在閱讀理解中推測(cè)詞義的八個(gè)技巧

凌燦蓮+周榮先

我們?cè)陂喿x中不免會(huì)遇到生詞或者雖然遇到的是學(xué)過(guò)的詞但按學(xué)過(guò)的詞義卻理解不通，即熟詞生義，這就需要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境去推斷其意義。同時(shí)，在高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷中，推斷詞義也幾乎每年都要考查。因此，掌握詞義的推測(cè)技巧非常重要。

技巧一：根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)

信號(hào)詞有be called，be known as， be defined as， or， that is （to say）， namely， in other words，以及破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、同位語(yǔ)等。

[例1]The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

解析：根據(jù)is called（被叫做）可知，cryptography意為“密碼學(xué)”。

[例2]In some countries where there is very little rain， the farmers have to irrigate， or water their fields.

解析：or是用來(lái)解釋的“或者”，其前后的詞語(yǔ)，意思是相近的，故irrigate的意思為“灌溉”。

[例3]It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is， it will break easily.

解析：破折號(hào)都起著對(duì)前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明的作用，故brittle意思為“易碎的”。

技巧二：根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句猜測(cè)

[例4] A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.

解析：通過(guò)A person后面的定語(yǔ)從句可知carpenter的意思為“木匠”。

技巧三：根據(jù)對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜測(cè)

信號(hào)詞有but， however， yet， otherwise， while， though， on the one hand...on the other hand， instead of等。

[例5]Though Toms face has been washed quite clean， his neck still remains grubby.

解析：根據(jù)though可知，grubby與clean應(yīng)互為反義詞，故grubby意為“骯臟的”。

[例6]John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things， his wife， however， is very thrifty.

解析：由however可知，thrifty與waste a lot of money的意思相反，即“節(jié)儉的，節(jié)約的”。

技巧四：根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)

信號(hào)詞有because， since， as， for， due to， so， therefore， so...that， such...that， thus等。

[例7]Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic.

解析：前面提到能伸展正常長(zhǎng)度的9倍，后面用because引出原因，故elastic的意思為“有彈力的”。

[例8]The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.

解析：由so...that（如此……以致）可知，turbid意為“渾濁的”。

技巧五：利用列舉或舉例猜測(cè)

信號(hào)詞有for instance， for example， such as， like等。

[例9]Collins decided that she must go， although the hazards of the trip were many， for example， the unbearable heat， the possibility of getting lost， the presence of wild animals and poisonous snakes.

解析：因for example后面所舉的例子都是危險(xiǎn)的，故hazards意為“危險(xiǎn)（danger）”。

技巧六：根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)

[例10]The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.

解析：根據(jù)worked as an engineer可知，occupation意為“職業(yè)，工作”。

技巧七：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、轉(zhuǎn)化等）猜測(cè)

[例11]A group of visitors lost their way in the forest， and a child took them off to an impracticable road.

解析：im表示否定+practice（實(shí)際）+able（可……的）= impracticable（不可行的，行不通的）

技巧八：根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、生活常識(shí)、邏輯推理猜測(cè)

[例12]Birds fly with their wings， and they pick up their foods， and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing， seizing， pulling or holding objects.

解析：根據(jù)生活常識(shí)，鳥(niǎo)是用嘴吃東西的，故beaks的意思是mouth。

特別提醒：在推測(cè)生詞意思的過(guò)程中不一定只用一種方法，而是可能會(huì)綜合運(yùn)用兩種或多種方法。不管用什么方法都離不開(kāi)對(duì)生詞所處的上下文的理解。

高考試題中的猜測(cè)詞義題大致有三類：超綱詞或熟詞生義（mean， replace）；代詞的指代（refer to）；名詞的指代（refer to）。不論哪類題，都需根據(jù)語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷，指代題的指代對(duì)象多在畫(huà)線詞的前面。

真題再現(xiàn)

閱讀下列選段，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

1.（2016全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷29） I am peter Hodes， a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012， Ive done 89 trips — of those， 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.

△Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier”in Paragraph l？

A. provider B. delivery man

C. collector D. medical doctor

2.（2016全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷27）Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare， “But Im just not creative.”

