• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看

      ?

      蝦青素的來源、生物功效及吸收代謝研究進(jìn)展

      2017-08-12 06:20:20周慶新劉婷婷楊魯
      食品研究與開發(fā) 2017年16期
      關(guān)鍵詞:雨生紅游離態(tài)球藻

      周慶新,劉婷婷,楊魯

      (1.日照職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院海洋工程學(xué)院,山東日照276826;2.中國海洋大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東青島266003)

      蝦青素的來源、生物功效及吸收代謝研究進(jìn)展

      周慶新1,劉婷婷1,楊魯2

      (1.日照職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院海洋工程學(xué)院,山東日照276826;2.中國海洋大學(xué)食品科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,山東青島266003)

      對目前有關(guān)蝦青素來源、存在形態(tài)、生物學(xué)功能和吸收代謝的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述。在此基礎(chǔ)上,對天然來源蝦青素作為功能因子使用時(shí)遇到的問題做思考和總結(jié)。以期為把握蝦青素相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域的前沿方向,探究蝦青素營養(yǎng)功能與其作用機(jī)理,以及結(jié)構(gòu)與功能之間關(guān)系的闡明起指導(dǎo)作用。同時(shí),為解決蝦青素營養(yǎng)特性保持和終端食品合理開發(fā)等產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)際問題提供參考。

      蝦青素;來源;生理功能;吸收;代謝

      蝦青素(Astaxanthin)作為非維生素A原脂溶性酮式類胡蘿卜素,在海洋動(dòng)植物、微型藻類以及酵母中廣泛分布[1]。獨(dú)特的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)賦予其有效淬滅活性氧的能力,是迄今為止人類發(fā)現(xiàn)的自然界中最強(qiáng)的抗氧化劑,受到各國科研工作者和消費(fèi)者的廣泛關(guān)注。蝦青素在人體內(nèi)無法合成,只能通過膳食攝取。美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)禁止化學(xué)合成蝦青素作為膳食補(bǔ)充劑用于食品生產(chǎn),但是批準(zhǔn)其作為著色劑在動(dòng)物及水產(chǎn)飼料和日化領(lǐng)域中使用,歐盟委員會批準(zhǔn)天然蝦青素作為食品著色劑在食品行業(yè)應(yīng)用[2]。在自然界中,天然蝦青素的最主要攝食來源是海洋食品和雨生紅球藻[3],目前有關(guān)蝦青素對人類健康的功效已被大量研究證實(shí),且蝦青素是被發(fā)現(xiàn)唯一能穿透血-腦、血-視網(wǎng)膜屏障的類胡蘿卜素,對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和大腦功能可產(chǎn)生積極的影響[4]。因此,將天然蝦青素作為膳食營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑用于食品、保健品或藥品,對改善人類健康具有切實(shí)意義。本文從蝦青素的來源、形態(tài)分布、生理活性以及吸收代謝特性等方面進(jìn)行了概述,并對相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)作了整合分析,以期為蝦青素資源的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用提供有效參考。

      1 蝦青素的結(jié)構(gòu)特性、來源及存在形態(tài)

      1.1 蝦青素的結(jié)構(gòu)特性

      蝦青素又名蝦黃質(zhì)、龍蝦殼色素,化學(xué)名稱為3,3′-二羥基-4,4′-二酮基-β,β′-胡蘿卜素,分子式C40H52O4,其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)是由4個(gè)異戊二烯單位以共軛雙鍵形式連接,在兩端有兩個(gè)異戊二烯單位組成的六元環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)[2]。一方面,其間存在有兩個(gè)手性碳原子,分別是3C和3′C,而每個(gè)手性碳原子可有兩種構(gòu)象(即R型或S型),故相應(yīng)會產(chǎn)生3種光學(xué)異構(gòu)體:一對外消旋型蝦青素(左旋型3S,3′S和右旋型3R,3′R)和一個(gè)內(nèi)消旋型蝦青素(3S,3′R);另一方面,蝦青素分子中多個(gè)碳碳雙鍵形成的共軛長鏈結(jié)構(gòu)致使其容易發(fā)生順反異構(gòu),形成多種幾何異構(gòu)體[5]。通常順式構(gòu)型中順式雙鍵附近的氫原子之間或氫原子與甲基之間空間位阻較大。因此,自然界中游離態(tài)蝦青素多以全反式蝦青素(all-trans-astaxanthin)存在,該種異構(gòu)體分支基團(tuán)(甲基)不會競爭空間位置,使其表現(xiàn)出相對較好的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性[6]。但是全反式蝦青素易受溶劑特性、光、熱、氧、金屬離子等因素的影響而發(fā)生幾何異構(gòu)化反應(yīng),轉(zhuǎn)化形成多種順式構(gòu)型異構(gòu)體[7-8]。目前文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7]的蝦青素順式異構(gòu)體形式主要有:9-順-蝦青素(9-cisastaxanthin)、13-順-蝦青素(13-cis-astaxanthin)、15-順-蝦青素(15-cis-astaxanthin)、13,15-雙-順-蝦青素(13,15-di-cis-astaxanthin),各蝦青素異構(gòu)體的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。

