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      克羅恩病多模態(tài)磁共振成像

      2017-04-06 00:02:02朱建國李海歌曹鵬
      放射學(xué)實踐 2017年10期
      關(guān)鍵詞:克羅恩偽影腸壁

      朱建國, 李海歌, 曹鵬

      ·綜述·

      克羅恩病多模態(tài)磁共振成像

      朱建國, 李海歌, 曹鵬

      克羅恩病是一種消化道的慢性炎癥,多發(fā)生于腸道,以往對該病的診斷和隨訪多依賴于內(nèi)鏡和實驗室檢查。隨著影像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,諸多的磁共振成像技術(shù)被用于克羅恩病的臨床研究,這些成像技術(shù)豐富了對克羅恩病的研究手段,能夠從微結(jié)構(gòu)和微循環(huán)的角度討論克羅恩病,拓寬了研究視野。本文在概括前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,就不同磁共振成像技術(shù)的原理、實際應(yīng)用、問題不足做一綜述,并對未來的發(fā)展方向提出展望。

      Crohn病; 多模態(tài); 磁共振成像

      腸道克羅恩病(Crohn's disease,CD)是一種原因不明的慢性、反復(fù)發(fā)作的消化道炎性病變,多見于青少年,跳躍性分布是該病的特征。以往對CD的診斷和隨訪主要依賴于內(nèi)鏡、微生物和血清學(xué)檢查。隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,影像學(xué)越來越多地被用于監(jiān)控CD病情、觀察并發(fā)癥、評估療效。上個世紀九十年代開始,磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)憑其高組織分辨率、無輻射、非侵入性的優(yōu)勢,逐步應(yīng)用于CD的研究。在軟硬件水平的提高基礎(chǔ)上,多種磁共振成像技術(shù)被應(yīng)用于CD的臨床研究,其中以磁共振腸道造影(magnetic resonance enterography/enteroclysis,MRE),磁共振彌散加權(quán)(diffusion weighted magnetic resonance,DW-MR)、磁共振動態(tài)增強(dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance,DCE-MR)技術(shù)相對成熟,使用最為廣泛。近年來,磁化傳遞(magnetization transfer,MT)、超微超順磁氧化鐵粒子增強磁共振[ultrasmall super paramagnetic iron oxide-(USPIO-) enhanced MR]以及正電子發(fā)射型計算機斷層-磁共振成像(positron emission computed tomography-MR,PET-MR)等成像技術(shù)也開始應(yīng)用臨床。上述多模態(tài)MR成像技術(shù)有助于觀察病灶分布、病變形態(tài)并能從細胞學(xué)、微循環(huán)和組織代謝角度分析CD的病理改變,豐富了對CD 的研究手段。本文就多模態(tài)MR成像技術(shù)在CD中的研究情況做一綜述。

      MRE的應(yīng)用研究

      根據(jù)檢查前的準備方式不同,MRE分口服法(enterography)和經(jīng)導(dǎo)管灌入法(enteroclysis)兩種。兩者的共同之處都是使用1000~2000 mL對比劑充盈腸道[1],不同之處在于前者是在MR掃描前60 min分次口服對比劑,后者首先經(jīng)鼻向十二指腸遠端-空腸近端插入小腸導(dǎo)管,經(jīng)導(dǎo)管以100 mL/min的速度直接向小腸內(nèi)注入對比劑。兩者的目的均為MR掃描前用對比劑充分充盈腸道,既能防止萎陷的腸管掩蓋病變、產(chǎn)生誤診,又能減少腸腔氣體,避免磁敏感偽影。相對于MR enteroclysis,MR enterography操作簡便,但攝入的量有限,擴張腸道的效果不如MR enteroclysis; MR enteroclysis的缺點是需要插入十二指腸導(dǎo)管,對操作者有技術(shù)要求,患者需忍受一定的痛苦。對比劑的應(yīng)用以雙相對比劑居多[2],即在T1WI為低信號,T2WI為高信號,包括甲基纖維素水混合液、聚乙烯醇溶液、等滲甘露醇等。Zhu等[3]研究2.5%甘露醇溶液味微甘易被患者接受,且為等滲溶液,不被腸道吸收,充盈腸道效果最為理想。充盈腸道后的MR檢查應(yīng)選用快速序列屏氣掃描,如T1WI二維的快速擾相梯度回波(fast spoiled gradient recalled echo,FSPGR)、三維的肝臟容積快速掃描(liver acceleration volume acquisition,LAVA)、容積式內(nèi)插法掃描(volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination,VIBE),T2WI的單次激發(fā)快速自旋回波(single shot fast spin echo,SSFSE)或半傅立葉采集單次激發(fā)快速自旋回波(half-fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo,HASTE)、真實穩(wěn)態(tài)進動快速成像(true fast imaging with steady precession,trueFISP)。達到縮短掃描時間,避免呼吸運動偽影和減少腸蠕動偽影目的。