△What does the underlined word“downside”in Paragraph 4 probably mean？

A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.

3.（2016全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅲ卷30）There are also varieties deve-

loped to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette， but youll need a warm， sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it， so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.

△What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean？

A. A practical idea. B. A vain hope.

C. A brilliant plan. D. A selfish desire.

4.（2015全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷31）The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration（合作）with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid， Spain， and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg， Florida.

△What does the word“contributions”in the last paragraph refer to？

A. Artworks. B. Projects.

C. Donations. D. Documents.

5.（2015全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷22）The set worked so beautifully when I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night. Fortunately， I didnt get any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.

△Which of the following can best replace the phrase“signed off”in Paragraph 1？

A. ended all their programs

B. provided fewer channels

C. changed to commercials

D. showed all-night movies

6. （2014全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷25） Sadly， the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the birds were most abundant， people believed there was an ever - lasting supply and killed them by the thousands.

△The underlined word“undoing”probably refers to the pigeons________.

A. escape B. ruin C. liberation D. evolution

7.（2014全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷33）Mark Turin， a scientist at the Macmillan Center， Yale University， who specializes in the languages and oral traditions of the Himalayas， is following in that tradition. His recently published book， A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture， grows out of his experience living， working， and raising a family in a village in Nepal.

△ What does“that tradition”in Paragraph 3 refer to？

A. Having full records of the languages.

B. Writing books on language teaching.

C. Telling stories about language users.

D. Living with the native speakers.

8.（2014全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷23）During the first week of his stay， he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers， including his passport.

Late in the evening， the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath.

My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents...

That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.

△ What does the underlined word “restored” in the last paragraph mean？

A. Showed. B. Sent out. C. Delivered. D. Gave back.

9.（2014全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷29）One of the latest trends in American childcare is Chinese au pairs. Au Pair in Stamford， Conn.， for example， has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs from zero to around 4， 000 since 2004. And thats true all across the country.

“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age，”Joseph Stocke， the managing director of a company， says of his 2-year-old son.“I would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China， the boy can already understand basic Chinese daily expressions， his dad says.

△ What does the term“au pair”in the text mean？

A. A mother raising her children on her own.

B. A child learning a foreign language at home.

C. A professor in language education of children.

D. A young foreign woman taking care of children.

10.（2013全國(guó)課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷58）CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite， the doctor doesnt overreact， which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when Im in the operating room， I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes theyre not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them， someday someone will keep me from“l(fā)anding gear up”.

△In the last paragraph“l(fā)anding gear up”probably means ______.

A. following flying requirements

B. overreacting to different opinions

C. listening to what fellow doctors say

D. making a mistake that may cost lives

11.（2013全國(guó)大綱卷67）The CRFs produce is“green”. made within the country and divided into 10 lines， with the Alcohol Series being the most popular. The Exotic Series—with Sichuan pepper， red bean（豆），cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste. And for chocolate snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others， the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo， Cuba， Venezuela， and Ghana， among others.

△The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who .

A. are particular about chocolate

B. know little about cocoa beans

C. look down upon others

D. like to try new flavors

12.（2012全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷58）Try hands-on science. Visit one of the many hands-on science museums around the country. These science play-lands are great fun for kids and grown-ups alike. Theyll keep your child mentally and physically active the whole day through while pushing buttons， experimenting， and building.. When everyone is tired， enjoy a fun family science show， commonly found in these museums.

△What does“hands-on science”mean in the last paragraph？

A. Science games designed by kids.

B. Learning science by doing things.

C. A show of kids science work.

D. Reading science books.

13.（2012全國(guó)大綱卷57）The honey guide does not actually like honey， but it does like the wax in the beehives（蜂房）. The little bird cannot reach this wax， which is deep inside the bees nest. So， when it finds a suitable nest， it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention， it flies through the forest， waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest， the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey， and the wax， always falls to the ground， and this is when the honey guide takes its share.

△What do the words“the follower”in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. A bee. B. A bird.