      圖1 蝦青素幾何異構(gòu)體和光學(xué)異構(gòu)體結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.1 The structure profile of astaxanthin geometrical isomers and stereoisomers

      1.2 蝦青素來源及存在形態(tài)

      1.2.1 蝦青素來源

      目前商品化的蝦青素產(chǎn)品主要來源于雨生紅球藻、紅法夫酵母和合成蝦青素,另外還有部分富含蝦青素的蝦油產(chǎn)品。研究人員通過分析測定不同生物資源中蝦青素的含量發(fā)現(xiàn),雨生紅球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)是天然蝦青素的良好來源[9],其中蝦青素約占藻粉干重的4%~5%;紅法夫酵母中蝦青素約占干重的0.12%[10];其它幾種常見水產(chǎn)資源中總蝦青素的含量如圖2所示,數(shù)據(jù)顯示:南極磷蝦體內(nèi)總蝦青素的含量約為120mg/kg,對蝦和甜蝦約為30mg/kg~60mg/kg,梭子蟹約在30mg/kg,三文魚中約為15mg/kg~20mg/kg[11-12](均以干重計(jì))。

      圖1 蛋白質(zhì)濃度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線Fig.1 The standard curve of protein concentration

      1.2.2 蝦青素存在形態(tài)

      蝦青素在自然界中的存在形態(tài)主要分為游離態(tài)和酯化態(tài)(單酯型和雙酯型,結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3所示),且具有顯著地物種差異性。研究顯示在鮭鱒魚和紅法夫酵母中蝦青素主要以游離態(tài)存在[13-14],而在藻、蝦和蟹中主要以酯化態(tài)存在,游離態(tài)含量相對較少[15-17]。苗鳳萍[17]報(bào)道,雨生紅球藻中游離態(tài)蝦青素、蝦青素單酯和雙酯分別約占5%、70%和25%。Gladis和Bjerkeng[16]對莫氏巖瓷蟹中的色素組分進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果表明在總類胡蘿卜素中,游離蝦青素約占10%,蝦青素單酯約占12%,蝦青素雙酯約占70%。幾種常見水產(chǎn)資源中游離態(tài)蝦青素和酯化態(tài)所占相對百分含量如圖4所示。另外,與蝦青素相鏈接的脂肪鏈多為長鏈脂肪酸,其中雨生紅球藻來源蝦青素酯結(jié)構(gòu)中脂肪酸主要以十八碳酸和十六碳酸為主,在南美白對蝦、南極磷蝦以及梭子蟹中,蝦青素酯的脂肪酸鏈多為C20∶5和C22∶6形式存在。在此值得注意的現(xiàn)象是:動(dòng)物本身不能合成蝦青素和蝦青素酯[18],只能從食物中攝取,而蝦青素在蝦類水生生物體內(nèi)主要以酯化型居多,在魚類體內(nèi)卻多以游離態(tài)存在,說明動(dòng)物體內(nèi)蝦青素的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)化和蓄積具有很強(qiáng)的選擇性,同時(shí)從仿生學(xué)的角度為研究改善蝦青素在人體內(nèi)的利用度提供新的思路。

      圖3 游離態(tài)蝦青素、蝦青素單酯和蝦青素雙酯的結(jié)構(gòu)圖Fig.3 Structures of astaxanthin,astaxanthin monoesters,and astaxanthin diesters

