孔燕茹 劉玉勝 綜述 鹿慶華 審校
(1.山東大學(xué)研究生院,山東 濟(jì)南 250033; 2.山東大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科,山東 濟(jì)南 250033)
急性心肌梗死的發(fā)病率和病死率近年來有呈增高趨勢,是致人類死亡的主要原因之一 。心肌梗死后罪犯血管再通成了處理的首要任務(wù),但是急性心肌梗死后心肌重構(gòu)、微血管阻塞等仍嚴(yán)重影響預(yù)后[1]。
(1)在過去的幾十年里,急性心肌梗死后幸存患者的預(yù)后已經(jīng)逐步在提高,更大程度地降低心血管負(fù)荷以減少這些患者的危險因素?,F(xiàn)有的證據(jù)說明左房形態(tài)及功能是不良心腦血管疾病事件的重要標(biāo)志[2-5]。左心房增大可導(dǎo)致各種心律失常的發(fā)生,如心房顫動、竇性心動過緩、竇性心動過速、室上性心律失常等,急性心肌梗死患者中,各種心律失常均可導(dǎo)致不良心腦血管事件等不良終點事件。(2)在急性心肌梗死后左心房的功能受心房肌急性缺血的影響,同時心肌缺血引起二尖瓣反流促進(jìn)了心肌重構(gòu)及左心房衰竭、心房顫動、心源性卒中等不良事件發(fā)生[5-6]。(3)心房大小及功能早期變化在普通檢查方式中是不能測得的,心臟磁共振成像(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)可以應(yīng)用非介入方法測得左房大小及功能早期變化參數(shù)[5,7-8]。CMR穩(wěn)態(tài)自由進(jìn)動電影圖像可測得的心房肌應(yīng)變及應(yīng)變率用來評估左心房功能[4,7]。CMR靶向追蹤、亮血電影成像序列可測定左房應(yīng)變及應(yīng)變率。左房的總應(yīng)變、主動應(yīng)變及被動應(yīng)變均較無二尖瓣反流者明顯升高[2,5,7]。
(1)在急性心肌梗死后中期隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),左室收縮末期容積降低及舒張末期容積升高以保留左室射血分?jǐn)?shù),心肌惡性重構(gòu)是由于大面積梗死后心肌在心臟壁受到壓力下保持心臟形態(tài)引起的[9-11]。(2)CMR是評估心室功能及體積的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。CMR具有更高的空間分辨率及客觀性。心腔的體積可在雙腔心短軸平面應(yīng)用三維成像測得,局部的收縮功能可通過應(yīng)用室壁運動評分測得[12-13]。(3) CMR相關(guān)研究顯示左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)恢復(fù)發(fā)生在急性心肌梗死相對早期[5,14]。Ripa等[9]的研究顯示,在急性心肌梗死后1個月即發(fā)生了左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)提升,隨訪至6個月時射血分?jǐn)?shù)未再發(fā)生改變;在Mather等[15]的研究中顯示,左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)提升主要發(fā)生在急性心肌梗死后的2 d到1周時間內(nèi),3個月后射血分?jǐn)?shù)未再出現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步提升。心腔體積的變化則發(fā)生相對較緩慢。Ripa等[9]的研究顯示,在急性心肌梗死后6個月內(nèi)存在左室收縮末期容積進(jìn)行性降低及舒張末期容積進(jìn)行性升高的改變。Norris等[16]報告首次闡述了CMR測定左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)及左室收縮末期容積對急性心肌梗死預(yù)后的重要意義[14]。(4)在對急性心肌梗死后患者的隨訪中,壞死心肌經(jīng)過一系列的病理生理改變,包括心肌細(xì)胞壞死、水腫、微血管損害及心肌修復(fù)中形成的瘢痕組織,其遠(yuǎn)隔部位心肌也在發(fā)生一系列改變[17-18]。Raquel等[19]的研究顯示急性心肌梗死再灌注后CMR顯示梗死心肌遠(yuǎn)隔部位心肌T1加權(quán)象及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)容積變化可促進(jìn)對這一病理生理變化與左心室重構(gòu)的機(jī)制相關(guān)性的理解。Raquel等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)急性心肌梗死再灌注后,梗死心肌遠(yuǎn)隔部位心肌T1加權(quán)象信號基線至隨訪3個月水平下降,而細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)水平因左室擴(kuò)張與否不同,無左室擴(kuò)張者細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)水平下降,有左室擴(kuò)張者升高,動物實驗研究顯示細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)容積升高為心肌纖維化的結(jié)果[20-21]。Carrick等[22]的研究顯示梗死心肌遠(yuǎn)隔部位心肌T1加權(quán)象信號變化與急性心肌梗死后6個月隨訪中的心臟重構(gòu)及不良心臟事件相關(guān)。
