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      高考試卷中的英語(yǔ)特殊句式

      2017-03-11 06:02:30大連市第二十四中學(xué)李鐵英
      遼寧招生考試 2017年7期
      關(guān)鍵詞:句首省略例句

      大連市第二十四中學(xué) 李鐵英

      英語(yǔ)的特殊句式一直是高考中的熱點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)。由于與學(xué)生熟悉的英語(yǔ)陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)差異大,句式比較雜亂,學(xué)生掌握起來(lái)有一定的難度。筆者試以2016年高考真題中出現(xiàn)的特殊句式為主要例句,簡(jiǎn)單講解特殊句式中的強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句及省略句的結(jié)構(gòu)、高考易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)及使用它們提高高考寫作的小技巧。

      一、強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及高考難點(diǎn)

      強(qiáng)調(diào)句是為了使句子的部分內(nèi)容突出而采用的一種修辭手段。

      1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本句型是“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分(通常是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ))+that/who(當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)且主語(yǔ)指人)+其他部分”。

      例句:(2016·天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel_____the coach picks up tourists. (正確答案為:that)

      2.如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí),使用助動(dòng)詞“do/does或did+動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)。

      例句:(2016·北京卷)However, when something_____interest me,I could become absorbed.(正確答案為:did)

      注意:①not...until...句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)句是 “It is/was not until+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 +that+其他部分”。

      例句:(2016·浙江卷)It was not until I became involved in student government_____I gained the confidence to handle projects that I created with the help of ASUCR Office of the President.(正確答案為:that)

      ②強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞一般只用that,who,即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)也如此。學(xué)生在改錯(cuò)中尤其容易忽視這一點(diǎn)。

      請(qǐng)看下文這個(gè)改錯(cuò):

      It was not until then when the term “Canada”entered the country's history.

      正確答案為:when改為that。強(qiáng)調(diào)句掌握不熟練的學(xué)生常常誤以為此句為定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。

      ③強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí)只用do/does和did,沒有別的形式。

      二、倒裝句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及高考難點(diǎn)

      顛倒原有語(yǔ)序的句式叫做倒裝句。為方便高考復(fù)習(xí),可以把高考常見的倒裝句分為全部倒裝句3種,部分倒裝句3種及其他倒裝句3種。

      1.全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

      (1)here,there,in,out,up,down,then,thus 等副詞置于句首,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 be,come,go,lie,run 等。

      例句:(2016·天津卷)Then_____ (come)the final awards ceremony at the end of the year.(正確答案為:came)

      注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞,如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。

      例句:Here he comes.

      (2)表方位的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)放句首,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be,remain,lie,sit,stand 等。

      例句:(2010·重慶卷) At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River_____(lie)Chongqing,one of the ten largest cities in China.(正確答案為:lies)

      (3)表語(yǔ)提前放句首。

      例句:(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)In this box_____(be)some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient. (正確答案為:are)

      注意:there be結(jié)構(gòu)也屬于全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu),be動(dòng)詞的使用遵循就近原則。

      例句:There are various means of communicating with strangers.

      2.部分倒裝是把助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

      (1)含有否定意義的副詞、連接詞放在句首。

      表示否定的副詞有 never,nor,neither;

      表示半否定意義的副詞有hardly,few,seldom,little;

      含有 no和 not的詞組有 by no means,in no case,at no time,under no circumstances,not until,notonly...butalso,no sooner...than=hardly...when/scarcely...when。

      例 句 :(2016·江 蘇 卷 ) Not untilrecently_____they encourage the development of touristrelated activities in the rural areas.(正確答案為:did)

      注意:只有當(dāng)not only...but also連接兩個(gè)分句時(shí),才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的not only...but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ),不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

      例句:(2014·大綱全國(guó)卷)Not only_____the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. (正確答案為:do)

      (2)only修飾狀語(yǔ)(從句)且放在句首時(shí)。

      例句:(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Only after a year of friendly discussion_____Ms Gaf finally say yes.(正確答案為:did)

      (3)當(dāng)“so/such...that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中的 so, such 連同它所直接修飾的成分位于句首時(shí),主句要進(jìn)行倒裝(that后面的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句不倒裝)。

      例句:(2009·廣東卷)So sudden_____ (be) the attack that the enemy had no time to escape.(正確答案為:was)

      3.其他高考常見的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)有:

