◎嚴(yán)秀芹
高中英語(yǔ)課程新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)向教師提出了更高的要求,要求教師在教學(xué)過(guò)程中充分發(fā)揮自己的主導(dǎo)地位和學(xué)生的主體地位,在教學(xué)中密切關(guān)注學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中反饋出的各種信息(包括知識(shí)掌握情況,心理活動(dòng)情況等),及時(shí)調(diào)整教育教學(xué)策略,有針對(duì)性地解決問(wèn)題,并且及時(shí)地作出有效反饋,引導(dǎo)幫助學(xué)生的形成積極健康思想感情,使反饋語(yǔ)成為形成學(xué)生具有積極健康思想感情的支架。
1.概念解釋 Vygotsky(1978,1986)認(rèn)為每個(gè)孩子的能力都存在兩個(gè)水平:實(shí)際水平和潛在水平。孩子獨(dú)立解決問(wèn)題的實(shí)際水平和在教師指導(dǎo)下達(dá)到的潛在水平之間的差異就叫做最近發(fā)展區(qū)(zone of proximal development),簡(jiǎn)稱ZPD。這種指導(dǎo)和幫助就是“支架(scaffold)”。
2.教師反饋語(yǔ)與情感支架功能 不管在國(guó)內(nèi)還是國(guó)外,很多學(xué)者都對(duì)教師反饋語(yǔ)和它在促進(jìn)學(xué)生情感方面的作用展開了研究。
Vigil和Oilier(1976)認(rèn)為,師生間的反饋包含兩種信息:師生間的情意關(guān)系(affective relationship)和認(rèn)知信息,如事實(shí)、觀念等。情意信息主要編碼在動(dòng)態(tài)機(jī)制(Kinetic mechanism)中,如手勢(shì)、聲調(diào)、面部表情等,情意信息對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程和結(jié)果都產(chǎn)生明顯的心理影響。Weiner(1982)還發(fā)現(xiàn)教師的反饋會(huì)影響學(xué)生的歸因傾向。學(xué)生對(duì)自己成敗的歸因,并非完全以成績(jī)高低為基礎(chǔ),而是受到教師對(duì)他表現(xiàn)所作反饋的影響。要維持學(xué)生(特別是自信心不足的學(xué)生)的動(dòng)力,教師多提供積極反饋,給予鼓勵(lì)和支持,是至關(guān)重要的。Brown(2002)更明確地指出:“消極(負(fù)面)的反饋(negative feedback),不管其認(rèn)知信息量有多大,很可能致使學(xué)生放棄新的交際嘗試?!?/p>
1.研究問(wèn)題 本研究將聚焦英語(yǔ)課堂互動(dòng)過(guò)程,通過(guò)觀察優(yōu)秀高中英語(yǔ)教師反饋語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用情況,以了解其反饋語(yǔ)在促進(jìn)學(xué)生情感發(fā)展中所起的支架作用表現(xiàn)在那些方面。
2.研究方法 筆者通過(guò)話語(yǔ)分析對(duì)三位高中優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師的三節(jié)課(09年江蘇省優(yōu)質(zhì)課)進(jìn)行了質(zhì)的研究和個(gè)案研究的描述性分析,以期從理論上和實(shí)踐上探討了優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師課堂反饋語(yǔ)對(duì)學(xué)生情感所起的支架功能作用,分析反饋語(yǔ)的支架作用在課堂中的具體運(yùn)用情況以及對(duì)學(xué)生外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的影響。
人本主義心理學(xué)家卡爾羅杰斯、馬斯洛認(rèn)為:教育應(yīng)該倡導(dǎo)全人教育(1970)。因而作為全人教育中的一個(gè)重要方面— —對(duì)學(xué)生的情感教育,就成為英語(yǔ)課堂中要實(shí)現(xiàn)的教學(xué)目標(biāo)之一。在課堂中,教師合理使用反饋語(yǔ)可以為學(xué)生提供情感上的支持,從而促使學(xué)生以更加積極自覺的態(tài)度投入到學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中去。優(yōu)秀高中英語(yǔ)教師通過(guò)課堂反饋語(yǔ)為學(xué)生的情感發(fā)展提供以下二個(gè)方面的幫助:
1.激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣 興趣能有效地激起學(xué)生思維的活動(dòng),而巧妙的情景設(shè)置與富有感染力的話語(yǔ)總能讓學(xué)生興趣盎然。優(yōu)秀教師在注重教學(xué)思路嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)耐瑫r(shí),擅長(zhǎng)通過(guò)反饋語(yǔ)來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)任務(wù)的興趣。
案例一:(教師甲)
1 T:When I searched the internet before class,I found that recently a documentary called Home has drawn many people’s attention from all over the world.Do you wanna see it now?Yes,ok,please enjoy it.I prepared a short clip for you.
(After watching the video,the teacher asks the questions)
2 T:Wow,it becomes so quiet here,could you please tell me,what are your feelings about this video?
3 S1:I feel very sad.
4 T:you feel very sad,what else,any other answer?
5 S1:Human beings have done a lot of things to hurt the environment.And we must do something to protect the environment.
6 T:Yes,we must do something at once now.Ok,yes,sad,do you agree with her?do you have the same feeling now?Yes,me too,I feel sad too.But you know,when I went home with my research on the internet,I found something else that made me sadder,or even angry,why,because I saw this(watching the picture),see this,can you understand my anger?How can they put all the blame on china?How can they make so many evil and irresponsible statements about china.Do you believe that?China is the biggest polluter of the world.
