在于循環(huán)血液及細胞外間隙,特異性對比劑可被靶器官攝取,最終通過泌尿系統(tǒng)或膽道排出體外。
釓對比劑可以刺激組織和器官發(fā)生纖維化[10],尤其是腎功能不全以及一些近期有重大手術(shù)、血管介入、血栓形成、全身炎癥等患者[11-12],長期存留的釓離子可以引起血漿中的纖維細胞數(shù)量增高,兩者在血漿中進行反應(yīng),容易引起NSF。NSF主要影響心臟、腎臟及皮膚等部位,尤其是皮膚最為明顯,其病理變化主要以組織增厚、硬化、皮膚緊縮、皮下水腫等為主,幾天或幾個月后形成[13],其中NSF患者皮膚活檢中可明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)釓成分[14-18];因此,釓在皮膚內(nèi)的沉積和NSF密切相關(guān)。
釓對比劑骨內(nèi)沉積是個舊話題,早在2004年就有人發(fā)現(xiàn)不同釓對比劑在骨內(nèi)沉積量不盡相同[17]。其中釓雙胺引起骨內(nèi)沉積是釓特醇的2.5~4.0倍[9,19],線型對比劑中約1%~2%的注射計量可在骨內(nèi)長期沉積[9]。2006年White等[20]利用電感耦合等離子質(zhì)譜法(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)分析注射釓對比劑后髖關(guān)節(jié)置換的腎功能正?;颊撸l(fā)現(xiàn)其股骨內(nèi)明顯存在釓離子成分。2009年Darrah等[21]分析股骨頭標(biāo)本后再次證實注射線性對比劑更易引起骨釓沉積,骨小梁釓沉積量明顯多于骨皮質(zhì),且可沉積長達8年之久。因此,骨是釓沉積的主要靶器官之一[9],而且在眾多對比劑中,前24 h各種對比劑生物學(xué)分布相似,約7~14 d各種對比劑體內(nèi)分布將發(fā)生差異[9]。
3.3.1 顱內(nèi)蒼白球T1高信號與順磁性物質(zhì)
釓和錳均屬于順磁性物質(zhì),有文獻報道多次靜脈注射釓對比劑或含錳物質(zhì)均可以引起顱內(nèi)蒼白球T1信號增高[22-26]。其中順磁性物質(zhì)錳(Mn)在蒼白球內(nèi)沉積現(xiàn)象早在1983年就有學(xué)者提出[23],尤其是長期靜脈注射含錳營養(yǎng)藥物的患者,顱內(nèi)蒼白球信號T1明顯增高[24-25],并且其信號增高程度和錳的劑量密切相關(guān)[23-26]。然而釓對比劑引起蒼白球T1信號增高的現(xiàn)象則是近幾年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的熱點,不僅是蒼白球,齒狀核、丘腦、黑質(zhì)、紅核、小腦腳等部位均可發(fā)現(xiàn)T1高信號改變[27]。因為釓對比劑是目前磁共振增強檢查最常用的方法之一,且釓離子具有強毒性,其安全性一直是一個熱點話題,釓對比劑顱內(nèi)沉積是否會引起相應(yīng)的不良反應(yīng)引起了廣泛的關(guān)注。
3.3.2 釓對比劑腦內(nèi)沉積研究現(xiàn)狀
2014年Kanda等[22]首次提出多次(≥6次)注射釓對比劑前后蒼白球/丘腦與齒狀核/橋腦T1WI平掃信號比有明顯差異,并且其T1信號增高程度與增強掃描次數(shù)呈明顯線性增加關(guān)系[28],腦釓沉積的量與釓對比劑劑量呈依賴關(guān)系,與腎功能、年齡、掃描間隔等無明顯相關(guān)性[29]。隨后又有大量研究顯示蒼白球及齒狀核釓沉積量與釓對比劑種類密切相關(guān),眾多研究一致認為非離子線型對比劑更易發(fā)生顱內(nèi)釓沉積現(xiàn)象,線型離子型次之,環(huán)狀對比劑相對少見[30-34],此現(xiàn)象和釓對比劑解離程度及其危險等級相一致。其中,雖然環(huán)狀對比劑安全性相對較高,但Stojanov等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)性硬化患者多次注射環(huán)狀對比劑后也可引起齒狀核信號輕微改變。因此,所有釓對比劑均可引起顱內(nèi)釓沉積現(xiàn)象,線狀對比劑尤為明顯。