      (1)“so (nor, neither)+助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/be 動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。表示前面敘述的情況(否定情況)也適合于另一個(gè)人或物,意為“也,同樣,也如此”。

      例句:(2016·北京卷)If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below.He would die, and so_____the sick children of Nome.(正確答案為:would)

      注意:①這一句型倒裝部分的助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、連系動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和形式要與前句及全句語(yǔ)義一致。

      ②表示前面的多種情況也適合于另一人或物,或者既有肯定又有否定情況或涉及到不同類型的動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用:“It is the same with sth./sb. ”或“So it is with sth./sb.”句型。

      例句:She does well in English,but is poor in maths.So it is with Lucy.

      ③當(dāng)so表示對(duì)前句內(nèi)容的肯定、符合,或進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)前面所說(shuō)的情況,或者贊同前面的說(shuō)法時(shí),應(yīng)用自然語(yǔ)序。意為 “的確,正是”。

      例句:—Tom works hard.湯姆工作很賣力。

      —So he does and so do you. 的確如此,你也是。

      (2)由as、though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要倒裝。結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞原形+as+主語(yǔ)+其他”。

      例句:(2016·天津卷)Here I learned my first important lesson:_____ (disable)as I was in language,I could still be smart and well express myself with clay.(正確答案為:Disabled)

      注意:①句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。

      例句:(2011·全國(guó)卷)Try hard_____she might,Sue couldn't get the door open. (正確答案為:as)

      ②句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。

      例句:Child as he is, he knows a lot.

      (3)if虛擬條件句中,若從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 were,should,had 時(shí),省略 if,將 were, should, had 提前到從句句首構(gòu)成倒裝。

      例 句 :If it hadn't been for their help, we couldn't have finished the work on time.

      =Hadn't it been for their help,we couldn't have finished the work on time.

      三、省略句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及高考難點(diǎn)

      省略是為了使句子更簡(jiǎn)潔,同時(shí)又不影響句子意義的表達(dá)。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

      1.功能詞的省略

      功能詞指的是沒有完整意義,但有語(yǔ)法意義的詞,如冠詞、介詞、助動(dòng)詞等。

      (1)冠詞的省略

      ①兩個(gè)并列的名詞前面,第二個(gè)可以省略。

      例句:A man and (a) woman are talking in the office.

      注意:如果省去冠詞會(huì)誤會(huì)為一個(gè)人則不省略。

      ②表示獨(dú)一無(wú)二的職位前,比如總統(tǒng)、主席、班長(zhǎng)等,習(xí)慣省略冠詞。

      例句:They elected John monitor of the class.

      (2)介詞的省略

      have difficulty/problem/trouble+(in)+doing

      spend/waste time/energy+(in)+doing

      there is no sense/point+(in)+doing

      stop/prevent sb.+(from)+doing

      be busy+(in)+doing

      take turns+(at)+doing

      have a good/great/fun/hard/time+(in)+doing

      (3)that的省略

      ①引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的that常常可以省略。

      例句:I suggested (that) we should go home.

      注意:a.兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句連用時(shí),第一個(gè)從句that可以省略,第二個(gè)從句的that不可省略。

      例 句 :The teachertold the students (that)they should hand in their homework the next day and that the homework must be signed names by their parents.

      b.在介詞短語(yǔ)后的賓語(yǔ)從句中that不可省略,且前面往往有個(gè)形式賓語(yǔ)it。

      例句:You may depend on it that they will support your plan.

      See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time.

      c.在雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中,that從句充當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)或是間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),不可以省略that。

      例句:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.

      ②引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)that可省略。

      例句:Can I have the records (that) I lent you?

      2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的省略

      (1)主語(yǔ)的省略

      英語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)一般不可省略,但在口語(yǔ)中某些慣用表達(dá)也可省略,有時(shí)主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞一起省略。

      例句:(2016·浙江卷)—The movie starts at 8:30,and we can have a quick bite before we go.

