胡瓊+嚴(yán)海雅
[摘要] 目的 對(duì)比分析咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼與羅哌卡因行產(chǎn)科麻醉的效果。 方法 選取我院2014年4月~2015年10月期間收治的產(chǎn)科擇期手術(shù)患者172例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將所收治患者分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組86例。對(duì)照組患者給予咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼進(jìn)行麻醉,觀察組患者給予羅哌卡因進(jìn)行麻醉。對(duì)比兩組患者術(shù)中不同時(shí)段的心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)、血氧飽和度(saturation of oxygen,SaO2)、OAA/S的評(píng)估分?jǐn)?shù)和術(shù)后不同時(shí)段的鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分(VAS)以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。 結(jié)果 觀察組患者術(shù)中20 min、40 min、60 min 的心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓、血氧飽和度、OAA/S評(píng)分、術(shù)后各時(shí)段的VAS評(píng)分與對(duì)照組相比,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 羅哌卡因在產(chǎn)科手術(shù)麻醉中安全性更高,鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜效果更好,術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率更少,相比咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼更值得推廣使用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 咪唑安定;芬太尼;羅哌卡因;產(chǎn)科麻醉
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)22-0096-04
[Abstract] Objective To compare the effects of midazolam combined with fentanyl and ropivacaine on obstetric anesthesia. Methods A total of 172 patients receiving obstetric elective surgery were selected in our hospital from April 2014 to October 2015 as the study subjects. The patients were divided into the observation group and the control group by random number method, with 86 patients in each group. Patients in the control group were given anesthesia with midazolam combined with fentanyl; patients in the observation group were given ropivacaine for anesthesia. Scores of evaluation of heart rate(HR), mean arterial pressure(MAP), saturation of oxygen(SaO2), OAA/S at different time points during the surgery were compared between the two groups, and the scores of pain(VAS) and the incidence of adverse reactions were compared at different time points after the surgery. Results The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, OAA/S scores at 20 min, 40 min and 60 min during the surgery and VAS scores at different time points after the surgery in the observation group were compared with those in the control group, and the differences were all statistically significant(P<0.05); the incidence of postoperative adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Ropivacaine has a higher safety in obstetric anesthesia, with better effects of analgesia and sedation, and lower incidence of postoperative adverse reactions, which is more worthy of popularization and application compared with midazolam combined with fentanyl.
[Key words] Midazolam; Fentanyl; Ropivacaine; Obstetric anesthesia
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)、子宮切除術(shù)及附件切除術(shù)均為婦產(chǎn)科開(kāi)展較廣泛的手術(shù)[1]。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)主要用于各類異常分娩,因分娩時(shí)的劇痛所導(dǎo)致的體內(nèi)神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)改變易對(duì)產(chǎn)婦及胎兒造成較大危害,故剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)的麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)于分娩成功具有重大意義[2]。子宮腫瘤或子宮出血常需采用子宮切除術(shù)治療,附件切除術(shù)多用于保守治療無(wú)效的卵巢子宮內(nèi)膜異位或附件炎癥,兩種手術(shù)因?qū)颊邉?chuàng)傷較大,故亦對(duì)麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛藥物有著較高的要求[3]。咪唑安定又稱咪達(dá)唑侖,屬于經(jīng)典的苯二氮類藥物,多用于術(shù)前鎮(zhèn)靜。芬太尼屬于強(qiáng)效阿片類受體激動(dòng)劑,為強(qiáng)效麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,通常與安定類藥物配伍用于婦產(chǎn)科手術(shù)麻醉,效果較顯著[4]。羅哌卡因作為一種新型麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,已受到臨床廣泛關(guān)注,根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道其麻醉效果優(yōu)于咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼[5]。本研究擬對(duì)兩種藥物在產(chǎn)科手術(shù)中的麻醉效果進(jìn)行對(duì)比,旨在為臨床實(shí)踐提供指導(dǎo)?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。endprint
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
研究對(duì)象選取我院2014年4月~2015年10月期間收治的產(chǎn)科擇期手術(shù)患者172例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:①診斷為產(chǎn)道異常、胎位異常、胎兒異常等符合剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)適應(yīng)證的患者;②確診為子宮肌瘤、子宮腺肌癥、頑固性功能性子宮出血,不需保留子宮等符合子宮切除術(shù)的患者;③確診為卵巢囊腫過(guò)大,卵巢扭轉(zhuǎn)壞死、附件炎癥合并輸卵管粘連或阻塞,保守治療無(wú)效等符合附件切除的患者;④患者未接受過(guò)椎管類麻醉,無(wú)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病史、藥物過(guò)敏史、肝腎及循環(huán)功能障礙,穿刺部位無(wú)感染,凝血功能正常;⑤患者知情本研究?jī)?nèi)容,均自愿參加并與我科簽署知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:①嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全者;②有艾滋病、結(jié)核等傳染性疾病的患者;③嚴(yán)重的血液系統(tǒng)、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病或其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的患者;④一年內(nèi)有過(guò)化學(xué)藥物治療或放射治療的患者;⑤拒絕配合本研究者。
按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法將172例患者平均分為觀察組及對(duì)照組,每組均為86例。兩組患者在年齡、平均BMI指數(shù)、手術(shù)類型等一般資料比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),故具可比性,見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 方法
