張樹庭 Solomon P. Wasser

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蕈菌的栽培及其對環(huán)境的影響（四）

張樹庭1Solomon P. Wasser2

（1. 國際蕈菌生物技術(shù)服務(wù)中心 香港中文大學(xué)生物系，中國香港特別行政區(qū)；2. 海法大學(xué)進(jìn)化研究所，迦密山 海法 31905，以色列）

6 經(jīng)濟和社會效益

據(jù)估計[67]，超過70%的農(nóng)業(yè)和林業(yè)作物被認(rèn)為是無用的材料或是不可食用的廢物/副產(chǎn)品而被丟棄。例如：劍麻中僅有2%的纖維被提取利用，其余98%作為廢物丟棄；蔗糖僅占植物生物量的17％，其余83％則以甘蔗渣的形式棄置；在棕櫚椰子種植園產(chǎn)生的總生物量中，提取的油只占5％，其余95％是廢物；世界各地的樹木遭砍伐，而其目的主要是為了獲得木材中占比甚微（硬木中纖維素占比為30％，軟木為20％）的纖維素。此外，數(shù)十億噸的鋸木屑、木片、咖啡漿、咖啡渣、釀酒廠的廢谷物、棉籽殼、紡織棉廢和谷物秸稈都被當(dāng)作廢棄物丟棄。對這些材料的主要處置方式有現(xiàn)場焚燒、掩埋和隨意傾倒。如果處理不當(dāng)，極易造成環(huán)境污染。實際上，這些木質(zhì)纖維素生物質(zhì)廢棄物是用于栽培食用和藥用蕈菌的潛在原材料，對前文所述的人類福利十分有益。蕈菌在減輕貧困、增強人類健康和遏制環(huán)境污染方面的重要意義總結(jié)如下：（1）蕈菌能將木質(zhì)纖維素廢料轉(zhuǎn)化成各種對人類有用的產(chǎn)品，如食品、膳食補充劑、草藥和化妝品等[80]，進(jìn)而帶來社會經(jīng)濟效益。（2）蕈菌是相對生長較快的生物體，有些高溫菌類在菌絲萌發(fā)后10天即可收獲食用。通過選用適當(dāng)?shù)木?，還可進(jìn)行周年栽培。它們既可以在農(nóng)村采用傳統(tǒng)模式生產(chǎn)，又可以在城鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行工廠化栽培。（3）蕈菌栽培可以是勞動密集型的，因此可以創(chuàng)造新的就業(yè)機會，特別適合在不發(fā)達(dá)的熱帶國家發(fā)展。（4）土地利用率通常是限制初級生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要因素，而蕈菌栽培因其可采用層架栽培模式進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，因此需要的土地面積相對較少。（5）自古以來，蕈菌就為人類所采食，食用后可立即為人體提供額外的蛋白質(zhì)。而其他復(fù)雜且非常規(guī)的食物蛋白質(zhì)來源，如酵母、單細(xì)胞藻類、單細(xì)胞蛋白等，則需要在食用之前進(jìn)行一定的處理。（6）食用蕈菌應(yīng)該被視為一種健康的蔬菜。栽培技術(shù)改進(jìn)以后，應(yīng)該像其他普通蔬菜一樣進(jìn)行廣泛而節(jié)本的栽培，從而有利于公眾。（7）基于其風(fēng)味佳，蛋白質(zhì)含量高，又具有滋補和藥用價值的特點，因此蕈菌無疑是當(dāng)前及未來的一種開發(fā)潛力很大的資源。

藥用蕈菌在傳統(tǒng)東方療法中具有悠久的使用歷史。許多種類的蕈菌已經(jīng)在傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)中使用了數(shù)千年。在亞洲、歐洲、非洲和中美洲的傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)中也都有蕈菌使用的記載；但是許多蕈菌種類很少被食用，因為它們是木質(zhì)的，味道很苦。

