石偉發(fā),王成龍,尹東,左德靈,陳雄,周晨 (廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)瑞康臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,南寧5300;廣西壯族自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院)
隨著人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的普及及手術(shù)技術(shù)的提升,臨床上進(jìn)行人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者數(shù)量逐年增多,與之對(duì)應(yīng)進(jìn)行人工關(guān)節(jié)翻修手術(shù)的患者數(shù)量也逐年增加。導(dǎo)致人工關(guān)節(jié)翻修的原因主要有關(guān)節(jié)無(wú)菌性松動(dòng)和假體周?chē)腥?,全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率為0.3%~1.7%,全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率為0.8%~1.9%[1,2]。糖尿病、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良、病態(tài)肥胖、貧血、類(lèi)風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎、肝腎相關(guān)疾病等,以及男性、尤其是有吸煙史均為關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜奈kU(xiǎn)因素,已經(jīng)成為國(guó)際共識(shí)[3],稱(chēng)為機(jī)體不可改變因素。術(shù)前關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺、無(wú)癥狀性菌尿、鼻腔定植菌等三個(gè)潛在危險(xiǎn)因素可在術(shù)前進(jìn)行處理,稱(chēng)為機(jī)體可改變因素[4]。本研究對(duì)上述機(jī)體可改變因素與關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜年P(guān)系作一綜述。
關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)穿刺抽取積液、注射糖皮質(zhì)激素或玻璃酸鈉是骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎保守治療的主流方法之一[5,6]。目前關(guān)節(jié)侵入性操作是否會(huì)造成關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)感染,包括無(wú)癥狀性感染以及是否會(huì)誘發(fā)髖、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥救源嬖跔?zhēng)議。最近一項(xiàng)回顧性隊(duì)列研究顯示,術(shù)前關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺是造成關(guān)節(jié)深部感染的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,尤其是關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射糖皮質(zhì)激素,其導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)深部感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于注射玻璃酸鈉(OR=3.21,95%CI: 1.63~6.31,P<0.01)[7]。若術(shù)前關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺后存在低毒性或無(wú)癥狀性感染,且感染未得到及時(shí)處理時(shí)再行關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù),有可能會(huì)誘發(fā)關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥?。Bedard等[8]納入近9萬(wàn)例關(guān)節(jié)置換患者的一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果表明,術(shù)前進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺的患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染(包括淺部和深部感染)發(fā)生率為4.4%,高于術(shù)前未進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺的患者(OR=1.23,95%CI: 1.15~1.33,P<0.01)。Chambers等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺不僅可能誘發(fā)髖關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥?,而且多?兩次及兩次以上)關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺引起關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于單次關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺(OR=3.30,95%CI: 1.23~1.73,P=0.05)。有報(bào)道,多次關(guān)節(jié)侵入性操作不僅增加了醫(yī)源性感染的可能,且多次注射可導(dǎo)致糖皮質(zhì)激素或玻璃酸鈉集聚,使化膿性關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)生率升高[10]。糖皮質(zhì)激素具有抗炎、抗過(guò)敏作用,激素聚集可導(dǎo)致人體免疫力下降,多次操作有可能將定植菌帶入關(guān)節(jié)腔,進(jìn)而誘發(fā)細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)繁殖。Werner等[11]和Schairer等[12]報(bào)道,術(shù)前3個(gè)月內(nèi)進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺的患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率較未進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺的患者高3.7%,穿刺后3個(gè)月再行關(guān)節(jié)置換的患者均未發(fā)生感染。Cancienne等[13]研究證實(shí),術(shù)前3個(gè)月內(nèi)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺者,尤其是關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射糖皮質(zhì)激素者,其膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率明顯升高。也有薈萃分析指出,關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前存在關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺史與術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥緹o(wú)關(guān)[14,15]。雖然Bedard等[8]研究顯示,術(shù)前進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺的患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后感染發(fā)生率升高,但是該研究中發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜幕颊吣挲g多為70~89歲,亦可能與高齡患者免疫力低下導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率升高有關(guān)。
部分患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)積血積液,引起關(guān)節(jié)腫脹、疼痛,需進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺或者注射糖皮質(zhì)激素以減輕腫痛,但術(shù)后行關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺是否存在導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)鮮見(jiàn)報(bào)道。Mills等[16]對(duì)736例因膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后疼痛行關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射糖皮質(zhì)激素者為研究對(duì)象,發(fā)現(xiàn)其關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率為0.16%。因此,無(wú)論是術(shù)前還是術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射糖皮質(zhì)激素均可能引起關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥尽?/p>