      小腸是結(jié)腸鏡觀察的盲區(qū),繼發(fā)腸道狹窄和腸瘺則是腸鏡檢查的禁忌癥,MRE可以無創(chuàng)、無侵入性的觀察整個腸道情況。Samuel等[4]比較MRE和膠囊腸鏡對小腸CD病灶檢出情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種方法敏感性相似,但MRE的特異性要顯著高于膠囊腸鏡。Maccioni等[5]以膠囊腸鏡和結(jié)腸鏡為標準,評估MRE在全腸道CD病灶的檢出情況,認為MRE具有與腸鏡相同的檢查效果。Oussalah等[6]通過定量分析認為MRE對腸壁潰瘍的顯示具有89%的特異度,甚至超過腸鏡。Maglinte等[7]提出腸道CD分為4個階段:炎癥活動、腸瘺穿孔、纖維性狹窄、修復(fù)再生。MRE可以結(jié)合腸壁及腸系膜的信號特征,對CD的活動性做出判斷。CD的腸壁厚度超過3 mm,且炎癥越重,腸壁越厚[8];T2WI脂肪抑制序列,腸壁信號的強度亦和炎癥反應(yīng)程度相關(guān)[9];腸壁強化的程度和強化方式也能提示炎癥活動[10];腸系膜血管增粗、“梳齒征”(comb sign)和短徑>1 cm的腸系膜淋巴結(jié)也是提示CD活動的征象[11]。在此基礎(chǔ)上先后產(chǎn)生了3項MRE評分標準:克羅恩病活動性評分(Crohn's disease activity score,CDAS), 急性炎癥評分(acute inflammation score,AIS)、磁共振小腸成像全球評分(MRE global score,MEGS)。經(jīng)過和臨床資料、血清標記物的對比分析證實, MR評分能夠反應(yīng)CD的活動程度,具有70%以上的特異度和敏感度[9,12]。腸壁間條狀長T2信號和聚集呈“星狀”(star shaped)的腸袢是腸瘺形成的典型表現(xiàn)[13]。Schil等[14]研究76例CD患者手術(shù)證實, 不同放射科醫(yī)師對腸瘺診斷一致性達0.895(觀察者間一致性分析)。Ordas等[15]研究48例CD患者在藥物治療12周后,采用MRE評估潰瘍愈合情況,準確率達90%。Peyrin-Biroulet等[16]的研究認為在藥物治療2周后,MRE就能觀察到腸粘膜的恢復(fù)情況。

      腸管蠕動、呼吸運動會形成移動偽影,空氣等腸內(nèi)容物導(dǎo)致磁敏感偽影。偽影的產(chǎn)生不僅降低圖像質(zhì)量,影響診斷。胰高血糖素和丁基東莨菪堿是目前使用較多的注射藥物,可以在一定程度上減輕腸管運動偽影的影響,但不能完全消除[17]。注射藥物的種類、劑量,注射途徑和時間都沒有統(tǒng)一標準,并且有不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險[18]??诜Ρ葎┏溆c道可以排除腸氣,減輕磁敏感偽影,但對比劑向腸壁的外滲,表現(xiàn)為T2WI信號增高,形成假陽性結(jié)果[2]。高場強(3.0T)能縮短掃描時間、提高時間分辨率,減輕運動偽影的影響,但磁敏感偽影的干擾效應(yīng)更加突出,圖像變形、扭曲,質(zhì)量下降[19]。

      DW-MRI的應(yīng)用研究

      DW-MR基于水分子的布朗運動,無需注入對比劑即可得到細胞構(gòu)成、細胞膜完整性等分子水平的信息。通過測量表觀擴散系數(shù)(Apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),達到定量分析[20]。DW-MR起初廣泛應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)研究,隨著軟硬件水平的提高,梯度回波序列、多通道線圈和并行成像等技術(shù)開發(fā)利用,使DW-MR運用于CD的研究成為可能。