(1)急性心肌梗死后罪犯血管的PCI已經(jīng)成為首選的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案,PCI可減少梗死面積,保留左室功能及提高生存率。梗死心肌罪犯血管再通后,微循環(huán)的再灌注并不能保證。組織病理學(xué)研究[23]顯示梗死范圍向心外膜蔓延時,梗死中心即消失,在心肌梗死中心,壞死是由于心肌及毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞消失激發(fā)的,這就是所謂的微循環(huán),可通過血管造影顯示。(2)CMR可以通過3種方法顯示微循環(huán)狀態(tài):微循環(huán)障礙的程度可反映出左室功能[23-25]。①一種可量化心肌血供(信號強(qiáng)度時間曲線)和信號強(qiáng)度達(dá)50%時間的改良后的模式;②注入對比劑后的1~3 min時間內(nèi)的低灌注狀態(tài),這就是所謂的“早期微循環(huán)阻塞”;③在心肌梗死中心的延遲增強(qiáng)釓顯像呈低信號狀態(tài),這是所謂的“晚期微循環(huán)阻塞”,達(dá)60%的患者會在急性心肌梗死后的1周內(nèi)在CMR上表現(xiàn)出來。(3)晚期微循環(huán)阻塞是心肌梗死后隨訪中期左室功能及惡性重構(gòu)較強(qiáng)的獨立預(yù)測因子,可能是因為晚期微循環(huán)障礙比早期微循環(huán)障礙更能反映嚴(yán)重的心臟微血管及心肌損害。
急性心肌梗死目前首選的治療方案為PCI,術(shù)后不同患者的預(yù)后不盡相同。有研究顯示,有2/3急性心肌梗死PCI后患者4個月隨訪有左室擴(kuò)大,其中約有1/3患者于6個月隨訪中仍有進(jìn)展;有部分患者預(yù)后良好,隨訪中患者復(fù)測心功能及心肌梗死指標(biāo)均逐漸恢復(fù)正常,患者活動及生活能力無明顯受限,兩種不同結(jié)果與心肌梗死后微循環(huán)相關(guān)。CMR可顯示心肌微循環(huán)狀態(tài),隨著CMR序列、進(jìn)展,信噪比、空間分辨率均有提升,多種序列結(jié)合對心肌梗死面積、周圍可挽救心肌范圍、心肌微循環(huán)狀態(tài)、心壁活動動度及由此計算得出的心臟功能均可得到進(jìn)一步精確,對心肌梗死后心臟功能評估及治療方案制定有指導(dǎo)意義;但是目前需要大量研究數(shù)據(jù)驗證,且CMR檢查所需時間較長,對于急性心肌梗死患者難以配合完成,希望該技術(shù)將來可以實現(xiàn)檢查縮短時限,以滿足急性心肌梗死等急癥患者的臨床檢查需要。
[1] Buckert D,Cleslik M,TIBI R,et al.Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging derived quantification of myocardial ischemia and scar improves risk stratification and patient management in stable coronary artery disease[J].Cardiol J,2017,24(3):293-304.
[2] Tomas L,Paulius B,Laura U,et al.Left atrial mechanics in patients with acute STEMI and secondary mitral regurgitation: a prospective pilot CMR feature tracking study[J].Medicina (Kaunas),2017,53(1):11-18.
[3] Benjamin EJ,D’Agostino RB,Belanger AJ,et al.Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death.The Framingham Heart Study[J].Circulation,1995,92:835-841.
[4] 孫文靜,孫林,趙新湘.心臟磁共振評估急性心肌梗死后心肌活性的研究進(jìn)展[J].臨床心血管病雜志,2016,32(4):331-333.
