徐志清
if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句是英語高考中的高頻考點(diǎn),同學(xué)們很容易在這個(gè)考點(diǎn)上犯錯(cuò)。特別是學(xué)習(xí)了虛擬語氣以后,看到if從句就容易把它當(dāng)成虛擬條件句,導(dǎo)致從句謂語動詞選用虛擬形式。這說明這些同學(xué)還沒有完全理解if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。為了讓同學(xué)們更好地掌握if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,筆者針對if引導(dǎo)的從句作了如下小結(jié)。
[if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句]
if條件句根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容可分為真實(shí)條件句和虛擬條件句,也就是說if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣只是條件句的一種。
1. 真實(shí)條件句
凡是假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生的可能性很大,就是真實(shí)條件句。如:
If I have time, I will help you with this work.
If time permits, well go fishing together.
2. 虛擬條件句
當(dāng)假設(shè)的情況不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí),就用虛擬條件句。如:
If I were you, I would have attended the meeting。
If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend。
3. 對虛擬語氣的判斷
判斷是真實(shí)條件句還是非真實(shí)條件句,主要是通過句子意思,看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。假設(shè)的條件能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實(shí)條件句,假設(shè)的條件不能實(shí)現(xiàn)則是虛擬條件句,要用虛擬語氣。最基本的虛擬語氣句型有以下三種。
(1)虛擬語氣的現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be動詞一般用were),主句用“would/should/could/might+動詞原形”。
If I were you, I wouldnt go there.
(2)虛擬語氣的過去時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí),即“had+過去分詞”,主句用“would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞”。如:
If he had known your address yesterday, he would have telephoned you.
(3)虛擬語氣的將來時(shí)表示對將來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的或不確定的假設(shè)。從句的謂語用一般過去式或用“were to/should+動詞原形”,主句用“would/should/could/might+動詞原形”。如:
If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday。
注意在if引導(dǎo)的真實(shí)條件句中,從句常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí),主句用一般將來時(shí)。
在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中,注意主句和從句中的動詞要按虛擬語氣的形式(分現(xiàn)在、過去、將來三種類型)搭配恰當(dāng),不能隨意。在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中,如果主句和從句所表達(dá)的時(shí)間不一致,這種句子叫混合型虛擬語氣,主句和從句分別按各自的時(shí)間選擇時(shí)態(tài)。如:
If you had finished the work yesterday, you would play with us now.
[only if和if only引導(dǎo)的從句]
在if only(如果……就好了)引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中,謂語動詞用虛擬語氣形式,分為三種情況。
1. 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be動詞一般用were)。
2. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),從句的謂語形式用過去完成時(shí)即“had+過去分詞”。
3. 表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),從句的謂語形式用“would/could/might+動詞原形”。
If only he didnt drive so fast! (對現(xiàn)在的虛擬)
If only she had asked someones advice. (對過去的虛擬)
If only the rain would stop. (對將來的虛擬)
而only if引導(dǎo)的從句放在句首時(shí),其主句要部分倒裝。如:
Only if he gives you enough money, can you buy a new coat.
Only if he is here, can the problem be solve.
[as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句]
在as if/as though從句中,也分為真實(shí)條件句和虛擬條件句。
1. 表達(dá)不可能發(fā)生的事情,用虛擬語氣。
如果表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,從句謂語動詞用過去式(be的過去式用were);如果表示與過去事實(shí)相反,從句謂語動詞用過去完成式(had+過去分詞);如果表示與將來會發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反,從句謂語動詞用“would/could/should+動詞原形”。如:
He speaks as if he were on the spot.
This device operated as though it had been repaired.
He opens mouth as if he would say something.
2. 如果有可能成為事實(shí), 用陳述語氣。如:
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
[even if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句]
Even if/even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句如果表示真實(shí)的條件,就用陳述語氣。如:
He wont come here even if he is invited.
但是even if也可以表示一種不可能的事實(shí),就用虛擬語氣。如:
Even if he were here, he couldnt solve the problem.
Even if you hadnt read the book, you could have written the article.
Even if he were to go to America next week, he would come to attend your party.
[what if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句]
“what if+陳述句”構(gòu)成問句,意為“如果……會怎么樣”。這種句型常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如:
What if it rains tomorrow?
What if he cant finish it?
以上幾種常用句型都是同學(xué)們經(jīng)常遇到的,同學(xué)們只有反復(fù)練習(xí),仔細(xì)分析它們中的每一句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn),才能準(zhǔn)確判定它們的形式,更好地運(yùn)用這些句型。