      另一方面,自然界中的游離態(tài)蝦青素多是以全反式蝦青素(all-trans-astaxanthin)和13-順-蝦青素(13-cisastaxanthin)的幾何構(gòu)型存在,但不同生物體內(nèi)蝦青素光學(xué)構(gòu)型卻差異性顯著。作者對國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究[10,17,19]進(jìn)行了檢索,對不同物種中蝦青素的光學(xué)異構(gòu)體構(gòu)成進(jìn)行了總結(jié)歸納(如圖5所示),數(shù)據(jù)表明:雨生紅球藻、三文魚及南極磷蝦體內(nèi)的蝦青素主要以3S,3’S構(gòu)型存在,紅法夫酵母中蝦青素則全以3R,3’R構(gòu)型存在,對蝦和梭子蟹中3S,3’S和3S,3’R兩種構(gòu)型相對含量較高,合成蝦青素則是3種構(gòu)型蝦青素的混合物(3S,3’S占25%、3R,3’R占25%,3S,3’R占50%)[9,10,16,20-21]。

      圖4 不同水產(chǎn)品中蝦青素及蝦青素酯的相對百分含量Fig.4 The relative percentage content of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters in different aquatic products

      圖5 不同樣品中蝦青素光學(xué)異構(gòu)體相對百分含量Fig.5 The relative percentage content of Astaxanthin stereoisomers in different samples

      2 蝦青素的生物學(xué)功能及其吸收代謝研究

      2.1 蝦青素的生物學(xué)功能

      蝦青素分子結(jié)構(gòu)中特殊的β-紫羅蘭酮環(huán)和長鏈共軛烯烴結(jié)構(gòu)賦予其有效淬滅活性氧的功能,它是迄今為止自然界中最強(qiáng)的天然抗氧化劑,其清除自由基能力是維生素E和其他類胡蘿卜素(葉黃素、番茄紅素和β-類胡蘿卜素)的500倍之多[22],并且蝦青素是目前發(fā)現(xiàn)唯一能穿透血-腦(Blood-Brain)、血-視網(wǎng)膜(Blood-Retina)屏障的類胡蘿卜素[4],諸多結(jié)構(gòu)和特性使蝦青素表現(xiàn)出卓越的生物學(xué)功能。已有大量動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)表明:蝦青素具有抗腫瘤[23]、抗炎活性[24]、抗糖尿病[25]、減少氧化損傷[26]、加強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫力[27]、改善運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)能[28]、預(yù)防心腦血管疾病[29]等功能。目前有關(guān)蝦青素生物活性的研究報(bào)道歸納見表1。另外,國內(nèi)外研究顯示,不同蝦青素異構(gòu)體所表現(xiàn)出的生物學(xué)功能具有差異性,3S,3’S蝦青素相較于3R,3’R和3S,3’R具有更好的生物學(xué)功能以及更強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性[9];Liu等[30]通過多種體外模擬試驗(yàn)證明:與全反式蝦青素相比,9-順-和13-順-蝦青素在多模擬體系中均表現(xiàn)出更高的抗氧化能力。

      表1 體內(nèi)或體外模型試驗(yàn)中蝦青素的生物活性Table 1 Astaxanthin biological activities in vitro and in vivo models