2015年Kanda等[36]和McDonald等[29]利用ICPMS方法對尸體腦組織進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn)生前注射線狀釓對比劑患者腦內(nèi)蒼白球和齒狀核釓含量明顯增高。McDonald等[29]又利用透射電子顯微鏡和電子探針顯微鏡進一步證實了顱內(nèi)蒼白球及齒狀核存在釓沉積現(xiàn)象。同期FDA正式提出多次注射釓對比劑與腦內(nèi)釓沉積密切相關(guān),可能對人體造成的危險,應(yīng)該引起廣大醫(yī)師的重視[37]。為避免釓對比劑給患者帶來危害,F(xiàn)DA建議腎功能不全者,孕婦和兒童盡量避免使用釓對比劑或采用最低劑量以達到臨床診斷為目的,同時歐洲藥品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)也指出可實施個人釓對比劑使用卡制度,明確個體化監(jiān)測,全面評估利弊后合理使用[38]。
釓對比劑的顱內(nèi)沉積的具體機制至今尚不清楚,有學(xué)者提出金屬進入神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可能存在以下三種機制:載體介導(dǎo)機制、轉(zhuǎn)運體介導(dǎo)機制和被動運輸[39],但釓離子通過血腦屏障并沉積在顱內(nèi)特殊部位的機制仍需進一步研究。
釓對比劑除了在皮膚、骨組織、腦內(nèi)分布沉積以外,在腎臟、心臟、肺組織、肝臟、淋巴結(jié)等多部位均有沉積現(xiàn)象,且沉積點多位于血管或胞內(nèi)鈣化處[40],但其具體沉積機制及沉積形式目前仍不清楚,需要更多的學(xué)者進一步的研究。
Paracelsus提出所有物質(zhì)均具有毒性,只有合理的劑量才不會使物質(zhì)表現(xiàn)出其毒性作用[10]。釓螯合物在體內(nèi)容易被耐受[41],標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量下應(yīng)用被認為是相對安全的[10],但之前又有大量文獻報道了釓對比劑的危險因素,認為不同種類對比劑體內(nèi)沉積量不一致,且有調(diào)查顯示了所有有癥狀的患者中存在著不同的臨床表現(xiàn)(表3)[4]。由此可以推測釓對比劑過量應(yīng)用可能是造成不良反應(yīng)的危險因素之一,但仍需更多文獻進行支持。其中,釓對比劑在腦內(nèi)的沉積仍處于探索階段,近幾年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的腦內(nèi)釓沉積部位和過去腦內(nèi)錳沉積部位一致,不同順磁性金屬物質(zhì)是否均可沉積在腦內(nèi)深部核團,其毒性大小等問題則需要更多的研究來證實。
總而言之,釓對比劑可在體內(nèi)多器官臟器沉積,并且其體內(nèi)分布、沉積與釓對比劑的種類及靜脈注射劑量密切相關(guān),其安全性一直被關(guān)注。在未來的研究中,我們需要更進一步的探索順磁性釓對比劑腦內(nèi)沉積的機制、可能的神經(jīng)不良反應(yīng)以及其安全性用藥原則等問題,為臨床提供更多的幫助。
表3 MR增強掃描釓組織沉積引起不同部位慢性癥狀調(diào)查匯總a[4]Tab. 3 Summary of the results of the "Survey of Chronic Effects of Retained Gadolinium from Contrast MRIs"a[4]
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