      炎癥越重,腸壁DW-MR信號越高、ADC值越低,其原因是由于炎癥導(dǎo)致的灌注增加、炎細胞浸潤共同限制了水分子的彌散[21]。根據(jù)這一理論,Stanescu-Siegmund[22]認為CD病變段腸壁的ADC值低于正常腸段,以1.56×10-3mm2/s作為截斷點,診斷CD的敏感度和特異度分別為97.4%、99.2%。Hordonneau[23]和Zhu等[24]認為ADC能定量評估CD炎癥反應(yīng)程度。Schmid-Tannwald等[25]應(yīng)用DW-MRI對24例CD患者的144段病變腸管進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)以1.41×10-3mm2/s作為ADC值截斷點可以有效區(qū)分腸壁的急性和慢性炎癥活動。Li[26]采用多b值DW-MRI對47例CD患者進行研究,認為以1.17×10-3mm2/s為界判別病變靜止期和活動期,具有100%敏感度。研究表明,病程10年以上CD患者中1/3都會發(fā)生腸道狹窄,早期以炎性狹窄為主,后期向纖維性狹窄轉(zhuǎn)化,因此狹窄性質(zhì)的判定決定治療方案[27]。Zhu等[24]研究表明以1.11×10-3mm2/s作為ADC值截斷點對狹窄性質(zhì)的判斷有幫助。通過與內(nèi)鏡對照,一項為期3年的隨訪研究[28]顯示DW-MR對療效評估的敏感度為94.12% ,特異度為73.91%。Buisson等[29]使用腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑治療CD,觀察治療前后腸壁ADC值的變化,認為治療前腸壁ADC值<1.96×10-3mm2/s,其療效更好。

      目前,磁場強度和b值是DW-MR應(yīng)用于CD研究的兩個關(guān)鍵因素。相對于1.5T,3.0T場強能夠提高疾病診斷的特異性,其不足之處在于受磁敏感偽影影響,圖像質(zhì)量下降[19]。DW-MR掃描參數(shù)b值的選取尚無統(tǒng)一標準,ADC值的測量受預(yù)設(shè)b值大小的影響,b值越大,對檢出病灶特異性強,但信號噪聲比和對比噪聲比同時下降[30]。Oto等[31]早期選用b=600 s/mm2。目前多數(shù)學(xué)者[11,32]還是采用b=800 s/mm2,認為在此條件下圖像質(zhì)量和檢出病灶的敏感性都相對較高。Feng等[30]通過分析對比噪聲和信號噪聲比,建議采用b=1500 s/mm2,認為對CD病灶檢出率90.32%,診斷敏感度81.18%、特異度95.10%,但這只是一組31例患者的小樣本研究,有待繼續(xù)討論。

      DCE-MRI的應(yīng)用研究

      DCE-MRI是一種基于對比劑藥物代謝動力學(xué)的MRI成像方法,其采用快速T1加權(quán)序列追蹤經(jīng)靜脈注射、隨后通過組織的低分子量對比劑,依據(jù)每個體素的信號改變提取反映組織血流動力學(xué)的信息,非侵入性觀察、分析組織微循環(huán)功能狀態(tài)[33]。炎癥刺激會導(dǎo)致微血管生成和血管通透性增加,注入對比劑后,對比劑分子通過高通透性的不成熟新生血管向血管外細胞外間隙(extravascular extracellular space,EES)擴散[34-35]。DCE-MR在對比劑注入血管前、中、后連續(xù)采集圖像,分析對比劑分子在血管內(nèi)和EES間隙分布信息,獲取藥物代謝動力學(xué)參數(shù)[36]。為了擬合出對比劑分子時間變化濃度曲線,真實反映藥物代謝情況,時間分辨率是DCE-MR成像的關(guān)鍵。Ziech等[37]認為相對低場強,3.0T MR能將時間分辨率降低到0.82s,既保證了定量參數(shù)的可靠性,又能一定程度克服運動偽影對圖像的影響。DCE-MR獲得的功能參數(shù)包括半定量和定量參數(shù),半定量參數(shù)如增強率(rate of enhancement)、初始上升斜率(Initial slope of increase,ISI);定量參數(shù)包括容積轉(zhuǎn)運常數(shù)(volume transfer coefficient reflecting vascular permeability,Ktrans)、返流常數(shù)(flux rate constant,Kep)、血管外細胞外間隙容積分數(shù)(extracellular volume ratio reflecting vascular permeability,Ve)、血漿容量(plasma volume fractions,Vp)。相對而言,半定量參數(shù)的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性不如定量參數(shù),和實驗室及病理學(xué)標記物的相關(guān)性也更差,不能直接反應(yīng)生理病理改變[38];而定量參數(shù)反應(yīng)血管內(nèi)皮、毛細血管床容積等定量信息更準確,臨床使用更廣[39-42]。

      Zhu等[3]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DCE-MR定量參數(shù)Ktrans、Kep和Ve與炎癥反應(yīng)的血清學(xué)標記物C反應(yīng)蛋白濃度呈線性相關(guān),對此解釋為炎癥刺激高通透性的不成熟血管生成,對比劑分子易于擴散到EES間隙。Jeroen等[43]以20例患者手術(shù)切除的50個腸段的病理為基礎(chǔ),認為DCE-MR的參數(shù)[最大強化(maximum enhancement,ME)]和ISI有助于鑒別狹窄的性質(zhì)。