      2.2 蝦青素的吸收代謝研究現(xiàn)狀

      蝦青素作為一種類胡蘿卜素,在攝取后能否發(fā)揮生物活性的關(guān)鍵因素是其吸收利用或儲存在人體中的比例,其利用率主要受分子結(jié)構(gòu)、在食物中的物理結(jié)合方式、膳食中脂肪含量以及胃腸道中胰酶和膽鹽的含量等因素影響[49]。目前有關(guān)蝦青素在體內(nèi)吸收代謝過程的研究相對較少,尤其是有關(guān)不同分子結(jié)構(gòu)蝦青素類化合物在生物體內(nèi)的消化吸收過程鮮為報(bào)道。Ranga等[20,32]和Olson等[50]研究報(bào)道,通過在飲食中添加油脂,可有效提高蝦青素的生物利用度,提示食品基質(zhì)中的脂質(zhì)種類和含量是影響蝦青素在生物體內(nèi)利用率的重要因素。?sterlie等[51]和Coral等[52]研究了人體口服攝入蝦青素和蝦青素酯后,蝦青素在人體血清中的存在形態(tài),研究結(jié)果表明:攝入游離態(tài)蝦青素后其在血液中與脂蛋白結(jié)合;而攝入蝦青素酯后,在血液中只檢測到了游離態(tài)蝦青素,無酯化態(tài)蝦青素檢出,并且其在血液中的響應(yīng)值比攝入相同當(dāng)量的游離蝦青素低4~5倍,在此研究基礎(chǔ)上推測,游離態(tài)蝦青素可被人體直接吸收利用,而酯化態(tài)蝦青素需要在消化道內(nèi)先被水解成游離蝦青素,然后以游離態(tài)形式被人體吸收,這一研究為蝦青素酯在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮與游離態(tài)蝦青素相同的生物學(xué)效價(jià)提供了一定的證據(jù),但是缺乏直觀系統(tǒng)地研究數(shù)據(jù)來證明這一推測的準(zhǔn)確性。Fukami等[53]利用化學(xué)法合成辛酸蝦青素單酯和雙酯,并利用大鼠模型對其藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了研究,研究結(jié)果顯示,推測中鏈蝦青素酯的生物利用度優(yōu)于長鏈蝦青素酯。辛酸蝦青素單酯在大鼠體內(nèi)的生物利用率高于辛酸蝦青素雙酯,高于商品化雨生紅球藻來源蝦青素提取物(蝦青素和蝦青素酯的混合物),另外蝦青素在肝臟中的最大代謝濃度是血清的3倍左右,據(jù)Fukami推斷,中鏈脂肪酸鏈構(gòu)成的蝦青素酯具有較高的生物利用率。通過該研究結(jié)果可以看出,蝦青素酯的脂肪酸鏈組成與其生物利用率具有相關(guān)性,但是目前有關(guān)蝦青素酯結(jié)構(gòu)-生物利用率之間的構(gòu)效關(guān)系尚不明確,有待進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

      3 結(jié)語

      天然蝦青素對于改善人體健康具有非常實(shí)際的意義,但其極不穩(wěn)定,易受光、熱、氧等外界因素作用而發(fā)生氧化降解,導(dǎo)致食品外觀品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)性下降,且在體內(nèi)的生物利用率較低,嚴(yán)重限制了其在食品行業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。故食品中添加的蝦青素須以一種相對穩(wěn)定的高生物效價(jià)分子狀態(tài)存在。另外,蝦青素的穩(wěn)定性和生物利用度除受分子結(jié)構(gòu)影響外,還受食品體系等外在因素影響。然而,目前有關(guān)不同分子形態(tài)蝦青素結(jié)構(gòu)和食品體系對其穩(wěn)定性和吸收代謝的影響及機(jī)制尚不明確。因此今后此類研究工作的開展顯得尤為重要,其不僅對蝦青素穩(wěn)定性和生物利用度的影響因素、規(guī)律及機(jī)制的揭示具有重要的理論意義,同時(shí)可為篩選高穩(wěn)定性和高生物利用度的蝦青素分子形式,以及高生物利用度蝦青素酯穩(wěn)態(tài)化賦型食品的設(shè)計(jì)提供依據(jù),最終為蝦青素資源的高值化利用,及其科學(xué)營養(yǎng)膳食探尋新的策略和方案。

      [1]HIGUERA-CIAPARA I,FELIX-VALENZUELA L,GOYCOOLEA F M.Astaxanthin:a review of its chemistry and applications[J].Critical reviews in food science and nutrition,2006,46(2):185-196

      [2]AMBATI R R,PHANG S M,RAVI S,et al.Astaxanthin:Sources,extraction,stability,biological activities and its commercial applications—A review[J].Marine drugs,2014,12(1):128-152

      [3]GUERIN M,HUNTLEY M E,OLAIZOLA M.Haematococcus astaxanthin:applications for human health and nutrition[J].TRENDS in Biotechnology,2003,21(5):210-216

      [4]JYONOUCHI H,SUN S,IIJIMA K,et al.Antitumor activity of astaxanthin and its mode of action[J].Nutrition and cancer,2000,36(1):59-65

