Q1:張老師,請(qǐng)您幫我看一下這個(gè)句子:The election campaign has shown her to be anything but strong and stable. 這里的to be如何理解呢?
A1:這里涉及動(dòng)詞show的詞義及搭配用法。
首先,這里的show是“證明”的意思,朗文詞典的釋義是:To provide facts or information that make it clear that something is true, that something exists, or that something has happened (提供事實(shí)或信息,證明某事是真實(shí)的、存在的,或發(fā)生過)。
其次,在這個(gè)義項(xiàng)下,show的搭配可以有show sb./sth. to be sth.,意為“證明某人或某事是……”。這里的不定式短語to be sth.是賓語補(bǔ)足語,也就是說,此時(shí)的show可以接復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ))。比如:John showed himself to be a fine leader. (約翰證明自己是一位出色的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。)也可以采用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)be shown to be sth.,比如:The campaign has been shown to be a waste of money. (這次宣傳活動(dòng)結(jié)果證明是在浪費(fèi)錢。)
有了上面這些關(guān)于show的語言知識(shí),我們?cè)倩仡^看提問的句子,其中show就是接復(fù)合賓語的用法:賓語是her,不定式短語to be anything but strong and stable是賓語補(bǔ)足語。注意其中的but意為“除了……之外”,anything but意為“絕非……”,是對(duì)strong and stable的否定,用來描述“她”的個(gè)性。緊接的下文是:Brittle and prone to reverse herself are more like it. Brittle (脆弱的)與strong是反義詞,而prone to reverse herself (常常出爾反爾)與stable是反義詞。整個(gè)句子可以翻譯成:這場(chǎng)選戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)證明,她的個(gè)性與堅(jiān)強(qiáng)沉穩(wěn)不沾邊。外強(qiáng)中干、出爾反爾更適合形容她。
Q2:張老師,請(qǐng)問“The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.”這個(gè)句子中的to be uniquely是什么用法?不是跟feel搭配吧?剛剛查字典發(fā)現(xiàn)有feel sb. do sth.和feel sb. doing sth.的用法,沒看到to be???
A2:首先,要能夠看出句首的名詞短語The inner workings of our own brains是feel的賓語,也就是說,這是個(gè)賓語前置結(jié)構(gòu),起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,原本正常的結(jié)構(gòu)是:We feel the inner workings of our own brains to be uniquely worthy of investigation. 其中的不定式短語to be uniquely worthy of investigation是作賓語補(bǔ)足語。也就是說,這個(gè)句子中feel的結(jié)構(gòu)搭配是:feel sth. to be sth.。這里的feel相當(dāng)于think,用以表達(dá)觀點(diǎn),此時(shí)可以接復(fù)合賓語。因此,上面這句簡(jiǎn)化后就是we feel the workings (賓語) to be uniquely worthy of investigation (賓補(bǔ))。注意,be后邊是一個(gè)形容詞短語,其核心詞是形容詞worthy (值得的),然后接of短語,副詞uniquely用來修飾worthy,整個(gè)短語意思是“唯獨(dú)值得被研究的”。
上面完整的句子是由but連接的兩個(gè)并列句,其中we have a way of thinking是插入語,不影響custom is behavior at its most commonplace這句的結(jié)構(gòu)。整個(gè)句子譯成:我們覺得,只有我們大腦內(nèi)部的活動(dòng)情況才值得研究,但是風(fēng)俗,我們習(xí)慣上認(rèn)為,是些司空見慣的行為。
延伸拓展
從以上討論的內(nèi)容我們看到,兩個(gè)問題都是涉及動(dòng)詞后邊的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),基本句型是:do X to be Y。這里是采用了不定式短語to be Y作賓語補(bǔ)足語,而且這個(gè)不定式中的動(dòng)詞通常就是be動(dòng)詞而非其他動(dòng)詞。這背后的原因與前面的謂語動(dòng)詞do有關(guān)。下面我們就來具體說說。
在英文的正式文體中,一些表示思想、觀點(diǎn)、情感和意見的動(dòng)詞,比如常見的有believe、feel、show、know、find、understand、consider等等,它們后邊可以接“賓語+動(dòng)詞不定式”這樣的復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)。在非正式文體中,更常用that從句。請(qǐng)比較下面兩組句子。
a. We considered him to be an excellent choice. (我們認(rèn)為他是極好的人選。)
b. = We considered that he was an excellent choice.
a. They believed him to be honest. (他們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。)
b. = They believed that he was honest.
順便提醒的是,在這樣的句型中,謂語采用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)也很常見,比如:
c. = He was considered to be an excellent choice.
c. = He was believed to be honest.
因此,上文提問中的兩個(gè)句子可以分別改寫成帶有that從句的結(jié)構(gòu):
a. The election campaign has shown Mrs. May to be anything but strong and stable.
= The election campaign has shown that Mrs. May is anything but strong and stable.
b. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation.
= We feel the inner workings of our own brains to be uniquely worthy of investigation.
= We feel that the inner workings of our own brains are uniquely worthy of investigation.
最后簡(jiǎn)單說一下,本期討論的賓語補(bǔ)足語是不定式to be結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,英語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語還可以有其他各種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。這就超出了本文討論的范圍,故不再贅述。
張滿勝老師“英語語法新思維”
系列圖書新作:《句子成分超精解》《定語從句超精解》
《名詞從句超精解》《語法難點(diǎn)妙解》endprint