C. A honey seeker. D. A beekeeper.

14.（2012全國(guó)大綱卷70）The multiplication tables（乘法口訣表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school， because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

△What does the word“they”in Paragraph 4 refer to？

A. Commonly accepted rules. B. The multiplication tables.

C. Things easily forgotten. D. School subjects.

15.（2012大綱Ⅱ卷46）If the wind is blowing from the side， it is blowing across the boat. In this case， you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45° angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind， but it shouldnt flap（擺動(dòng)）. It shouldnt look like on a flagpole. If it is flapping， it is probably out too far， and the boat will slow down.

△ What does the word“It”underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to？

A. The boat. B. The wind. C. The sail. D. The angle.

16.（2012大綱Ⅱ卷 54）Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital， Addis Ababa， is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston， Texas， spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour， which will start in Houston next September.

△What does the words“a replica”in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. A painting of the skeleton.

B. A photograph of Lucy.

C. A copy of the skeleton.

D. A written record of Lucy.

17.（2011全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷64）Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income. So this year she did something more than a hobby： She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden， Ms Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants， and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The familys old farm house has become a chicken house， its residents arriving next month. Last year， Ms. Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because， she said，“The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds too； so its a win-win situation all around.”

△What does the word“residents”in Paragraph 1 probably refer to？

A. chickens B. tomatoes C. gardens D. people

18.（2011大綱Ⅰ卷 61）By the end of the seventh century， when newspaper were beginning to be read by more people， printed materials became an important way to promote products and services. The London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising. This was so successful that by the end of the century several companies started business for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchants.

△What does the word“This”in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Advertising in newspapers.

B. Including pictures in ads.

C. Selling goods in markets.

D. Working with ad agencies.

19.（2011大綱Ⅱ卷 53）So the first lesson about working in other countries is to learn the language and by that I dont just mean the words people speak. It is body language， dress， manners， ideas and so on. The way people do things highlights many of the differences we see between cultures.

△The word“highlights”in Paragraph 2 probably means _____.

A. encourages B. helps to narrow

C. increases D. draws attention to

20.（2011大綱Ⅱ卷56）“I didnt hear them call my name，”explained Shelley Hennig to Active Teens（AT）as she talked about that exciting moment on national television when she won the honor of Miss Teen USA 2004.“Are you ready？”is what she heard. Then she said，“I shook my head no， and then they said‘yesand it was announced again.”

It was four days after that life changing moment for the seventeen-year-old high school student from Destrehan， Louisiana—she was still on cloud nine.

△What do the words“on cloud nine”in Paragraph 2 probably mean？

A. frightened B. troubled

C. very happy D. very angry

21.（2010大綱Ⅰ卷73）I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car， so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.

△Which of the following words can best take the place of the word“relish”in the second paragraph？

A. choose B. enjoy

C. prepare for D. carry on

22.（2010大綱Ⅱ卷52）Beijings sking craze is partly a result of the recent increase in private（私有的）cars. This has led to the growth of a leisure industry in the capitals suburbs（郊區(qū)）.which until the late-1990s were unreachable to ordinary people. According to Mr. Wei， About 40% of the visitors to his resort some in their own cars. The rest are bused in by schools， businesses or government offices.

△The underlined words“l(fā)eisure industry”in Paragraph 3 refer to

A. transport to ski resorts

B. production of familycars

C. business of providing spare time enjoyments

D. part-time work for people living in the suburbs

23.（2009新課標(biāo)卷66）“Laws allowing these animals to be brought in from deep forest areas without stricter control need changing，”says Peter Schantz. Monkey-pox may be the wake-up call. Researchers believe infected animals may infect their owners. We know very little about these new diseases. Anew bug（病毒）may be kind at first. But it may develop into something harmful. Monkey-pox doesnt look a major infectious disease. But is not impossible to pass the disease from person to person.