7 Ss:No
8 T:Do you feel angry like me?
9 Ss:yes
10 T:Do you think we should make our voice heard?we should make our anger heard by the world?Do you think so?
11 Ss:Yes
12 T:Yes,definitely,right!Today we have got a chance,you see,(watching the picture),the UN assembly,the UN conference is coming soon;in September actually whose theme is environment and development.So I think this is the chance.I strongly suggest that we write a report together and send it to the UN,telling them what china is doing now to protect the environment,telling them the truth,do you agree?
13 Ss:Yes
14 T:Ok,definitely right!Let’s do it!Take out your leaner’s sheet!
這個(gè)教學(xué)片斷節(jié)選自高中牛津英語(yǔ)的project板塊課,這種課型是學(xué)生在教師的指導(dǎo)下通過(guò)開展小組活動(dòng)進(jìn)行自主探究課。上課伊始,教師給學(xué)生看了一段有關(guān)生態(tài)危機(jī)的小視頻來(lái)激發(fā)學(xué)生環(huán)境保護(hù)的意識(shí)。當(dāng)學(xué)生看完視頻后,教師問(wèn)學(xué)生觀后感,學(xué)生表示出了難過(guò)心情(話步三),然后教師甲通過(guò)反饋表示出同感的呼應(yīng),yes,me too,I feel sad too(話步六)。同時(shí)教師話鋒一轉(zhuǎn),繼續(xù)又向?qū)W生展示了一些外國(guó)媒體在環(huán)境方面對(duì)中國(guó)的污蔑之詞,然后通過(guò)一系列的yes/no問(wèn)題,Do you believe that?Do you feel angry like me?Do you think we should make our voice heard?We should make our anger heard by the world?Do you think so?(話步六、八、十),來(lái)激起學(xué)生的義憤,借此引導(dǎo)學(xué)生我們不能坐以待斃,任聽他們歪曲事實(shí),我們要讓世界傾聽中國(guó)的聲音。
案例二:(教師丙)
1 T:Any more?
2 S9:embarrassing.
3 T:embarrassing.Very good!How tospell embarrassing?Let’s spell it.That boy?(Teacher writes“embarrassing”on the blackboard).
4 T:You are right.Thank you!“embarrassing”I still remember my embarrassing experience seventeen years ago.That day it’s my first day...Er...my job as a teacher.I went into the classroom.I said“class begins”.The monitor said“stand up”.Can you guess what I said next?Iwas so nervous that I said“good morning,teacher!”
5 Ss:(laugh)
6 T:All the students stood there,not knowing what to say and suddenly they burst into laughter.Do you understand?So this is quite an embarrassing experience for me.“embarrassing”
在上述的教學(xué)片段中,教師丙讓學(xué)生說(shuō)出一些具有現(xiàn)在分詞性質(zhì)的形容詞,當(dāng)學(xué)生(9)給出的詞是embarrassing時(shí),教師丙及時(shí)地肯定了學(xué)生的答案,并且用這個(gè)詞講了有關(guān)自己的一個(gè)小故事:在初任教時(shí),自己由于緊張、沒有適應(yīng)教師的角色,向?qū)W生問(wèn)好而引發(fā)的尷尬經(jīng)歷(話步四)。當(dāng)教師丙講完自己的一段尷尬經(jīng)歷后,全班同學(xué)捧腹大笑。教師丙為了營(yíng)造一個(gè)輕松、愉快的教學(xué)環(huán)境,很機(jī)智的通過(guò)學(xué)生的回答講述了有關(guān)自己的一段小故事。
本文以高中優(yōu)秀教師的課堂反饋語(yǔ)為研究主要研究對(duì)象,從會(huì)話分析的視角,對(duì)優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師課堂反饋語(yǔ)的情感支架功能予以探討和描述,從而確證:優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)教師反饋話語(yǔ)對(duì)學(xué)生情感發(fā)展提供支架作用,主要體現(xiàn)在下面四個(gè)方面:1.激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣;2.減少學(xué)生課堂焦慮感;3.培養(yǎng)自信心、獲得成就感;4.幫助學(xué)生樹立正確的情感價(jià)值觀。作為英語(yǔ)教師,要增強(qiáng)課堂反饋語(yǔ)對(duì)促進(jìn)學(xué)生情感發(fā)展的支架作用的意識(shí),向優(yōu)秀教師學(xué)習(xí),課堂上,注意有效的反饋語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用,發(fā)展學(xué)生積極健康向上情感態(tài)度,從而促進(jìn)他們對(duì)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)。
[1]Vygotsky,L.S.1978.Mind in Society:The Development of Higher Psychological Processes[M].Cambridge.MAHarvard University Press.
[2]Welen.W.Questioning skills,for Teachers[M].National Education Association of the United States,Second Edition,F(xiàn)ourth Printing,1991.