兩組患者均采用蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯麻醉的手術(shù)麻醉方式,手術(shù)時(shí)間不超過(guò)1 h。觀察組患者予羅哌卡因進(jìn)行麻醉,術(shù)后經(jīng)硬膜外導(dǎo)管給予0.25%羅哌卡因4 mL,并以2 mL/h的速度微量泵注鎮(zhèn)痛藥;對(duì)照組予咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼進(jìn)行麻醉,術(shù)后給于咪唑安定3 mL+芬太尼0.2 mg+0.9%氯化鈉100 mL注射。兩組均予監(jiān)護(hù)儀連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)患者心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)、血氧飽和度(saturation of oxygen,SaO2)等生命體征指標(biāo),術(shù)中進(jìn)行OAA/S分?jǐn)?shù)評(píng)估,術(shù)后記錄不同時(shí)段鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分(VAS)以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
①觀察對(duì)比兩組患者術(shù)中不同時(shí)段心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean artery pressure,MAP)、血氧飽和度(saturation of oxygen,SaO2)等指標(biāo);②對(duì)比兩組患者的OAA/S評(píng)估分?jǐn)?shù);③對(duì)比兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)段的鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分(VAS)以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用IBM公司SPSS23.0專業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件分析本研究所有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料:計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者術(shù)中不同時(shí)段HR、MAP、SaO2比較
觀察組患者術(shù)中不同時(shí)段平均心率均低于對(duì)照組,平均動(dòng)脈壓和血氧飽和度較穩(wěn)定且均比對(duì)照組高,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)中OAA/S 鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分比較
對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)中20 min、40 min、60 min進(jìn)行OAA/S 評(píng)分,觀察組患者不同時(shí)點(diǎn)OAA/S評(píng)分分別為(2.63±0.89)分、(3.00±1.10)分、(3.20±1.11)分,對(duì)照組患者的OAA/S 評(píng)分分別為(2.20±1.21)分、(2.60±1.20)分、(2.60±1.30)分。觀察組評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.3兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)VAS鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分比較
觀察組術(shù)后6 h、12 h、24 h、36 h的VAS評(píng)分均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.4兩組患者術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率情況比較
觀察組出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐、瘙癢、切口感染等發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表5。
3討論
產(chǎn)科手術(shù)麻醉方式過(guò)去通常采取全身麻醉,雖然麻醉效果較好,但由于全身麻醉常導(dǎo)致患者呼吸麻痹和(或)血壓降低,對(duì)手術(shù)進(jìn)行有一定影響。因此,當(dāng)前產(chǎn)科手術(shù)多以硬膜外麻醉為主要麻醉方式,咪唑安定配伍芬太尼是傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)科硬膜外術(shù)前麻醉藥物[8-9]。咪唑安定的主要作用機(jī)制為通過(guò)刺激上行網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)的抑制性物質(zhì),主要為γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受體,從而抑制皮質(zhì)及邊緣系統(tǒng)的活性[10]。咪唑安定分布半衰期為6~12 min,清除半衰期為2.5~3.5 h,起效及失效均較快,因此較適合用于時(shí)長(zhǎng)較短的婦產(chǎn)科手術(shù)[11]。咪唑安定脂溶性較高,故單獨(dú)用于麻醉前鎮(zhèn)靜時(shí)推薦溶于5%葡萄糖溶液中口服[12]。芬太尼的作用機(jī)制與嗎啡近似,均為通過(guò)激動(dòng)阿片類受體抑制大腦皮層痛覺(jué)感受區(qū)域從而起到鎮(zhèn)痛效果,但其呼吸抑制作用不明顯,不良反應(yīng)小于嗎啡,且小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)其鎮(zhèn)痛效果遠(yuǎn)強(qiáng)于嗎啡,約為70~90倍[13-14]。芬太尼分布半衰期為2~5 min,清除半衰期為40~50 min,故亦適用于短時(shí)長(zhǎng)手術(shù)[15]。咪唑安定與芬太尼配伍曾廣泛應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)科手術(shù)鎮(zhèn)痛,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛效果較好,但由于其不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率較高,且芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)痛作用過(guò)強(qiáng),容易引發(fā)中毒反應(yīng),因此臨床上本法已經(jīng)逐漸被新式藥物所取代[16]。羅哌卡因是一種新型S型長(zhǎng)效酰胺類麻醉劑,主要作用機(jī)制為阻斷神經(jīng)元內(nèi)Na+通道,抑制神經(jīng)元興奮從而阻斷痛覺(jué)傳導(dǎo)[17]。小劑量(0.25%)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元阻滯作用微弱,但對(duì)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元阻滯效果理想[13]。羅哌卡因?qū)π难芟到y(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)等影響均較低,且因麻醉濃度通常較低,而羅哌卡因毒性作用通常在其濃度較高時(shí)(>0.75%),因此羅哌卡因用于麻醉時(shí)較少出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng),安全性較高[18]。
本研究通過(guò)設(shè)立對(duì)照組和觀察組,對(duì)比羅哌卡因與咪唑安定配伍芬太尼麻醉后患者的心率、MAP、血氧飽和度、OAA/S鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分以及不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況。研究結(jié)果顯示:觀察組患者術(shù)中不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的平均心率均低于對(duì)照組,而平均動(dòng)脈壓和血氧飽和度較穩(wěn)定且均比對(duì)照組高,OAA/S 鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組,術(shù)后不同時(shí)點(diǎn)的鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分(VAS)均低于對(duì)照組,且差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明羅哌卡因在產(chǎn)科手術(shù)中能更好地控制信心率,并能維持血壓和血氧飽和度,并可有效鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜,其麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛作用優(yōu)于咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼。而觀察組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,說(shuō)明羅哌卡因的安全性高于咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼。本研究結(jié)果符合試驗(yàn)預(yù)期,且與國(guó)內(nèi)外多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果相一致[19-23]。endprint
綜上所述,羅哌卡因在婦產(chǎn)科手術(shù)中的麻醉效果優(yōu)于咪唑安定復(fù)合芬太尼,且不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生更少,安全性更高,故更推薦在臨床推廣使用。
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(收稿日期:2017-04-13)endprint