△What does she phrase“the wake-up call”in paragraph 3 most probably mean？

A. a new disease B. a clear warning

C. a dangerous animal D. a morning call

24.（2009新課標(biāo)卷69）Expect a lot from your child， just not everything. Except for health and safety problems， such as drug use or careless driving； consider everything else open to discussion. If your child is unwilling to discuss something， dont insist he tell you whats on his mind. The more you insist， the more likely that hell clam up. Instead， let him attempt to solve things by himself. At the same time， remind him that youre always there for him should he seek advice or help. Show respect for your teenagers privacy. Never read him his mail or listen in on personal conversions.

△What does the phrase “clam up” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？

A. become excited B. show respect

C. refuse to talk D. seek help

25.（2009大綱Ⅱ卷41）I know what youre thinking： pizza？ For breakfast？ But the truth is that you can have last nights leftovers in the a. m. if you want to.

I know lots of women who skip breakfast， and they have a ton of different excuses for doing it. Some say they dont have time. others think theyre“saving”calories， still others just dont like breakfast food.

△The word“l(fā)eftovers”in Paragraph 1 probably means____.

A. food remaining after a meal B. things left undone

C. meals made of vegetables D. pizza topped with fruit

26.（2009大綱Ⅱ卷45）Having a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women， according to a new study. For men， getting married saves an hour of housework a week.“Its a well- known pattern，”said lead researcher Frank Stafford at University of Michigans Institute for Social Research. “Men usually work more outside the home， while women take on more of the housework.”

△According to the“well-known pattern”in Paragraph 1， a married man___________.

A. takes on heavier work B. does more housework

C. is the main breadwinner D. is the master of the house

27.（2008新課標(biāo)卷59）The next day my dad pulled out his childhood pictures and told me quite a few stories about his own childhood. Although our times together became easier over the years， I never felt closer to him at that moment. After so many years， Im at last seeing another side of my father. And in so doing， Im delighted with my new friend. My dad， in his new home in Arizona， is back to me from where he was.

△The underlined words“my new friend”in the last paragraph refer to ______.

A. the authors son B. the authors father

B. the friend of the authors father D. the café owner

28.（2008新課標(biāo)卷62）In nutrition it was all good news too. This nice-tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins， but also good against some diseases. People were understandably eager to be able to buy this wonderful fruit. The new type of pineapple was selling fast， and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.

△The underlined word“fixture”in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ______.

A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always present

C. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift

29.（2008大綱Ⅱ卷51）Some politicians often use this trick. Lets say that during Governor Smiths last term， her state lost one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents（對(duì)手）says， “During Governor Smiths term， the state lost one million jobs！”thats true. However， and honest statement would have been，“During Governor Smiths term， the state had a net gain of two million jobs.”

Advertisers will sometimes use half - truths. Its against the law to make false statements so they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say，“Nine out of ten doctors advised their patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache.”It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and nine of them work for the Yucky Company.

△What do the underline words“net gain”in Paragraph 5 mean？

A. final increase B. big advantage

C. large share D. total saving

30.（2007大綱Ⅰ卷69）Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir（回憶錄）of Ralph W. Tyler， who is one of the most famous men in American education.

Born in Chicago in 1902， brought up and schooled in Nebraska， the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education.

△The words“hooked on teaching”underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean ________.

A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching

C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching

31.（2007大綱Ⅱ卷43）Food Network producer Flay hopes the young cook will find a place on the network television. He says Liebermans charisma is key.”Food TV isnt about food any more，”says Flay.”Its about your personality and finding a way to keep peoples eyeballs on your show.”

△What does the word“charisma”underlined in the text refer to？

A. A natural ability to attract others.

B. A way to show ones achievement.

C. Liebermans after-class interest.

D. Liebermans fine cooking skill.

32.（2007大綱Ⅱ卷58）Most people want to know how things are made. They honestly admit， however， that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made. Where a composer begins， how he manages to keep going—in fact， how and where he learns his trade—all are covered in complete darkness. The composer， in short， is a man of mystery.

One of the first things the common man wants to know about is the part inspiration plays in a composers work. He finds it difficult to believe that composers are not much interested in that question. Writing music is as natural for the composer as eating or sleeping for all. Music is something that the composer happens to have been born for.

△The words “covered in complete darkness” underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably mean _______.

A. difficult to be made B. without any light

C. black in color D. not known

參考答案

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