術(shù)中污染、患者免疫力差、手術(shù)部位感染及其通過(guò)血行引起的皮膚感染、肺部感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染等均為關(guān)節(jié)假體感染的誘發(fā)因素[17]。其中泌尿系統(tǒng)炎癥與關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥臼欠裼嘘P(guān)仍存在爭(zhēng)議。泌尿系統(tǒng)炎癥包括有癥狀性尿路感染和無(wú)癥狀性菌尿。前者可能存在菌血癥,術(shù)前需給予治療;后者尿檢結(jié)果顯示存在細(xì)菌而患者并無(wú)明顯臨床癥狀。最近的Sousa等[18]調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,510例患者入院前存在無(wú)癥狀性菌尿的比例高達(dá)36%。Singh等[19]對(duì)128例擬行單側(cè)或雙側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行術(shù)前尿路情況篩查,結(jié)果顯示其術(shù)前存在無(wú)癥狀菌尿的比例與Sousa等[18]的研究結(jié)果基本一致。目前支持無(wú)癥狀性菌尿與關(guān)節(jié)假體感染存在一定關(guān)系的學(xué)者認(rèn)為,泌尿系統(tǒng)存在細(xì)菌,細(xì)菌可能通過(guò)血液引起菌血癥,繼而導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥?。Sousa等[18]以2 500例關(guān)節(jié)置換患者為研究對(duì)象,結(jié)果顯示12.1%的患者入院前存在無(wú)癥狀性菌尿,1.7%的患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥?,且無(wú)癥狀性菌尿患者術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率更高(OR=3.23,95%CI: 1.67~6.27,P<0.01),術(shù)前無(wú)癥狀菌尿是關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜莫?dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。該研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗生素并不能降低關(guān)節(jié)置換患者術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥景l(fā)生率,與我國(guó)王永成等[20]研究結(jié)論一致。分析原因,可能是培養(yǎng)出來(lái)的細(xì)菌大多數(shù)是革蘭陰性菌,術(shù)前抗生素未能覆蓋,因此預(yù)防性用藥效果不佳。但Singh等[19]、王永成等[20]研究均發(fā)現(xiàn),關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥菊叩膭?chuàng)面與假體周?chē)囵B(yǎng)出來(lái)的細(xì)菌不一致,這可能是部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為泌尿系統(tǒng)炎癥與關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥緵](méi)有必然聯(lián)系的原因之一,但其具體機(jī)制仍不明了[21]。Park等[22]研究顯示,關(guān)節(jié)置換患者入院前無(wú)癥狀性菌尿的比例約為2.4%,明顯低于既往報(bào)道[18,19],可能與標(biāo)本選取時(shí)是否造成污染和納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(是否使用導(dǎo)尿管)不同有關(guān);該研究經(jīng)過(guò)1年隨訪,未發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)癥狀性菌尿患者術(shù)后發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥荆赡芘c患者術(shù)后應(yīng)用7天抗生素有關(guān)。Bouvet等[23]同樣認(rèn)為,無(wú)癥狀性菌尿與關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥緹o(wú)必然聯(lián)系,該研究納入的510例關(guān)節(jié)置換患者中有178例(35%)存在無(wú)癥狀性菌尿,但術(shù)后3個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)僅25例出現(xiàn)有癥狀性尿路感染,其中有2/3的患者術(shù)前尿常規(guī)檢查正常。該研究認(rèn)為關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥九c無(wú)癥狀性菌尿沒(méi)有必然聯(lián)系,建議關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)前患者不需要進(jìn)行尿常規(guī)檢查,以減少住院費(fèi)用。Ollivere等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)癥狀性菌尿患者傷口感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,39例尿檢陽(yáng)性的患者中有36%出現(xiàn)傷口延遲愈合或者淺表感染。Singh等[19]認(rèn)為,存在無(wú)癥狀性菌尿的患者皮膚菌群分布不同于無(wú)尿路感染的患者,多變量模型提示無(wú)癥狀性菌尿有可能是某種其他未知特征的標(biāo)志,仍需深入研究。
因空氣通過(guò)鼻腔過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入肺臟,故鼻腔內(nèi)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)難免有細(xì)菌定植。金黃色葡萄球菌是鼻腔內(nèi)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)常見(jiàn)的定植菌,由于抗生素濫用和細(xì)菌耐藥性增強(qiáng),Bradley等[25]還在鼻腔內(nèi)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)定植菌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌(MRSA),而MRSA是外科手術(shù)部位感染的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[26]。金黃色葡萄球菌亦是關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜某R?jiàn)菌種,鼻腔內(nèi)定植菌與假體周?chē)腥臼欠裼嘘P(guān)目前仍不明了。Levy等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鼻腔定植金黃色葡萄球菌的患者術(shù)后手術(shù)部位感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。Baratz等[28]的一項(xiàng)回顧性分析研究顯示,22%的關(guān)節(jié)置換患者鼻腔定植MRSA,感染MRSA與未感染MRSA的患者發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)相當(dāng),但亞組分析結(jié)果顯示感染MRSA者發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于感染甲氧西林敏感金黃色葡萄球菌者,考慮可能與樣本量不足有關(guān)。Yano等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻腔定植MRSA與手術(shù)部位感染MRSA的耐藥模式完全相同。Ratto等[4]也認(rèn)為,鼻腔定植MRSA有可能是影響和誘發(fā)關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥镜南嚓P(guān)因素。研究顯示,莫匹羅星軟膏治療鼻腔定植菌感染簡(jiǎn)單、安全,效果顯著并且符合成本效益,但是也有不同觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為常規(guī)術(shù)前預(yù)防鼻腔定植菌可導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療成本增加及菌群耐藥[30]。
綜上所述,關(guān)節(jié)腔穿刺、無(wú)癥狀性菌尿、鼻腔定植菌這三個(gè)機(jī)體可改變因素可能與關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)假體周?chē)腥居嘘P(guān),需納入術(shù)前考慮范疇。
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