[5] Cameli M,Lisi M,Righini FM,et al.Left atrial speckle tracking analysis in patients with mitral insufficiency and history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2012,28(7):1663-1670.
[6] Khan JN,Mccann GP.Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging assessment of outcomes in acute myocardial infarction[J].World J Cardiol,2017,9(2):109-133.
[7] Kowallick JT,Kutty S,Edemann F,et al.Quantification of left atrial strain and strain rate using cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial feature tracking: a feasibility study[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2014,16:60.
[8] Cameli M,Caputo M,Mondillo S,et al.Feasibility and reference values of left atrial longitudinal strain imaging by two-dimensional speckle tracking[J].Cardiovasc Ultrasound,2009,7:6.
[9] Ripa RS,Nilsson JC,Wang Y,et al.Short- and long-term changes in myocardial function,morphology,edema,and infarct mass after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction evaluated by serial magnetic resonance imaging[J].Am Heart J,2007,154:929-936.
[10] Ghugre NR,Ramanan V,Pop M,et al.Quantitative tracking of edema,hemorrhage,and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI[J].Magn Reson Med,2011,66:1129-1141.
[11] Shepherd DL,Nichols CE,Croston TL,et al.Early cardiac dysfunction in the type 1 diabetic heart using speckle-tracking based strain imaging[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2016,90:74-83.
[12] 劉玲,陳然.心臟MRI對急性心肌梗死的臨床診斷意義[J].當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué),2016,22(10):67-68.
[13] Vincenti G,Masci PG,Monney P,et al.Stress perfusion CMR in patients with known and suspected CAD: prognostic value and optimal ischemic threshold for revascularization[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,10(5):526-537.
[14] Kim EK,Song YB,Chang SA,et al.Is cardiac magnetic resonance necessary for prediction of left ventricular remodeling in patients with reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,Jun 28.doi: 10.1007/s10554-017-1206-z.
[15] Mather AN,Fairbairn TA,Artis NJ,et al.Timing of cardiovascular MR imaging after acute myocardial infarction:effect on estimates of infarct characteristics and prediction of late ventricular remodeling[J].Radiology,2011,261:116-126.
[16] Norris RM,Barnaby PF,Brandt PW,et al.Prognosis after recovery from first acute myocardial infarction: determinants of reinfarction and sudden death[J].Am J Cardiol,1984,53:408-413.
[17] Lee WW,Marinelli B,van der Laan AM,et al.PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,59(2):153-163.
[18] Ruparelia N,Digby JE,Jefferson A,et al.Myocardial infarction causes inflammation and leukocyte recruitment at remote sites in the myocardium and in the renal glomerulus[J].Inflamm Res,2013,62(5):515-525.
[19] Raquel P,Paul FA,Mark BM,et al.Changes in remote myocardial tissue after acute myocardial infarction and its relation to cardiac remodeling: A CMR T1 mapping study[J].PLoS One,2017,12(6):e0180115.
[20] Tsuda T,Gao E,Evangelisti L,et al.Post-ischemic myocardial fibrosis occurs independent of hemodynamic changes[J].Cardiovasc Res,2003,59(4):926-933.
[21] Chen YL,Sun CK,Tsai TH,et al.Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells embedded in platelet-rich fibrin scaffolds promote angiogenesis,preserve heart function,and reduce left ventricular remodeling in rat acute myocardial infarction[J].Am J Transl Res,2015,7(5):781-803.
[22] Carrick D,Haig C,Rauhalammi S,et al.Pathophysiology of LV remodeling in survivors of STEMI: inflammation,remote myocardium,and prognosis[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2015,8(7):779-789.
[23] Klug G,Mayr A,Schenk S,et al.Prognostic value at 5 years of microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance[J].J Cardiovasc Magn Reson,2012,14:46.
[24] Ghugre NR,Ramanan V,Pop M,et al.Quantitative tracking of edema,hemorrhage,and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI[J].Magn Reson Med,2011,66:1129-1141.
[25] Reimer KA,Jennings RB.The “wavefront phenomenon” of myocardial ischemic cell death.II.transmural progression of necrosis within the framework of ischemic bed size(myocardium at risk) and collateral flow[J].Lab Invest,1979,40:633-644.