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      Different家族與介詞的搭配用法

      2017-04-11 20:27:10張滿勝
      新東方英語 2017年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:例句介詞用法

      張滿勝

      有讀者來信針對(duì)下面這道題提問。

      She is quite a different girl ___ she was five years ago.

      A. from B. to C. than D. with

      問題:張老師,這道題為什么選C呢?不應(yīng)該是be different from這個(gè)搭配嗎?

      這個(gè)問題涉及形容詞different及其副詞differently、動(dòng)詞differ和名詞difference (筆者稱之為“different家族”)與介詞的搭配用法。一般來說,可以與different家族成員搭配的介詞包括in、from、than、to和between。為了表述方便,下文筆者就以different作為代表,來概括描述它們與各個(gè)介詞的搭配用法。

      Different家族與介詞搭配關(guān)系總覽

      我們都知道,different的基本意思是“不同的”,這就含有做比較的意味。說到比較,無外乎涉及兩個(gè)要素:一個(gè)是比較對(duì)象,通俗地說就是“誰和誰比”,下文以X和Y來標(biāo)記;一個(gè)是比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通俗地說就是“比什么”,比較哪個(gè)(或哪些)方面,下文以Z來標(biāo)記。

      有了這兩個(gè)概念之后,我們就可以把different后面的介詞分為兩類:in后面接比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其他介詞后面接比較對(duì)象,如下表所示。

      表格中所列的比較句型都是最基本、最簡單的。當(dāng)然,在實(shí)際使用過程中,會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種句子結(jié)構(gòu),但是這些介詞的邏輯用法不變。下面筆者就來分別舉例說明。

      Different in

      在作比較的時(shí)候,用in接比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn),基本句型為:“X and Y are different in Z.”請(qǐng)看例句。

      1. a. “Flower” and “flour” are different in meaning.

      這里的比較對(duì)象是flower (花)和flour (面粉)這兩個(gè)單詞,比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是meaning (含義)。在實(shí)際造句中,可以很靈活地構(gòu)造各種句子結(jié)構(gòu),請(qǐng)看下面這幾個(gè)句子。

      b. “Flower” has the same pronunciation as “flour.” But they are different in meaning.

      我們可以采用動(dòng)詞differ替換different,具體如下。

      c. “Flower” and “flour” differ in meaning.

      我們也可以采用名詞difference來表達(dá)類似的含義,比如下面這個(gè)例句。

      2. There are some subtle differences in meaning.

      由此可知,不論選擇哪種句子結(jié)構(gòu),我們都是采用in來引出比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

      Different from

      除了in之外,下面其他介詞都是引出比較對(duì)象的,基本句型是:“X is different from/than/to Y.”在這三個(gè)介詞搭配中,different from是最常見的,請(qǐng)看下面的例句。

      3. a. “Flower” is different from “flour” in meaning.

      b. “Flower” differs from “flour” in meaning.

      請(qǐng)注意,由于from是介詞,因此different from后面一般是接名詞、名詞短語或其他名詞性成分。若接其他結(jié)構(gòu)(比如介詞短語、句子),此時(shí)就會(huì)用different than,下文將會(huì)詳述。

      Different than

      關(guān)于different than有很多的爭議。有的權(quán)威專家認(rèn)為它是正確的,也有的權(quán)威專家認(rèn)為它是錯(cuò)誤的。在此,筆者不想過多糾結(jié)這些爭議,而只是想告訴大家different than在什么情況下比較常用。下面來分類討論。

      第一類:different than +名詞(非省略句)

      我們可以直接用than來替換例1的a句中的from,寫成下面的句子。

      4. “Flower” is different than “flour” in meaning.

      但這種句子被很多人認(rèn)為不規(guī)范,大家最好還是用from。不過,類似這樣的用法確實(shí)時(shí)常出現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)句子中的定語從句。

      5. a. I get along well with others, even people who are different than me.

      這里把定語從句who are different than me改為簡單句,就相當(dāng)于說:“They are different than me.”這里的they和me是兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象,筆者建議此處最好還是用from。

      第二類:different than +名詞(是省略句)

      值得注意的是,有時(shí)than后面雖然接了名詞或代詞,但其實(shí)是一個(gè)省略句,than的這種用法更為大家所接受。請(qǐng)看下面這段話。

      6. Your brain gets too comfortable in your everyday surroundings. You need to make it uncomfortable. You need to spend some time in another land, among people who do things differently than you. Travel makes the world look new, and when the world looks new, our brains work harder.

      這段話中的定語從句who do things differently than you若改為簡單句,可以說成:“They do things differently than you.”句中的you后面省去了do,是一個(gè)省略句,完整的表達(dá)應(yīng)該是:“They do things differently than you do.”

