李汝芳,劉 凌,王旭明,武江海,馮家鋼,趙芝煥
·論著·
α-烯醇化酶在惡性胸腔積液診斷中的應(yīng)用研究
李汝芳,劉 凌,王旭明,武江海,馮家鋼,趙芝煥*
目的 探討α-烯醇化酶在惡性胸腔積液中的臨床診斷價(jià)值。方法 選擇2014年9月—2015年9月昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科及胸外科住院的胸腔積液患者。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)法檢測(cè)α-烯醇化酶水平。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線評(píng)價(jià)α-烯醇化酶診斷惡性胸腔積液的價(jià)值。結(jié)果 150例胸腔積液患者中惡性胸腔積液患者50例,其中,肺腺癌29例,小細(xì)胞肺癌1例,未分型20例;結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液患者50例;類肺炎性胸腔積液患者50例。3類胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中惡性胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平較結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液和類肺炎性胸腔積液患者升高(P<0.05);結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液與類肺炎性胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。α-烯醇化酶診斷惡性胸腔積液的ROC曲線下面積(AUC)為0.866。約登指數(shù)最大(0.74)時(shí)截?cái)嘀禐?.22 μg/L,診斷惡性胸腔積液的靈敏度和特異度分別為88%和86%。結(jié)論 α-烯醇化酶水平在惡性胸腔積液中較結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液及類肺炎性胸腔積液顯著升高,在惡性胸腔積液診斷中具有較高的靈敏度和特異度,可作為診斷惡性胸腔積液新的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。
胸腔積液,惡性;磷酸丙酮酸水合酶;靈敏度;特異度
李汝芳,劉凌,王旭明,等.α-烯醇化酶在惡性胸腔積液診斷中的應(yīng)用研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(14):1689-1692.[www.chinagp.net]
LI R F,LIU L,WANG X M,et al.Value of alpha-enolase in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(14):1689-1692.
α-烯醇化酶是糖酵解途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶,目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其在頭頸癌、肝癌、膽管癌、胰腺癌、甲狀腺嗜酸細(xì)胞瘤等多系統(tǒng)腫瘤中表達(dá)上調(diào)[1-5],在肺癌患者癌組織及血清中顯著升高[6-7]。本課題組前期研究顯示,肺腺癌組肋間肌中α-烯醇化酶表達(dá)水平較縱隔良性腫瘤組升高[8]。本研究采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)法定量測(cè)定胸腔積液中α-烯醇化酶水平,以研究其對(duì)惡性胸腔積液的診斷價(jià)值。
1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇2014年9月—2015年9月昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科及胸外科住院的胸腔積液患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)同時(shí)合并支氣管擴(kuò)張、肺動(dòng)脈栓塞、支氣管哮喘等;(2)其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移至胸膜引起胸腔積液;(3)合并結(jié)締組織?。?4)接受過放療和化療及抗結(jié)核治療。
1.2 診斷 (1)惡性胸腔積液:惡性胸腔積液患者均經(jīng)內(nèi)科胸腔鏡下胸膜活檢、胸部CT、脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)或電子支氣管鏡檢查及開胸肺活檢獲得病理組織學(xué)或細(xì)胞學(xué)依據(jù)而確診,留取標(biāo)本前,患者均未進(jìn)行放療以及全身或胸腔局部的化療。(2)結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液:診斷依據(jù)為:①有發(fā)熱、盜汗、咳嗽、咳痰、氣促、胸痛等癥狀;②痰液涂片查找到結(jié)核分支桿菌;③診斷性抗結(jié)核治療后,病情好轉(zhuǎn)并排除由其他原因引起的滲出性胸腔積液;④經(jīng)肺部X線片或CT檢查見結(jié)核病灶;⑤內(nèi)科胸腔鏡等檢查時(shí)可見結(jié)核結(jié)節(jié),病理結(jié)果提示干酪樣壞死。以上5項(xiàng)中符合3項(xiàng)或單項(xiàng)②、③、⑤均可確診。留取標(biāo)本前,患者均未進(jìn)行抗結(jié)核治療。(3)類肺炎性胸腔積液:符合2013年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)制定的《社區(qū)獲得性肺炎診斷和治療指南》中的肺炎診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],排除其他原因引起的胸腔積液。
1.3 試劑與方法 患者第一次行胸腔穿刺引流胸腔積液時(shí),留取胸腔積液5 ml,經(jīng)3 000 r/min離心15 min(離心半徑5.5 cm),將上清液置于EP管中,放于-80 ℃冰箱統(tǒng)一冷凍待檢。測(cè)試前將樣品從冰箱中取出,在室溫下放置4 h,充分搖勻樣品,采用ELISA法檢測(cè)α-烯醇化酶水平,試劑盒購于武漢華美生物工程有限公司,操作步驟嚴(yán)格按照說明書進(jìn)行。
2.1 一般資料 150例胸腔積液患者中惡性胸腔積液患者50例,其中,肺腺癌者29例,小細(xì)胞肺癌者1例,未分型者20例;結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液患者50例;類肺炎性胸腔積液患者50例。3類胸腔積液患者性別、年齡比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1)。
表1 3類胸腔積液患者性別、年齡比較
Table1Comparisonofgenderandagedistributionin3kindsofpatientswithpleuraleffusions
胸腔積液例數(shù)性別(男/女)年齡(歲)惡性胸腔積液5025/2560.0±14.5結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液5035/1557.1±11.0類肺炎性胸腔積液5035/1559.9±19.6χ2(F)值5.7422.503aP值0.0570.085
注:a為F值