      [5]胡金金,靳遠(yuǎn)祥,傅正偉.蝦青素結(jié)構(gòu)修飾的研究進(jìn)展[J].食品科學(xué),2008,28(12):531-534

      [6]雷鳳愛.雨生紅球藻中蝦青素的分離純化及異構(gòu)體的分析研究[D].呼和浩特:內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2009

      [7]QIU D,WU Y C,ZHU W L,et al.Identification of Geometrical Isomers and Comparison of Different Isomeric Samples of Astaxanthin[J].Journal of Food Science,2012,77(9):934-940

      [8]HOLTIN K,KUEHNLE M,REHBEIN J,et al.Determination of astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters in the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis by LC-(APCI)-MS and characterization of predominant carotenoid isomers by NMR spectroscopy[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2009,395(6):1613-1622

      [9]LORENZ R T,CYSEWSKI G R.Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin[J].Trends Biotechnol,2000,18(4):160-167

      [10]TETENS I.EFSA NDA Panel(EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies),2014 Scientific Opinion on the safety of astaxanthin-rich ingredients(AstaREAL A1010 and AstaREAL L10)as novel food ingredients[R].London:Europen Food Safety Authority,2014

      [11]楊澍.南美白對蝦中蝦青素類化合物在貯藏及加工過程中變化規(guī)律的研究[D].青島:中國海洋大學(xué),2015

      [12]CORRêA N C F,DA SILVA MACEDO C,DE FC MORAES J,et al. Characteristics of the extract of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp obtained from the cephalothorax using pressurized CO2[J].The Journal of Supercritical Fluids,2012,66:176-180

      [13]ANDREWES A G,STARR M P.(3R,3’R)-Astaxanthin from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma[J].Phytochemistry,1976,15(6):1009-1011

      [14]SHEEHAN E M,OCONNOR T P,SHEEHY P J A,et al.Stability of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in raw and smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)during frozen storage[J].Food Chemistry,1998,63(3):313-317

      [14]SHAHIDI F,SYNOWIECKI J.Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added products from snow crab(Chionoecetes opilio)and shrimp(Pandalus borealis)processing discards[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1991,39(8):1527-1532

      [16]CORAL-HINOSTROZA G N,BJERKENG B.Astaxanthin from the red crab langostilla(Pleuroncodes planipes):optical R/S isomers and fatty acid moieties of astaxanthin esters[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2002,133(3):437-444

      [17]苗鳳萍.雨生紅球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)蝦青素酯和脂肪酸的鑒定及差異表達(dá)基因的分析[D].武漢:中國科學(xué)院研究生院(武漢植物園),2007

      [18]BURRI B J,CHANG J S T,NEIDLINGER T R.β-Cryptoxanthinand α-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than β-carotene-rich foods in Western diets[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2011,105(2):212-219

      [19]BREITHAUPT D E.Identification and quantification of astaxanthin esters in shrimp (Pandalus borealis)and in a microalga(Haematococcus pluvialis)by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004,52(12):3870-3875

      [20]RANGA R A,RAGHUNATH REDDY R L,BASKARAN V,et al. Characterization of microalgal carotenoids by mass spectrometry and their bioavailability and antioxidant properties elucidated in rat model[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2010,58(15): 8553-8559

      [21]楊澍,張婷,徐杰,等.高效液相色譜手性拆分法分析生物體內(nèi)的蝦青素光學(xué)異構(gòu)體[J].食品科學(xué),2015,36(8):139-144

      [22]NAGUIB Y M.Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2000,48 (4):1150-1154

      [23]裴凌鵬.蝦青素體內(nèi)抗腫瘤及其免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究[J].上海中醫(yī)藥雜志,2009,43(6):68-69

      [24]CHEW W,MATHISON B D,KIMBLE L L,et al.Astaxanthin decreases inflammatory biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[J].American Journal of Advances in Food Science and Technology,2013,1:1-17

      [25]UCHIYAMA K,NAITO Y,HASEGAWA G,et al.Astaxanthin protects β-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice[J].Redox Report,2002,7(5):290-293