藥用蕈菌對健康十分有益。蕈菌子實體、菌絲體、培養(yǎng)基和孢子中含有多種生物活性物質(zhì)，包括高分子量多糖（主要是β-D-葡聚糖）、異葡聚糖、幾丁質(zhì)、肽聚糖、蛋白聚糖（與蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合的β-D-葡聚糖）、凝集素、RNA組分、膳食纖維等；以及次級代謝產(chǎn)物，如內(nèi)酯、萜類、類固醇、他汀類、酚類、生物堿、抗生素和金屬螯合劑等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，藥用蕈菌和真菌共有130多種藥用功能，包括抗腫瘤，免疫調(diào)節(jié)，抗氧化，清除自由基，保護(hù)心血管，抗高膽固醇，抗病毒，抗菌，抗寄生蟲，抗真菌，解毒，保肝等。

知名的藥用蕈菌主要有：靈芝（）、香菇（）、灰樹花（）、冬蟲夏草（）、云芝（）、金針菇（Flammulina velutipes）、姬松茸（）、側(cè)耳屬（）、猴頭菌（）、斑玉蕈（）、金耳（）、銀耳（）、桑黃（）、樺褐孔菌（）等。

蕈菌富含蛋白質(zhì)、甲殼素（膳食纖維）、維生素和礦物質(zhì)，脂肪含量較低，但不飽和脂肪酸比例高，而且不含膽固醇。因其風(fēng)味獨特，既可作為美味的食物，又是食品調(diào)味料的重要來源。除了具有揮發(fā)性的八碳化合物之外，典型的蕈菌風(fēng)味由水溶性味道成分組成，如可溶性糖、多元醇、有機酸、游離氨基酸和5-核苷酸。

關(guān)于蕈菌的有益營養(yǎng)功效，列舉如下：

（1）蕈菌具有較低的能量水平，有利于減肥；

（2）蕈菌低嘌呤，益于代謝疾病患者食用；

（3）蕈菌低葡萄糖，含有更多的甘露醇，益于糖尿病患者食用；

（4）蕈菌具有非常低的鈉濃度，益于高血壓患者食用；

（5）蕈菌含有大量的關(guān)鍵維生素。這就意味著，人體每日所需的不同必需維生素，大部分都可以通過食用蕈菌來攝入；

（6）蕈菌具有高含量的鉀和磷，這些都是非常重要的分子物質(zhì)；

（7）蕈菌中硒的含量高，被認(rèn)為是一種很好的抗氧化劑。

大多數(shù)源自蕈菌的制劑和物質(zhì)不僅用作藥物（“真正的”藥物）或植物藥，而且用于開發(fā)各種新型產(chǎn)品，如：膳食補充劑，真菌化學(xué)制劑，滋補品，功能性食品，營養(yǎng)品，營養(yǎng)藥，化學(xué)藥品，生物化學(xué)制劑，創(chuàng)意食品等。

目前市場上的藥用蕈菌產(chǎn)品主要有：人工栽培的子實體粉末，子實體的熱水或酒精浸提物，或相同的提取物的濃縮物及其混合物；半固體（多為谷物）培養(yǎng)基接種后，基質(zhì)、菌絲體和原基的混合干燥粉碎制劑；發(fā)酵罐液體深層培養(yǎng)的菌絲體生物質(zhì)或提取物；以自然生長的子實體干燥后制成的膠囊或片劑；孢子及其提取物。

藥用蕈菌膳食補充劑是一類免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑，稱為生物反應(yīng)修飾劑（BRM）、調(diào)理素或免疫調(diào)理劑，它們能刺激免疫功能。定期攝取藥用蕈菌膳食補充劑可增強人體的免疫反應(yīng)，從而增加對疾病的抵抗力，并且在某些情況下消除疾病癥狀。藥用蕈菌膳食補充劑通?？稍鰪娂?xì)胞免疫功能并刺激機體免疫力，幫助維持細(xì)胞和體液免疫的平衡。藥用蕈菌多糖和其他化合物可預(yù)防腫瘤發(fā)生，顯示對各種協(xié)同腫瘤的直接抗腫瘤活性，并能預(yù)防腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移。當(dāng)其與化療結(jié)合使用時，效果更加明顯。

