山西省長治市武鄉(xiāng)縣一中 趙潤芝
定語從句是考卷中的熱點,每年的試卷上都有多處體現(xiàn)到定語從句。高考對定語從句的考查主要體現(xiàn)在三個方面。第一,篇章結(jié)構(gòu)中定語從句的理解,這部分要求學(xué)生能正確劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)上下文語境來理解意思。第二,在語法填空和改錯中選用正確的關(guān)系詞。第三,定語從句在寫作中的應(yīng)用。本文將以從近三年全國卷對于定語從句的考查為依據(jù),根據(jù)學(xué)生做題反饋,對定語從句的難點和熱點進行整理分析。
1.關(guān)系代詞作賓語的省略
典型例題1.What I saw /was completely unlike anything/ I had experienced in the past50. This newness just left me wanting 51more. (2017 全國卷I完形填空)
考點分析:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞位于句末時的介詞賓語時,可以省略。本句中anything之后省略了that,that在從句中作了experienced的賓語,可省略。
2.the way后的省略
典型例題1.“The music can’t be presented to day the way (it was in 1908 or 1958). It has to continue to move, because the way( the world works)is not the same,” says Moran.(2017全國卷I C篇)
典型例題2.Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way (you design your home )could play a role in /whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.(2015 全國卷II B篇第一段)
考點分析:例題1和例題2中the way是先行詞,后面都是省略了in which。The way 后面可以跟三種形式:省略、that和in which。例題1中的此句話正好是30題的答案。30題的問題為What can we infer about Moran’s opinion about jazz?根據(jù)譯文“如今,音樂不能以1908年或者1958年的方式來呈現(xiàn)了。世界運行的方式在改變,音樂的表現(xiàn)形式也需要變化?!彼源颂庍x擇C選項, It should keep up with the time.
3.關(guān)系副詞的省略
典型例題1.I am peter Hodes ,a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干細胞)in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time (the stem cells are harvested from a donor )to the time (they can be implanted in the patient), we’ve got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. (2016全國卷I C篇第一段)
考點分析:In all……這句話中,先找到from …to介詞短語,短語中兩處the time都用定語從句修飾,它們之后都是省略了關(guān)系副詞when。此處考查定語從句關(guān)系副詞when的省略,關(guān)系副詞通常不省略,屬于特殊情況。關(guān)系副詞的省略情況有:①when用于day, year, time(表一段時間)等少數(shù)幾個詞后時可省略。②where用于place,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少數(shù)幾個詞后時可以省略。③the reason 后why可省略。
思考與歸納:以上例句中可知定語從句關(guān)系詞的省略符合以下兩點。第一名詞或代詞之后直接跟了一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。第二后面的結(jié)構(gòu)修飾或限定了前面的名詞或代詞。在看到符合這兩點情況時,考慮為定語從句關(guān)系詞的省略。
典型例題1.No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza (who are moving closer to the children and grandchildren.)(2016 全國卷I B篇第二段)
典型例題2.His presence meant /that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class (whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.)(2016全國卷II B篇第二段)
分析:例題1中who的先行詞為grandparents,因為who之后的動詞是are moving,可知who指代了前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。但like Garza卻將它們分隔開了,例題2中 whose的先行詞為assistant,但in class卻將它們分隔開了。所以分隔式定語從句就是先行詞與定語從句被某些主句成分分隔開來。
思考與歸納:這類定語從句的關(guān)鍵是找到正確的先行詞。方法是順著關(guān)系詞向句子的左邊找句中的名詞或代詞,將其代入到從句中,根據(jù)句意來確定。
典型例題1.Led by Professor Phil Blythe,the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers (which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.) (2017全國卷 III D篇第三段)
分析:這句話既是分割式定語從句又含有插入語,還有句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,其中還包括led引導(dǎo)的非謂語作狀語,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)時需要注意兩點。第一,which引導(dǎo)的定語從句和它的先行詞technologies被for older drivers分隔開來。第二,they hope 為句子的插入語,放在關(guān)系代詞which的后面,將其與它的謂語動詞與句中其余部分沒有語法上的關(guān)系,可將其將其刪去,簡化句子??勺鞑迦胝Z成分一般為簡短的結(jié)構(gòu),如(I/you/she..)+think /believe /suppose /know/ guess/hope 等,放在定語從句的關(guān)系詞后面作插入語。
思考與歸納:對于含有插入語的定語從句。首先要觀察它的位置,它位于關(guān)系詞之后,并且是常見的插入語的結(jié)構(gòu),并且刪去這個結(jié)構(gòu)不影響句子的其他部分,句子成分仍完整。
總之,定語從句在篇章閱讀中的考查主要體現(xiàn)在句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分和句意的理解上,難度較高,考查的知識點較深。在學(xué)習(xí)此部分時,重點從定語從句句型特征入手,分解長難句式。要重視課文和真題閱讀材料中出現(xiàn)的長難句,分析并整理,記在積累本上以供翻閱復(fù)習(xí)。
1.Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃點心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food.However, be careful not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 (which)is not good for the health.(2017 全國卷I )
2. But Sarah, 64(who)has taken part in show s along with top models wants to prove 65(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty she is dete rmined to carry on with her education 66(educate)(2017全國卷 III.)
1.In their spare time, they are interested i n planting vegetables in their garden, that(改為which)is on the rooftop of their house.(2017 全國II 卷)
2.Around me in picture are the things they(改為that/which)were very important in my life at that time,car magazines and musical instruments.(2017全國卷 III. )
思考歸納:從以上考點整理當(dāng)中可知,語法填空對定語從句關(guān)系詞考查的出題頻率要比改錯高。從題型來看,2015考查的是限制性定語從句,2016和2017年的考點大部分都集中在了非限制性定語從句的考查,關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞都有考查,難度不高,比較容易得分。整體而言,語法填空和改錯主要考查對于關(guān)系詞的選用,近兩年的熱點在非限制性定語從句上,所以值得重視。
由以上兩部分可知,定語從句在篇章閱讀理解的考查重點與語法填空及改錯中的考查重點不同,難易程度也不同,所以在復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)該分別對待,按照各部分的考查特點復(fù)習(xí)。