倪麗艷 唐吉友
(1.巨野縣人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,菏澤,274900; 2.山東大學(xué)附屬千佛山醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,濟(jì)南250014)
Orexin系統(tǒng)在睡眠剝奪影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶中的作用研究進(jìn)展
倪麗艷1,2唐吉友2
(1.巨野縣人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,菏澤,274900; 2.山東大學(xué)附屬千佛山醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,濟(jì)南250014)
Orexin是下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)分泌的一種興奮性神經(jīng)肽,研究顯示,Orexin在睡眠-覺醒調(diào)節(jié)以及學(xué)習(xí)記憶中發(fā)揮重要作用。睡眠剝奪導(dǎo)致Orexin水平的改變,并參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶過程。本文擬對近年來關(guān)于睡眠剝奪、學(xué)習(xí)記憶與Orexin之間關(guān)系的相關(guān)研究做一綜述,對進(jìn)一步了解Orexin系統(tǒng)在睡眠剝奪影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶中的作用提供新啟示。
Orexin系統(tǒng);睡眠剝奪;學(xué)習(xí)記憶
睡眠是人類日常生活中的必要組成部分,不僅涉及體溫調(diào)節(jié)、免疫功能的維持等,亦能促進(jìn)記憶的鞏固,使其轉(zhuǎn)化成更加穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。睡眠剝奪(Sleep Deprivation,SD)是由各種原因?qū)е碌乃呷狈顟B(tài),由于現(xiàn)代社會人們生活方式的改變,使得SD發(fā)生成為常態(tài),其對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的不利影響主要表現(xiàn)為注意力不集中,學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降等[1],然而,SD損害學(xué)習(xí)記憶的具體機(jī)制仍不完全明確。Orexin是下丘腦外側(cè)區(qū)分泌的一種興奮性神經(jīng)肽,研究顯示,Orexin在睡眠-覺醒調(diào)節(jié)以及學(xué)習(xí)記憶中發(fā)揮重要作用[2]。睡眠剝奪導(dǎo)致Orexin水平的改變[3-4],并參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶過程[5-7]。本文擬對近年來關(guān)于睡眠剝奪、學(xué)習(xí)記憶與Orexin之間關(guān)系的相關(guān)研究做一綜述,對進(jìn)一步了解Orexin系統(tǒng)在睡眠剝奪影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶中的作用提供新啟示。
睡眠對學(xué)習(xí)記憶的形成和鞏固具有重要的作用,睡眠參與記憶痕跡的轉(zhuǎn)化,將短時記憶碎片重新整合加工成為長時記憶[8],學(xué)習(xí)記憶長期鞏固的一個必需條件是編碼的記憶有暫存的海馬區(qū)向存儲長期記憶的皮質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移,即海馬-皮質(zhì)“對話”模式的建立。這一模式認(rèn)為覺醒狀態(tài)下,皮質(zhì)通過內(nèi)嗅皮質(zhì)淺層將外部信息轉(zhuǎn)移至海馬齒狀回進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的編碼和形成短時記憶。隨著覺醒程度的下降,皮質(zhì)下興奮減弱,進(jìn)入NREM期,海馬錐體神經(jīng)元自放電傾向增加,通過電振蕩的方式依次從海馬CA3、CA1區(qū)向海馬下托和內(nèi)嗅皮質(zhì)深層錐體神經(jīng)元同步放電,將儲存于海馬的信息轉(zhuǎn)移到廣泛的皮質(zhì)區(qū)域并長期儲存于皮質(zhì)。海馬神經(jīng)元在睡眠的快速眼動(REM)和慢波(SWS)期的某些再激活過程有利于神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中神經(jīng)元間連接加強,有利于海馬和皮質(zhì)間的信息轉(zhuǎn)移,有利于新經(jīng)歷轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚L時記憶。相反,消弱或阻斷海馬神經(jīng)元在REM和SWS期的再激活過程,記憶將會受到損害[9]。學(xué)習(xí)后REM時間明顯增加,且隨著學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)增多、任務(wù)的復(fù)雜性增加,REM時間的增加也會更加明顯,如果在此時發(fā)生睡眠剝奪,學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力顯著下降[10]。海馬神經(jīng)元的蛋白合成促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)記憶,研究表明mTORC1依賴的蛋白合成的減少是睡眠剝奪損害學(xué)習(xí)記憶的重要機(jī)制之一[11]。睡眠剝奪也可通過突觸可塑性的影響及神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改變影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶[12-13]。睡眠剝奪對學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的損害表現(xiàn)為明顯的個體差異性,部分個體睡眠缺失后學(xué)習(xí)記憶表現(xiàn)為明顯的易損性,而這種易損性與海馬的結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)[14]。
近年來越來越多的研究表明,Orexin系統(tǒng)在維持覺醒及調(diào)節(jié)睡眠-覺醒周期中發(fā)揮著重要作用。大鼠藍(lán)斑核Orexin-1受體基因敲除可增加白天REM睡眠[15],腦橋背蓋部敲除Orexin-2受體增加REM睡眠[16]。Orexin在睡眠自穩(wěn)調(diào)節(jié)過程中起著決定性的作用,Orexin神經(jīng)元在睡眠中靜止,而覺醒狀態(tài)下被激活[2]。腦室或局部腦區(qū)給Orexin-A可刺激覺醒減少REM睡眠,大鼠CSF和腦組織胞外Orexin-A存在24 h波動,最高水平出現(xiàn)在覺醒活動時相期,而最低水平出現(xiàn)在睡眠不活躍期[17]。研究Orexins與睡眠-覺醒調(diào)控間的關(guān)系的方法之一就是檢測睡眠剝奪對Orexins及其受體表達(dá)的影響。Orexin水平在睡眠開始時降低,而在睡眠剝奪后Orexin-A釋放增加[18]。有研究表明,48 h的睡眠剝奪激活Orexin陽性神經(jīng)元[19],96 h的睡眠剝奪后下丘腦中Orexin水平增高[3]。較長的睡眠剝奪后腦脊液中Orexin-A增加[5],而隨著睡眠的恢復(fù),腦脊液中Orexin的水平開始下降[4]。