2.2 α-烯醇化酶水平 3類胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中惡性胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平較結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液和類肺炎性胸腔積液患者升高,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液與類肺炎性胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。
Table2Comparisonofalpha-enolasein3kindsofpatientswithpleuraleffusions
胸腔積液例數(shù)α-烯醇化酶惡性胸腔積液505.51±1.99結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液503.49±1.30a類肺炎性胸腔積液503.77±1.29aF值13.994P值<0.001
注:與惡性胸腔積液患者比較,aP<0.05
2.3 α-烯醇化酶對(duì)惡性胸腔積液的診斷價(jià)值 α-烯醇化酶診斷惡性胸腔積液AUC為 0.866。根據(jù)約登指數(shù)最大法(0.74)選取 4.22 μg/L作為最佳截?cái)嘀禃r(shí),診斷惡性胸腔積液的靈敏度和特異度分別為88%和86%(見圖1)。
圖1 α-烯醇化酶診斷惡性胸腔積液的ROC曲線
Figure 1 ROC curve of alpha-enolase for the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion
α-烯醇化酶是糖酵解途徑中的一種關(guān)鍵酶,可催化2-磷酸甘油酸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱姿嵯┐际奖?,存在于大多?shù)組織中,以二聚體形式存在,不僅表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中發(fā)揮糖酵解的作用,也表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜表面。L1、L2、L3環(huán)、兩個(gè)鎂離子結(jié)合谷氨酸、天冬氨酸及水分子組成α-烯醇化酶活性位點(diǎn)[10]。根據(jù)瓦博格效應(yīng),即使在氧含量較充足的條件下,腫瘤細(xì)胞也主要是以糖酵解的方式獲得能量。腫瘤細(xì)胞通過增強(qiáng)糖酵解途徑,進(jìn)行代謝程序重新編程,使其以更高的效率吸收葡萄糖,實(shí)現(xiàn)快速生長(zhǎng)[11]。本研究通過檢測(cè)胸腔積液中的α-烯醇化酶水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)惡性胸腔積液中的α-烯醇化酶水平顯著高于結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液及類肺炎性胸腔積液,提示α-烯醇化酶在惡性胸腔積液中高表達(dá)。α-烯醇化酶作為糖酵解途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶,可通過加強(qiáng)糖酵解促進(jìn)惡性胸腔積液的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。在缺氧、炎性細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生、細(xì)菌脂多糖刺激等因素作用下,α-烯醇化酶表達(dá)可增加[12]。惡性胸腔積液患者胸腔積液量多、增長(zhǎng)快,胸腔積液壓迫致肺不張,缺氧進(jìn)一步加重,缺氧環(huán)境使α-烯醇化酶表達(dá)增加,促進(jìn)胸腔積液的生成。
α-烯醇化酶作為纖溶酶原受體,血漿纖溶酶原通過α-烯醇化酶賴氨酸殘基C端的位點(diǎn)與α-烯醇化酶結(jié)合,激活纖溶酶原系統(tǒng),降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[4-5,13]。TSAI等[1]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),α-烯醇化酶高表達(dá)與頭頸癌的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),可促進(jìn)腫瘤的形成及侵襲,抑制因α-烯醇化酶表達(dá)產(chǎn)生的CCL20趨化因子,可明顯減弱細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化和侵襲作用,提示α-烯醇化酶可能通過誘導(dǎo)CCL20趨化因子促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的形成及侵襲。α-烯醇化酶在非小細(xì)胞肺癌中高表達(dá),其可通過激活FAK/PI3K/AKT及下游信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)糖酵解、細(xì)胞周期及EMT相關(guān)基因,并通過降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移及侵襲[6,14]。張瑩等[7]研究結(jié)果顯示,肺癌組織和肺癌患者血漿中α-烯醇化酶水平顯著升高。α-烯醇化酶在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者肺癌組織及胸腔積液腫瘤細(xì)胞表面高度表達(dá),且與非小細(xì)胞肺癌的臨床分期、復(fù)發(fā)呈正相關(guān)[15]。前期研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)在肺腺癌組肋間肌中α-烯醇化酶mRNA及其蛋白表達(dá)水平較縱隔良性腫瘤組升高,提示肺腺癌患者可以上調(diào)肋間肌α-烯醇化酶,且可能通過一些分子途徑直接或間接地影響α-烯醇化酶在該患者遠(yuǎn)處組織的表達(dá)[8]。
上述研究樣本來源于動(dòng)物或是以肺癌患者癌組織、非癌組織或是血漿為標(biāo)本,或是檢測(cè)胸腔積液中腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的α-烯醇化酶表達(dá)情況。本研究通過ELISA法檢測(cè)α-烯醇化酶在胸腔積液中的水平,結(jié)果提示惡性胸腔積液患者α-烯醇化酶水平較結(jié)核性滲出性胸腔積液和類肺炎性胸腔積液患者升高,與上述研究結(jié)果相一致,因此,α-烯醇化酶可能通過加強(qiáng)糖酵解途徑、激活纖溶酶原系統(tǒng)、基因調(diào)控以及誘導(dǎo)炎性因子等多種途徑參與肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移等,并促進(jìn)惡性胸腔積液的形成及發(fā)展。
本研究通過ROC曲線對(duì)胸腔積液中α-烯醇化酶進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示AUC為 0.866,提示胸腔積液中α-烯醇化酶可作為診斷惡性胸腔積液的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo),選取4.22 μg/L作為最佳截?cái)嘀禃r(shí),診斷肺癌的靈敏度和特異度分別為88%和 86%,提示可以此作為臨床診斷判定的參考值。α-烯醇化酶作為一種在細(xì)胞代謝、病理生理等各個(gè)方面均發(fā)揮重要作用的蛋白,在肺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起到促進(jìn)的作用,對(duì)惡性胸腔積液有一定的臨床診斷價(jià)值,可作為診斷惡性胸腔積液新的腫瘤標(biāo)志物。