      —_____(sound) great.See you at 8:10. (正確答案為:Sounds)

      (2)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略

      在 when,while,whenever, till,as soon as,if,unless, as if,though,as, whether引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中,若謂語(yǔ)有be動(dòng)詞,而從句主語(yǔ)又跟主句主語(yǔ)相同或從句為it+be動(dòng)詞時(shí),則主句的主語(yǔ)和be??墒÷浴?/p>

      例句:(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ卷)Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when________ (deal) with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.(正確答案為:dealing, when dealing=when other cultures are dealing)

      (3)虛擬語(yǔ)氣中should的省略

      在與 suggest, request, order, advise 等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中必須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 “should+動(dòng)詞原形”形式,should可省略。

      例句:(2016·全國(guó)Ⅱ卷) Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. (此題為改錯(cuò)。正確答案為:can改為should或can刪掉,第二種改法就意味著省略should)

      (4)省略一個(gè)從句或從句的一部分,可用so或not代替。常用的動(dòng)詞有 believe,think,expect,guess, hope, imagine, suppose, be afraid 等。

      例句:—Is he feeling better today?

      —I'm afraid not. (not=he is not feeling better today)

      (5)動(dòng)詞不定式的省略

      不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),賓補(bǔ)或主補(bǔ)時(shí)或作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常常省略到to。常見動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ike, love, hope, wish, expect, mean, want等。常見的形容詞有 happy, glad, eager, anxious,willing, ready等。

      例句:She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to.

      I think she should get a job,but you can't force her if she's not ready to.

      注意:①當(dāng)不定式含有作助動(dòng)詞用的have或be的形式時(shí),要保留到原形have或be。

      例句:He did not come,but he ought to have.

      He is not the man he used to be.

      ②不定式to的省略

      a.主語(yǔ)部分有to do,系動(dòng)詞是is/was時(shí),作表語(yǔ)的不定式省略to。

      例句:The only thing you have to do is (to)press the button.

      b.作介詞 but, except, besides的賓語(yǔ),前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式時(shí),常省略to。

      例句:Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning.

      ③ 在 see, watch, notice, observe, look at,hear, listen to, feel, have, make, let等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略to.

      四、特殊句式在高考寫作中的使用

      高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜句式的使用是衡量高中生英語(yǔ)寫作水平的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。許多學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)寫作中能夠表述清楚自己希望表達(dá)的意思,但是單一的句式結(jié)構(gòu)使作文單調(diào)乏味,請(qǐng)看下面這段表達(dá)感謝的學(xué)生作文:

      In the past three years,I have learned much knowledge.I have made many good friends.I have made such great progress with your help.

      這段敘述語(yǔ)義清晰,但句式單調(diào),學(xué)生反復(fù)使用I have done...句式。改為適當(dāng)?shù)奶厥饩涫胶?,本文可以是這樣的:

      In the pastthree years, notonly have I learned much knowledgebut alsoIhavemade many good friends.It is with your help that I have made such great progress.

      顯然,特殊句式的恰切使用可以使作文大大增色。英語(yǔ)寫作中最常用的特殊句式包括:

      1.使用“There be sb.doing sth.”句型描述現(xiàn)象或概括原因。

      例句:At present, there are a lot of students cheating in the examinations.

      Nowadays,there are more and more people purchasing private cars.

      There are many factors contributing to/accounting for the phenomenon.

      2.使用“Here is/are...”倒裝句引出下文。

      例句:Here is my advice./Here are my tips.

      Here is the brief introduction to sth.

      3.使用“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that+其他部分”句式陳述活動(dòng)的原因、目的、結(jié)果或意義等。

      例句:Itis the environmentpollution that causes this problem.

      It is our attitude that matters/counts.

      It is the achievements that havemademe confident.

      4.使用“名詞 /形容詞 /副詞+as/though+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)……”倒裝句表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。

      例句:Tough though the problem is, we will give up by no means.

      5.使用“Not only...but also...”倒裝句表達(dá)并列關(guān)系。

      例句:Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology,but also they play an informative role in our daily life.

      Not only should the government adopt effective measures but everyone of us should play an active part.

      6.使用“Only+ 狀語(yǔ)(從句)...”倒裝句總結(jié)并簡(jiǎn)潔有力地結(jié)尾。

      例句:Onlyin this waycan wesolvethe problem.

      Only if we can unite together are we more likely to solve the problem well.

      以上是特殊句式在高考中的常見用法。歸根到底,能根據(jù)高考題的語(yǔ)境和自己寫作的需要正確恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂镁湫筒攀顷P(guān)鍵,生搬硬套往往導(dǎo)致過猶不及。相信同學(xué)們?cè)谶m當(dāng)練習(xí)后一定能夠熟練掌握特殊句式用法。

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