      這里的They do things differently than you比上面的They are different than me的可接受程度要大很多。實(shí)際上,different(ly) than后面接句子是非常多見的,請(qǐng)看下文詳述。

      第三類:different than +句子

      請(qǐng)大家看來自《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》(The Wall Street Journal)的一句話。

      7. After reading this book, even loyal fans of Bruce Springsteen will think of him differently than they did before.

      我們看到,than they did before是一個(gè)從句,與differently呼應(yīng),than前面并沒有比較級(jí)出現(xiàn)。此時(shí)一般不會(huì)把than改成from,說成“… differently from they did before”,這是因?yàn)閒rom是介詞,其后面一般接名詞或名詞短語,不接句子。而than可以作為連詞,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子。

      簡言之,different from后面接名詞,different than后面接句子。據(jù)此,我們回頭看本文開頭提問的這個(gè)句子。

      8. a. She is quite a different girl than she was five years ago.

      因?yàn)閟he was five years ago是一個(gè)句子,所以填入than正確,此處不能用from。如果要改成from,我們需要將from后面的句子改成名詞從句,具體如下。

      b. She is quite a different girl from how she was five years ago.

      再列舉一組句子,供讀者體會(huì)different than和different from的句式差異。

      9. a. The campus is different than it was 20 years ago.

      b. The campus is different from how it was 20 years ago.

      第四類:different than +狀語從句(是省略句)

      有時(shí),在than的后面會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)狀語從句(比如when或if引導(dǎo))。

      10. a. Related research has found that monkeys, cats and dogs respond to music that is designed to suit their vocal frequencies and heart rate (two factors that are thought to make music enjoyable), behaving differently than when no music is played.

      我們看到,例句中的differently than后面出現(xiàn)了時(shí)間狀語從句when no music is played,其實(shí)這也是一個(gè)省略句,完整的句子形式為:

      b. … behaving differently than they (=these animals) do when no music is played.

      第五類:different than +介詞短語(是省略句)

      在than后面接介詞短語是非常多見的。我們先看來自《芝加哥論壇報(bào)》(Chicago Tribune)里的一段話。

      11. Happiness has gone up for this group, despite employment percentages having fallen, and the percentage living with parents going up. And thats different than for any other group.

      這里的第二句話使用了different than,其后接的是介詞短語for any other group。而第一句話出現(xiàn)了句子Happiness has gone up for this group,由此可知,第二句話的than前面其實(shí)是省略了比較對(duì)象for this group。該句子加入for this group后,可以寫成:

      b. Thats different for this group than for any other group.

      其實(shí)than后面是省略句,省去了it is,完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)為:

      c. Thats different for this group than it is for any other group.

      再比如下面這句話。

      12. a. It is no different for men than for women.

      這個(gè)句子的比較對(duì)象是for men和for women。它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)省略句,完整的句子形式應(yīng)為:

      b. It is no different for men than it is for women.

      若要避免用than,改為from,我們可以說成:

      c. It is no different for men from the way it is for women.

      Different to

      下面我們來說說different to,這個(gè)搭配是different from的替代形式,使用相當(dāng)廣泛(尤其是在英國英語中)。比如,對(duì)于上面例1的a句,我們可以改寫為下面的句子。

      13. “Flower” is different to “flour” in meaning.

      下面是摘自美國高考SAT考試閱讀中的句子。

      14. a. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth.

      這里是在比較宇宙太空和地球上的“珍稀資源”(valuable resources),我們可以將這個(gè)句子改寫成:

      b. The resources that will be highly valued in space may be different from those that are valuable on Earth.

      對(duì)于different from/than/to這三者,different from毫無疑問是最常見的,不論是在英國英語還是在美國英語中,而different than在美國英語中更常見,different to在英國英語中更常見。

      Different between

      對(duì)于different from/than/to,兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象一般是分別放在它們前后,但對(duì)于different between,兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象都是放在between后面。下面舉例說明。

      15. Prepositions and articles are always tough to learn. But to complicate things, some are different between various Englishes.

      這個(gè)句子是對(duì)各國不同的英語兩兩進(jìn)行比較。更常見的用法是名詞difference(s)與between搭配,后面接兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象,此用法常見于there be句型,比如there is some difference(s) between X and Y。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)例句。

      16. Is there any difference between the expressions different from, different than, and different to? Is one of the three “more correct” than the others?

      請(qǐng)注意,這里雖然有三個(gè)比較對(duì)象different from、different than和different to,但是由于是分別進(jìn)行兩兩比較,所以實(shí)際上還是兩個(gè)比較對(duì)象,故我們一般不說difference among。

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