新三教—清華大學(xué)第三教學(xué)樓改造設(shè)計(jì)方案

朱文一

清華大學(xué)第三教學(xué)樓（簡(jiǎn)稱“三教”）建于20世紀(jì)80年代，至今依然是大學(xué)最重要的公共教學(xué)場(chǎng)所。三教位于清華大學(xué)校園的幾何中心，在北面的學(xué)生宿舍區(qū)和南面的教學(xué)科研區(qū)之間，具有極強(qiáng)的可達(dá)性。經(jīng)過(guò)30多年的高強(qiáng)度使用，特別是近年來(lái)清華大學(xué)追求“雙一流”建設(shè)的目標(biāo)，三教逐漸顯露出與當(dāng)今教學(xué)空間要求不匹配的狀況。首先是南北向主干路學(xué)堂路東面的多數(shù)建筑退線不一，過(guò)多的凹空間導(dǎo)致學(xué)堂路沒(méi)有形成連續(xù)有序的界面，其中向東凹進(jìn)的三教地位關(guān)鍵；其次是位于學(xué)堂路旁的半地下自行車庫(kù)利用率低，沒(méi)有起到校園中心地區(qū)自行車停放的作用，導(dǎo)致地面公共活動(dòng)空間被自行車停放所占據(jù)；最后是30多年前建成的教學(xué)樓內(nèi)的各類教室空間已經(jīng)不適應(yīng)當(dāng)代人才培養(yǎng)更加多元化的使用需求。

朱文一工作室在深入調(diào)研和分析的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)上述問(wèn)題對(duì)三教進(jìn)行全方位的改造設(shè)計(jì)，完成了“新三教”設(shè)計(jì)方案。方案體現(xiàn)了以下四個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)：

第一，補(bǔ)齊界面,整合學(xué)堂路空間（圖1、圖2）。學(xué)堂路與南北向布置的建筑有一個(gè)小夾角。新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案將正南北向的建筑通過(guò)屋頂太陽(yáng)能光伏板設(shè)計(jì)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，表達(dá)了改造設(shè)計(jì)方案對(duì)既有建筑的尊重。而沿學(xué)堂路設(shè)計(jì)的改造建筑立面實(shí)現(xiàn)了學(xué)堂路空間界面的連續(xù)性。新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案西立面天際線完整呈現(xiàn)的小夾角，則創(chuàng)造了新三教富于靈動(dòng)感的建筑形象（圖3）。

第二，巧妙設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)造入口廣場(chǎng)（圖4—圖6）。新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案采用南北兩頭翹的加建建筑形體，既探索了開(kāi)放式階梯教室的新類型,又創(chuàng)造了教學(xué)樓獨(dú)特的半室外出入口廣場(chǎng)空間。結(jié)合三教現(xiàn)狀，新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案沿學(xué)堂路布置了南北兩個(gè)出入口。作為主要入口，半室外的南入口廣場(chǎng)滿足集中人流集散所需要的空間，同時(shí)以其新穎的造型成為新三教建筑的突出形象特征。

第三，加建，增加教室空間類型（圖7—圖9）。在三教現(xiàn)狀西側(cè)拆除半地下自行車停車庫(kù)，加建適應(yīng)多種用途的教室空間類型。其中包括不同規(guī)模的階梯教室，有的階梯教室空間與門廳、走廊等公共空間相結(jié)合，探索以“學(xué)”為主體的教室空間新類型。在既有教室空間的改造設(shè)計(jì)中，門廳、走廊等服務(wù)空間被改造為重要的學(xué)習(xí)和交流空間。

第四，結(jié)合節(jié)能需求設(shè)計(jì)屋頂交流場(chǎng)所（圖10，圖11）。建筑屋頂空間長(zhǎng)期被設(shè)計(jì)師所遺忘。新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案注重建筑屋頂設(shè)計(jì)，盡可能大規(guī)模增加太陽(yáng)能光伏板布置，為師生創(chuàng)造了更多的屋頂室外學(xué)習(xí)和交流空間。同時(shí)，被設(shè)計(jì)為黑白間隔方塊的太陽(yáng)能光伏板成為新三教建筑優(yōu)雅的第五立面。

在萬(wàn)能視角下的衛(wèi)星地圖上，新三教改造設(shè)計(jì)方案展示出其在虛擬空間中的獨(dú)特形象（圖12）。

圖1 / Figure 1新三教整合學(xué)堂路空間界面New Sanjiao makes Xuetang Road intergrated

圖片來(lái)源

Figure Sources

文中圖片均為朱文一工作室提供

All figures are provided by ZHU Wenyi Atelier

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

The No.3 teaching building of Tsinghua University(referred to as “Sanjiao”) was built in the 1980s and is still the most important teaching place of the university. Located in the geometric center of the campus, Sanjiao is accessible to the student dormitory area in the north and the teaching and research area in the south. In past decades, the Sanjiao's complex of teaching buildings has gradually been in bad condition and has not adapted to the contemporary diversi fied teaching requirements.

Zhu Wenyi‘s Atelier has proposed a reconstruction design scheme so called as New Sanjiao. There are three points as follows:

First, the fa?ade designed along the Xuetang Road realizes the continuity of the interface of the Xuetang Road (Figure 1, 2). There is a small angle between Xuetang Road and the north-south layout of the Sanjiao buildings. The illusion caused by the small angle of the New Sanjiao‘s fa?ade has become the focus of the design (Figure 3).

Second, the New Sanjiao not only explores the new typology of open classrooms, but also creating an unique semi-outdoor entrance plaza space of the teaching building. As the main entrance, it satis fies the space required for rush hour, and at the same time it becomes the another focus of the New Sanjiao with its novel form (Figure 4-6).

Third, the existing semi-underground bicycle parking garage will be replaced to the underground and 4-story terrace classrooms of different scales and types. The service spaces such as the halls and corridors will be transformed into important learning and communication spaces (Figure 7-9).

Fourth, the building's roof has long been forgotten by architects. The New Sanjiao focuses on the design of the building roof, combined with the solar photovoltaic panels, creating as much more space for outdoor learning and communication as possible for teachers and students. At the same time, solar photovoltaic panels, designed as a Chess board, became the fifth fa?ade of the New Sanjiao (Figure 10, 11).

From the God's-Eye-View on the satellite map,the New Sanjiao shows its integrated image in the virtual space (Figure 12).

圖2 / Figure 2新三教改造示意 / Designing New Sanjiao

圖3 / Figure 3新三教西立面及主入口West facade and main entrance of New Sanjiao

圖4 / Figure 4新三教西立面圖/ West elevation of New Sanjiao

圖5 / Figure 5新三教南立面圖/ South elevation of New Sanjiao

圖6 / Figure 6新三教平面圖/ Plans of New Sanjiao

圖7 / Figure 7新三教開(kāi)放教室 / Open classroom of New Sanjiao

圖8 / Figure 8新三教開(kāi)放教室剖面圖/ Section of New Sanjiao open classrooms from north to South

圖9 / Figure 9新三教開(kāi)放教室剖面圖/ Section of New Sanjiao open classrooms from west to east

圖10 / Figure 10新三教夜景及屋頂學(xué)習(xí)空間 / New Sanjiao at evening

圖11 / Figure 11新三教鳥(niǎo)瞰圖/ New Sanjiao from bird's eye view

圖12 / Figure 12新三教衛(wèi)星圖/ New Sanjiao on sattlittee map