本研究通過檢測(cè)胸腔積液中的α-烯醇化酶水平,分析其對(duì)惡性胸腔積液有一定的臨床診斷價(jià)值,但本研究仍存在以下局限性:(1)由于受研究對(duì)象條件的限制,納入的樣本數(shù)量少,未設(shè)置正常對(duì)照組;(2)部分肺癌患者未分型,故不能比較α-烯醇化酶在各種類型肺癌并惡性胸腔積液中的差異性;(3)研究對(duì)象均為昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院患者,受到區(qū)域限制,不能排除地域?qū)Ζ?烯醇化酶水平的影響;(4)α-烯醇化酶在多系統(tǒng)腫瘤中表達(dá)上調(diào),本研究未納入肺癌以外的腫瘤患者,故未行多系統(tǒng)腫瘤與肺癌并惡性胸腔積液α-烯醇化酶水平的比較。筆者下一步將針對(duì)本研究的局限性著手于更為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)膶?shí)驗(yàn)方案,增大樣本量,設(shè)置正常對(duì)照組,使結(jié)果更有代表性。
作者貢獻(xiàn):趙芝煥進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì);劉凌、趙芝煥進(jìn)行研究的實(shí)施與可行性分析;李汝芳進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集、整理,撰寫論文;李汝芳、王旭明進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理;李汝芳、武江海進(jìn)行結(jié)果的分析與解釋;王旭明進(jìn)行論文的修訂;劉凌負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校;馮家鋼對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:陳素芳)
Value of Alpha-enolase in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion
LIRu-fang,LIULing,WANGXu-ming,WUJiang-hai,FENGJia-gang,ZHAOZhi-huan*
No.2DepartmentofRespiratoryMedicine,F(xiàn)irstAffiliatedHospitalofKunmingMedicalUniversity,Kunming650032,China*Correspondingauthor:ZHAOZhi-huan,Chiefphysician;E-mail:jczzh@sina.com
Objective To study the clinical value of alpha-enolase in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.Methods Inpatients with pleural effusions were recruited from the Department of Respiratory Medicine and Department of Thoracic Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from September 2014 to September 2015.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of alpha-enolase in pleural effusions.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was adopted to evaluate the value of alpha-enolase in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.Results Of the 150 patients with pleural effusions,there were 50 patients with malignant pleural effusions(29 cases of lung adenocarcinoma,1 case of small cell lung cancer,20 cases of undifferentiated type of lung cancer),50 with exudative pleural effusions due to tuberculosis,and 50 with parapneumonic effusions.The concentrations of alpha-enolase in pleural effusions differed significantly among these 3 kinds of patients(P<0.05),specifically,they were higher in patients with malignant pleural effusions than in those with exudative pleural effusions due to tuberculosis or with parapneumonic effusions(P<0.05),but no significant differences in concentrations of alpha-enolase were found between patients with exudative pleural effusions due to tuberculosis and those with parapneumonic effusions(P>0.05).For diagnosing malignant pleural effusion,the area under the curve(AUC) of ROC of alpha-enolase was 0.866,the optimum cut-off point was 4.22 μg/L based on the maximum value ofYouden′sindex(0.74),the sensitivity and specificity at the optimum cut-off point was 88%,86%,respectively.Conclusion The concentration of alpha-enolase in malignant pleural effusion is significantly higher than that in exudative pleural effusion due to tuberculosis and in parapneumonia pleural effusion.The high sensitivity and specificity of the alpha-enolase in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion indicates that it can act a new tumor marker for malignant pleural effusion.
Pleural effusion,malignant;Phosphopyruvate hydratase;Sensitivity;Specificity
云南省衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃內(nèi)設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)項(xiàng)目(2014NS165)
R 561.3
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.14.008
2016-08-03;
2017-02-22)
650032云南省昆明市,昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)二科
*通信作者:趙芝煥,主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:jczzh@sina.com