      [26]曹秀明,楊貴群,楊菲菲.蝦青素對過氧化氫所致HepG2細(xì)胞線粒體氧化損傷及生存能力下降的保護(hù)作用 [J].中國海洋藥物, 2010,5:26-32

      [27]PARK J S,CHYUN J H,KIM Y K,et al.Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans[J].Nutrition and Metabolism,2010,7:1-10

      [28]IKEUCHI M,KOYAMA T,TAKAHASHI J,et al.Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue in mice[J].Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,2006,29(10):2106-2110

      [29]PASHKOW F J,WATUMULL D G,CAMPBELL C L.Astaxanthin:a novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease[J].The American Journal of Cardiology, 2008,101(10):58-68

      [30]LIU X,OSAWA T.Cis astaxanthin and especially 9-cis astaxanthin exhibits a higher antioxidant activity in vitro compared to the alltrans isomer[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2007,357(1):187-193

      [31]RANGA A R,SINDHUJA H N,DHARMESH S M,et al.Effective inhibition of skin cancer,tyrosinase,and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(16):3842-3851

      [32]RANGA A R,BASKARAN V,SARADA R,et al.In vivo bioavailability and antioxidant activity of carotenoids from microalgal biomass-A repeated dose study[J].Food Research International,2013,54(1):711-717

      [33]SILA A,AYED-AJMI Y,SAYARI N,et al.Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of astaxanthin extracted from the shell waste of deep-water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris)[J].Journal of Natural Products,2013,3:82-89

      [34]YANG Y,SEO J M,NGUYEN A,et al.Astaxanthin-rich extract from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis lowers plasma lipid concentrations and enhances antioxidant defense in apolipoprotein E knockout mice[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2011,141(9):1611-1617

      [35]MAOKA T,TOKUDA H,SUZUKI N,et al.Anti-oxidative,anti-tumor-promoting,and anti-carcinogensis activities of nitroastaxanthinand nitrolutein,the reaction products of astaxanthin and lutein with peroxynitrite[J].Marine Drugs,2012,10(6):1391-1399

      [36]HUANGFU J,LIU J,SUN Z,et al.Antiaging effects of astaxanthinrich alga Haematococcus pluvialis on fruit flies under oxidative stress[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2013,61(32):7800-7804

      [37]BHUVANESWARI S,YOGALAKSHMI B,SREEJA S,et al.Astaxanthin reduces hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammation in high fructose and high fat dietfed mice[J].Cell Stress and Chaperones,2014,19(2):183-191

      [38]PARK J S,MATHISON B D,HAYEK M G,et al.Astaxanthin modulates age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in healthy dogs[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2013,91(1):268-275

      [39]GAL A F,ANDREI S,CERNEA C,et al.Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on chemically induced tumorigenesis in Wistar rats[J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,2012,54:1-6

      [40]WIBRAND K,BERGE K,MESSAOUDI M,et al.Enhanced cognitive function and antidepressant-like effects after krill oil supplementation in rats[J].Lipids in Health and Disease,2013,12(6):1-13

      [41]BENNEDSEN M,WANG X,WILLéN R,et al.Treatment of H.pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation,bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes [J].Immunology Letters,2000,70(3):185-189

      [42]TURKEZ H,GEYIKOGLU F,YOUSEF M I.Beneficial effect of astaxanthin on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced liver injury in rats[J].Toxicology and Industrial Health,2013,29(7):591-599

      [43]CHAN K,PEN P J,YIN M.Anticoagulatory and antiinflammatory effects of astaxanthin in diabetic rats[J].Journal of Food Science, 2012,77(2):76-80

      [44]DONG L Y,JIN J,LU G,et al.Astaxanthin attenuates the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in db/db mice by inhibition of oxidative stress [J].Marine Drugs,2013,11(3):960-974

      [45]IIZUKA M,AYAORI M,UTO-KONDO H,et al.Astaxanthin enhances ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1 expressions and cholesterol efflux from macrophages[J].Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2012,58(2):96-104

      [46]YOSHIDA H,YANAI H,ITO K,et al.Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia[J].Atherosclerosis,2010,209(2):520-523

      [47]PARK J S,MATHISON B D,HAYEK M G,et al.Astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cats[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,2011,144(3):455-461

