胡瑞明

定語從句是在主句中作定語，緊跟在先行詞（被修飾的名詞）之后的從句。定語從句分為限制性的定語從句（從句在句中是不可缺少的部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開）和非限制性的定語從句（從句是對主句的先行詞的補充和說明，沒有從句不影響主句的意思完整。主句和從句之間用逗號隔開）。定語從句一直是高考考查的重點內容。

[關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇]

定語從句中關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇主要根據先行詞在定語從句中充當的成分來決定。如果它在句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語，則用關系代詞who（m），that，which，as，whose；如果作狀語，則用關系副詞when，where，why。比較如下：

who 指代人，在從句中作主語，間或作賓語。

which 指代物，在從句中作主語或賓語。

關系代詞

that 可用于指代人，也可以用于指代物；在從句中作主語或賓語。

whose 表示所屬關系，用于指代人或物，在從句中作定語。

when 表示時間，在從句中作時間狀語。

關系副詞

where 表示地點，在從句中作地點狀語。

why 表示原因，在從句中作原因狀語。

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. Much to her relief，the research she had been devoted to in the past 20 years proved to be a great success and earned her many awards.

2. Finally he reached a lonely island ______ was cut off from the outside world.

3. George Orwell， real name was Eric Arthur，wrote many political novels and essays.

4. He was born in the year the Anti-Japanese War broke out.

5. There were dirty marks on her trousers ， she had wiped her hands.

答案 1. （that/which） 2. which/that 3. whose 4. when 5. where

[that與which，who，whom的用法區(qū)別]

1. 只能用關系代詞that的情況

當先行詞為all，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，等不定代詞時；

當先行詞被all，any，every，each，much，little，no，some，few等修飾時；

當先行詞有形容詞最高級和序數詞修飾時；

當先行詞既指人又指物時；

當先行詞被the only，the very修飾時；

當句中已經有who或which時，為了避免重復時。

2. 只用which，who，whom的情況

在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人；

在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人；

當先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which，當先行詞為those，one，he時多用who。

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever visited.

2. Who has ever worked together with him doesnt admire him？

3. This is the very book Im looking for.

4. They are talking of the heroines and their deeds interest them.

答案 1. that 2. that 3. that 4. that

[特殊先行詞引導的定語從句]

1. 英語中一些特殊的先行詞，如：case，degree，stage，point，position，situation，activity，business，family等，表示“情況、方面或處境”等含義時，而且關系詞在從句中作抽象意義上的地點狀語，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況中”，此時用where引導定語從句。

2. 當先行詞occasion，point，stage表示“時間點或時間段”，且其后的關系詞在從句中作時間狀語時，用when引導定語從句。

3. 當先行詞為way時，若在從句中作狀語，表示“用這或那種方式/方法（=in this/that way）”時，通常不用關系詞，偶爾用that，在較正式的文體里才用in which。若在從句中作主語或賓語，則用which或that。

4. 當先行詞為reason時，若在從句中作狀語，用why引導定語從句。若在從句中作主語或賓語，則用which或that。

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity eyesight matters more than hearing.

2. After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do.

3. Occasions are quite rare I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

答案 1. where 2. where 3. when

[“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句]

用于這種情況的關系代詞一般是whom（指人、賓語），which（指物，賓語），whose（指人或物，定語），不可用that或who。在這種結構中，介詞的選擇遵循以下四個原則：

1. 根據定語從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞，該動詞與介詞搭配，構成固定的動詞短語。

2. 根據定語從句中的形容詞確定介詞，該形容詞與介詞搭配，構成固定的形容詞短語。

3. 根據定語從句所修飾的名詞確定介詞，這些名詞往往表示時間、地點、原因、方法、工具等，它們與介詞有一定的聯系。當“介詞+關系代詞”在定語從句中充當時間、地點、原因狀語時，可分別用when，where和why替換。

4. 根據句意確定介詞。有些句子的先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構成，這時，要根據句子要表達的意思，選用不同的介詞。

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. I have forgotten the exact date which this country became independent.

2. He made a few friends soon after he transferred to the new school， _ whose help he had no difficulty in fitting in.

3. American women usually identify their best friend as someone with they can talk frequently.

4. His head soon appeared out of the window， where he saw nothing but trees.

答案 1. on 2. with 3. whom 4. from

[which和as引導的非限制性定語從句]

關系代詞which引導非限制性定語從句時，除了指物外，更多的是指整個句子或主句的部分內容，在定語從句中作主語或者賓語。which引導的從句常置于句中或句末，譯作“這，這一點”。

as引導的非限制性定語從句可以置于主句之前、之后或期間，用逗號隔開，譯作“正如……”。常用形式有：

as we can see 正如我們所看到的

as we had expected 正如我們所預料的

as is shown in the figure 如圖所示

as引導非限制性定語從句還用于固定搭配，先行詞與as，so，such，the same連用。如：

There is so warm a house as we want to live in.

She will marry as rich a man as she can find.

注意 the same ... that ...表示“同一物”；the same ... as ...表示“同類人/物（另一個）”。如：

This is the same pen that I lost.

這就是我丟失的那支鋼筆。

This is the same pen as I lost.

這是和我丟失的那支鋼筆一模一樣的鋼筆。

such ... as ...引導定語從句，意為“像……那樣”；such ... that引導狀語從句，意為“如此……以致……”。如：

This is such an easy question as I can answer.

這是一個我都能回答的簡單問題。（定語從句）

This is such an easy question that I can answer it.

這個問題如此簡單，我都能回答。（狀語從句）

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. Yeats once said，“Education is not a filling of a pail， but a lighting of a fire.”

2. The Amazon Rainforest is named after the Amazon River， is the second longest in the world.

3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant， greatly upsets me.

4. Light travels much faster than sound， ，we all know.

5. is announced in the papers，our country has launched another man-made satellite.

6. Such books you want are sold out.

答案 1. As 2. which 3. which 4. as 5. As

[定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別]

定語從句與同位語從句結構很相似，但它們有本質區(qū)別。定語從句對其前的先行詞起修飾或限制的作用，定語從句的引導詞在定語從句中充當一定的成分。同位語從句對其前的名詞起解釋、說明的作用，引導詞that在同位語從句中不作任何成分，只起引導詞的作用。如：

We heard of the news that he didnt want to tell us. （定語從句）

We heard the news that our team had won the game. （同位語從句）

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. The news ________ we had won the first place was true.

2. The news ________ she told me yesterday was very important.

3. The fact ________ the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

4. I can understand their eagerness ________ you should be the main speaker.

答案 1. that 2. which/that 3. that 4. that

[考查定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別]

where引導的定語從句與地點狀語從句也很容易混淆。where引導的定語從句其前必須有一個表示地點的名詞或代詞充當先行詞，定語從句對該名詞或代詞起修飾或限制的作用，where也可換成“介詞+which”的形式。where引導的地點狀語從句其前沒有表示地點的名詞，地點狀語從句修飾整個主句，where也不能換成“介詞+which”的形式。如：

A new school building will be put up in the place where/in which there used to be a temple. （定語從句）

A new school building will be put up where there used to be a temple. （狀語從句）

實戰(zhàn)演練

1. He wrote a letter _______ he explained what had happened in the accident.

2. Youd better make a mark _______ you have any questions.

3. Life is like a long race _______ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.

4. The church was built _______ there had once been a Roman temple.

答案

1. where

2. Where

3. where

4. where