Orexin是一種由下丘腦外側(cè)Orexin神經(jīng)元特異性合成和分泌的神經(jīng)肽。Orexin系統(tǒng)包括Orexin-A和Orexin-B,他們通過激活兩個G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體Orexin-1受體(OX1R)和Orexin-2受體(OX2R)參與攝食、能量代謝以及睡眠-覺醒和學(xué)習(xí)記憶的調(diào)控。其中,在睡眠覺醒調(diào)節(jié)和學(xué)習(xí)記憶中發(fā)揮尤為重要的作用[20-21]。側(cè)腦室注射Orexin-A能改善戊四氮慢性點燃大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[22],海馬注射Orexin-A能改善牙痛誘導(dǎo)的學(xué)習(xí)記憶損害,提示海馬Orexin系統(tǒng)參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[23];另有研究表明,Orexin通過調(diào)節(jié)其他神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生及保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受氧化應(yīng)激損害等改善卒中后學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的作用[24];Orexin可改善快速老化模型小鼠(senescence-accelerated mouse,SAMP8)的學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能[20]。然而,另有研究表明中重度阿爾滋海默病患者腦脊液中Orexin水平顯著增高,提示在阿爾茲海默病中,Orexin的過度表達(dá)與認(rèn)知功能下降相關(guān)[5]。我們推測某些病理條件下學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的下降與體內(nèi)Orexin不足有關(guān),外源性補充Orexin可改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力;而在某些病理條件下Orexin的過度表達(dá)也可能是造成學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能下降的原因,體內(nèi)的這種動態(tài)平衡維持著正常的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Orexin-A可通過調(diào)節(jié)乙酰膽堿能、谷氨酸能、GABA能和腎上腺素能系統(tǒng)誘導(dǎo)海馬神經(jīng)元興奮性和突觸可塑性的形成,既參與海馬多個亞區(qū)的興奮傳遞及突觸可塑性過程,是Orexin系統(tǒng)參與學(xué)習(xí)記憶的分子基礎(chǔ)[25]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)研究表明[26],Orexin-A發(fā)揮生物作用主要通過其受體介導(dǎo)的Gq-蛋白/PLC/PKC、Gs-蛋白/cAMP/PKA以及Ca2+等多信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑來完成的。其中,Gq/PLC/PKC是Orexin-A的關(guān)鍵信號通路,可通過調(diào)控ERK1/2的激活促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。Orexin與其受體結(jié)合后,通過Gq蛋白途徑,激活磷脂酶C(PLC),產(chǎn)生1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇(IP3)和甘油二酯等第二信使物質(zhì),進(jìn)而使蛋白激酶C(PKC)的活性升高,胞膜鈣通道得以開放,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+貯庫向胞漿釋放Ca2+,隨后細(xì)胞外Ca2+內(nèi)流,從而導(dǎo)致胞漿中Ca2+濃度明顯升高等一系列反應(yīng),參與神經(jīng)元興奮性的調(diào)節(jié)。
隨著當(dāng)前生活節(jié)奏的日益加快和一些不健康生活方式的出現(xiàn),越來越多的人們處于不同程度的睡眠剝奪狀態(tài),這已成為現(xiàn)代社會中的一種普遍現(xiàn)象,而面對睡眠剝奪和由此引起的記憶損害,我們目前有效的解決辦法卻極為有限,有研究報道,尼古丁、咖啡因、莫達(dá)非尼能預(yù)防睡眠剝奪誘導(dǎo)的海馬依賴性記憶的損害[27-29]。但是,這些藥物在干預(yù)睡眠剝奪與記憶損害之間的作用靶點不明確,且這些藥物會干擾睡眠結(jié)構(gòu),長期應(yīng)用會引起睡眠紊亂,反而加重記憶損害,因此尋找睡眠剝奪導(dǎo)致的記憶功能損害的有效特異性靶點頗為重要。睡眠剝奪可引起體內(nèi)Orexin水平的改變,而Orexin與學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力密切相關(guān),三者之間相互影響,所以作為覺醒樞紐的Orexin系統(tǒng)可能在睡眠剝奪影響學(xué)習(xí)記憶過程能發(fā)揮重要作用。進(jìn)一步探討與學(xué)習(xí)記憶相關(guān)的分子與細(xì)胞機(jī)制,將為開發(fā)特異性靶向治療藥物減輕失眠及避免睡眠剝奪情況下學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降提供新的治療策略。
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ResearchProgressontheEffectofOrexinSysteminSleepDeprivationAffectingLearningandMemory
Ni Liyan1,2,Tang Jiyou2
(1.JuYeRenminHospital,Shandon,274900;2.ShandongUniversity,Shandong,250014)
Orexin is a kind of excitatory neuropeptide secreted in the lateral hypothalamus. Research shows that Orexin play an important role in the regulation of sleep and arousal as well as learning and memory. Sleep deprivation leads to changes in orexin level and participates in the learning and memory process. This article is a review of the recent researches on the relationship between sleep deprivation, learning and memory and orexin, which provide new inspiration to further understand the effect of orexin system on the effect of sleep deprivation on learning and memory.
Orexin system;Sleep deprivation;Learning and memory
國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(81471345)
唐吉友,E-mail:tangjiyou@sohu.com
R338.6
A
2095-7130(2017)06-405-408