      動脈輸入函數(shù)(arterial input function,AIF)是獲取DCE-MRI定量參數(shù)(Ktrans、Kep、Ve和Vp)的前提,并決定定量參數(shù)的穩(wěn)定性和可靠性。受年齡、性別、身體機能等多因素影響,加之對時間分辨率的高要求,AIF的穩(wěn)定性不夠理想。學(xué)者[44]提出以其他模型取代AIF,但這僅是通過7.0T MR動物實驗得出的結(jié)論;還有學(xué)者[38]提出個體化AIF的概念,并在膠質(zhì)瘤的臨床分級研究中得以實施,類似研究是否能應(yīng)用于腸道CD有待檢驗。

      前景和展望

      多模態(tài)MR成像技術(shù)相互融合、新技術(shù)推廣和研究領(lǐng)域拓展將是未來腸道CD研究的方向。

      各種成像模式各有優(yōu)劣,相互結(jié)合能提高對CD的診斷效能,綜合不同的定量參數(shù),能從更全面的角度解釋CD的病理改變。Schmid-Tannwald等[45]對25例CD的研究表明DW-MR結(jié)合T2WI能提高對腸瘺、竇道的檢出率。Hordonneau等[23]在MR評分中增加了ADC的評價系數(shù),提高了對CD活動性的評估能力。Zhu等[3]將DCE-MR和DW-MR結(jié)合,對CD進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)Ktrans和ADC對CD都有較高的診斷價值,同時Ktrans和ADC之間也具備統(tǒng)計相關(guān)性,據(jù)此認為可以從微循環(huán)和微結(jié)構(gòu)的角度解釋CD的病理變化過程。

      新興的MR成像技術(shù)也具備CD研究的潛能,受限于設(shè)備條件和經(jīng)濟因素,這些新技術(shù)處于實驗階段,尚未臨床普及。MT基于自由水分子和結(jié)合水分子之間的差異,產(chǎn)生圖像對比,并能測算結(jié)合大分子的濃度。MT脈沖序列施加前、后需要加入2D或3D的梯度平面回波序列,目的是飽和結(jié)合性水分子的信號,致使含有高濃度的大分子的組織具有高的MT比[46-47]。膠原沉積被視為腸壁纖維化的標志,因MT具有檢測大分子膠原的能力,借以判斷腸壁纖維化的程度,此結(jié)論已得到動物實驗研究[46]和臨床研究證實[47]。USPIO粒子是一組能夠使血管和免疫細胞雙重現(xiàn)象的MRI對比劑。由于粒子表面涂有葡聚糖涂層,當靜脈內(nèi)給藥后,血管首先顯影,隨后炎癥部位浸潤的巨噬細胞吞噬USPIO顆粒,導(dǎo)致USPIO積聚于巨噬細胞活躍的區(qū)域,顯示炎癥和感染病灶[48-49]。在炎癥部位積聚的USPIO粒子能降低T2*弛豫時間,從而使得信號發(fā)生改變[50],因此USPIO粒子對于細微的炎癥活動都有較高的敏感性,并能定量評估炎癥活動程度[51],該觀點已被實驗[52]和臨床研究[53]證實。此外,相對于釓對比劑,USPIO粒子腎毒性更小、使用更安全[54]。氟-18易于積聚在高葡萄糖攝取和利用的炎細胞內(nèi),因此被視為炎癥反應(yīng)的標記物。PET-MR可以先后或者同時采集PET、MR圖像,是對單純MRE圖像的有益補充,其次PET-MR能夠通過氟-18攝取配準,改善腸道MR的結(jié)構(gòu)圖像[55]。

      CD具有病程長、易反復(fù)、難治愈的臨床特點,影響全身代謝功能,屬于系統(tǒng)性疾病[56-57]。部分患者會出現(xiàn)抑郁、情緒反復(fù)、大腦反應(yīng)異常、癲癇發(fā)作等癥狀[58]。最新研究表明可以通過慢性迷走神經(jīng)刺激治療CD,5例患者(5/7)經(jīng)過6個月治療,出現(xiàn)不同程度臨床癥狀減輕、生物學(xué)和內(nèi)鏡指證緩解[59]。Stovicek等[60]發(fā)現(xiàn)治療前后部分CD患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。研究[61]認為可以通過腦功能成像評估CD患者治療后腹痛癥狀改善情況。據(jù)此,我們認為CD患者的腦功能研究具有理論基礎(chǔ)和臨床意義,研究尚未深入,值得進一步探討。

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      R574; R05; R445.2

      A

      1000-0313(2017)10-1070-05

      2016-09-09

      2017-01-23)

      210011 南京,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)放射科(朱建國、李海歌);201203 上海,通用電氣藥業(yè)(上海)有限公司(曹鵬)

      朱建國(1978-),男,江蘇鎮(zhèn)江人,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)及消化系統(tǒng)影像診斷工作。

      南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)科技發(fā)展基金重點項目支持(2015NJMUZD035)

      10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2017.10.017

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