一類新的抗腫瘤藥用蕈菌膳食補充劑和藥物被稱為生物反應(yīng)修飾劑（BRMs）。除傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)、化療和放療外，生物反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)劑療法或免疫療法已經(jīng)成為一種癌癥新型治療手段。最著名的抗癌藥物，例如Krestin、Lentinan、Sonifilan和Befungin，均由不同種類的藥用蕈菌制備。藥用蕈菌膳食補充劑的最大功效是預(yù)防免疫系統(tǒng)紊亂和免疫功能障礙，包括自身免疫疾?。ㄓ绕涫敲庖呷毕莺兔庖咭种苹颊撸?，放化療反應(yīng)，不同類型的癌癥，甲肝、乙肝、丙肝等慢性血源性疾病，各種類型的貧血癥，人類免疫缺陷病毒/獲得性免疫缺陷綜合癥（艾滋病），單純皰疹病毒（HSV），慢性疲勞綜合征，愛潑斯坦-巴爾二氏病毒（EB病毒），由幽門螺旋桿菌引起的慢性胃炎和胃潰瘍，以及癡呆（阿爾茨海默?。?。

我們不能說蕈菌衍生產(chǎn)品可以替代現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)，但這是一類特殊的產(chǎn)品，在某些情況下可以更好地為病患服務(wù)，增強人體健康；或可作為現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的補充，正如文章開頭提到的，可用作保健食品、膳食補充劑和藥物（藥物和植物藥物）[9～11]。Chang和Buswell已在相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)中詳細(xì)報道了一些蕈菌品種的藥用和膳食功能優(yōu)勢[80]。

7 結(jié)束語

當(dāng)前，我們面臨全球人類福利方面的諸多挑戰(zhàn)，包括地區(qū)糧食供應(yīng)不足，健康質(zhì)量下降和環(huán)境惡化。我們迫切需要增強公平有效的全球應(yīng)對所需的知識和技術(shù)。今天，蕈菌生物學(xué)和生物技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得的進(jìn)展可以幫助減輕這些方面的負(fù)擔(dān)，至少有助于找到一些合理的解決方案。蕈菌作為健康食品，其純精制產(chǎn)品可以添加到飲食中，作為抵制疾病的藥物，而粗提物則可以作為膳食補充劑（功能性食品），用于維持身體健康或消除亞健康。蕈菌栽培對環(huán)境十分友好。它們從可能造成危害的農(nóng)作物殘渣中吸收自身生長所需的營養(yǎng)，就像太陽能一樣，是很容易獲得并可持續(xù)利用的。雖然在某些情況下物理和化學(xué)技術(shù)可能發(fā)揮重要作用，但蕈菌生產(chǎn)通?？蓱?yīng)用于那些不合適大規(guī)模資本密集型作業(yè)的情況。術(shù)語真菌修復(fù)（mycoremediation）是特指在生物修復(fù)中使用真菌/蕈菌菌絲體的一種方式。全球蕈菌產(chǎn)業(yè)的多元化作用主要體現(xiàn)在解決人類面臨的嚴(yán)重糧食短缺問題，及其對減少環(huán)境污染方面的積極貢獻(xiàn)。而且蕈菌的生產(chǎn)和銷售可以作為促進(jìn)社會經(jīng)濟公平增長的媒介。

然而，挑戰(zhàn)依然存在，仍然需要在許多領(lǐng)域作出協(xié)調(diào)一致的努力，例如對食用和藥用蕈菌新品種的選育。由于不受控制的采摘和野生采集，一些珍稀的可食用菌根菌類已經(jīng)迅速減少，研究人工或半人工種植野生蕈菌技術(shù)已成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。同時需要進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有栽培品種的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，包括“季節(jié)性”品種的周年化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和更好的質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)。蕈菌是一類獨特的真菌，我們可以利用其在欠發(fā)達(dá)國家乃至世界范圍內(nèi)開展一項非綠色革命（白色農(nóng)業(yè)革命）的試驗。蕈菌在對地區(qū)、國家甚至全球?qū)用娴纳鷳B(tài)和社會經(jīng)濟等人類福祉的影響方面顯示出了巨大的潛力。

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