      [48]LU Y P,LIU S Y,SUN H,et al.Neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and on focal cerebral ischemia in vivo[J].Brain Research,2010,1360:40-48

      [49]FAILLA M L,CHITCHUMRONCHOKCHAI C,FERRUZZI M G,et al.Unsaturated fatty acids promote bioaccessibility and basolateral secretion of carotenoids and α-tocopherol by Caco-2 cells[J].Food &Function,2014,5(6):1101-1112

      [50]OLSON J A.Absorption,transport and metabolism of carotenoids in humans[J].Pure and Applied Chemistry,1994,66(5):1011-1016

      [51]?STERLIE M,BJERKENG B,LIAAEN-JENSEN S.Plasma appearance and distribution of astaxanthin E/Z and R/S isomers in plasma lipoproteins of men after single dose administration of astaxanthin [J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2000,11(10):482-490

      [52]CORAL-HINOSTROZA G N,YTREST?YL T,RUYTER B,et al. Plasma appearance of unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses of a mixture of optical 3 and 3’R/S isomers of astaxanthin fatty acyl diesters[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C:Toxicology&Pharmacology,2004,139(1):99-110

      [53]FUKAMI H,NAMIKAWA K,SUGIURA-TOMIMORI N,et al.Chemical synthesis of astaxanthin n-octanoic acid monoester and diester and evaluation of their oral absorbability[J].Journal of Oleo Science, 2006,55(12):653-656

      Recent Progress in Sources,Biological Function,Absorption and Metabolism Characteristics of Astaxanthin

      ZHOU Qing-xin1,LIU Ting-ting1,YANG Lu2
      (1.College of Marine Engineering,Rizhao Polytechnic,Rizhao 276826,Shandong,China;2.College of Food Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,Shandong,China)

      The sources,form distribution,biological function,absorption and metabolism characteristics of astaxanthin were reviewed.Based on these information,the problems in the process of using astaxanthin as functional factor was analysis and concluded.The current review has important significance for grasping the front direction of astaxanthin researching filed,function and mechanism investigation,and revealing relationship between structure and function.Meanwhile,the current review provides up-to-date information on nutrition maintenance of astaxanthin in processing,and rational development of functional food.

      astaxanthin;sources;biological function;absorption;metabolism

      2016-12-01

      山東省自然科學(xué)基金博士基金項(xiàng)目(NO.ZR2016CB35)

      周慶新(1986—),男(漢),博士,研究方向:水產(chǎn)化學(xué)、食品功效成分研究。

      10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2017.16.046

      猜你喜歡
      雨生紅游離態(tài)球藻
      金屬及其化合物知識答疑
      真菌Simplicillium lanosoniveum DT06 對雨生紅球藻生長與脂類合成的影響
      可再生能源(2022年8期)2022-08-17 06:37:52
      游離植物甾醇研發(fā)創(chuàng)新管理應(yīng)用
      利用低溫等離子體刺激雨生紅球藻生長和蝦青素積累(2020.2.28 中國科學(xué)院)
      雨生紅球藻對面包烘焙品質(zhì)的影響
      球藻沉浮的秘密植物
      大自然探索(2019年2期)2019-03-01 02:23:30
      農(nóng)村初中數(shù)學(xué)建構(gòu)式生態(tài)課堂中“游離態(tài)”學(xué)生成因及對策
      聚球藻硅質(zhì)化作用初探
      反相高效液相色譜法檢測鯽魚組織中的節(jié)球藻毒素
      雨生紅球藻在水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖中的應(yīng)用
      中國飼料(2015年19期)2015-01-25 19:14:04
      辉南县| 周至县| 信宜市| 桐乡市| 东阿县| 抚顺市| 晋中市| 德令哈市| 甘肃省| 洪洞县| 黎川县| 香河县| 沧源| 东宁县| 辽源市| 雷山县| 扎囊县| 高密市| 旅游| 东兴市| 云霄县| 洞头县| 汽车| 新野县| 信丰县| 嘉兴市| 新干县| 金阳县| 阿图什市| 抚顺县| 互助| 永泰县| 盐边县| 南和县| 湘潭市| 凌源市| 沁源县| 杭锦旗| 雷州市| 逊克县| 镇巴县|