毛瑞濤,陳偉,鄒嶺,李自慧,葉甲舟,白濤,陳潔,陳健康,王翠,劉寧,楊曉麗,吳飛翔
1.吉林大學(xué) 中日聯(lián)誼醫(yī)院,吉林 長(zhǎng)春 130000;2.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué) 附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院肝膽外科,廣西南寧 5300021;3.湘南學(xué)院 附屬醫(yī)院,湖南 郴州 423000;4.中國(guó)人民武裝警察部隊(duì)總醫(yī)院 檢驗(yàn)科,北京 100039
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是真核細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)合成、脂質(zhì)生成和鈣離子貯存的主要場(chǎng)所。當(dāng)細(xì)胞的環(huán)境由于生理或病理?xiàng)l件改變時(shí),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)腔內(nèi)未折疊蛋白、錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白增加或鈣離子濃度改變,均可誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(ER stress,ERS)。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激激活內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激反應(yīng)或未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR)[1]。UPR主要通過IRE1α、PERK、ATF6信號(hào)通路,此3條通路的激活可引起炎癥侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和基因組不穩(wěn)定性等。同時(shí),高表達(dá)的信號(hào)分子如Xbp1、IRE1和ATF4等能引起淋巴細(xì)胞和白細(xì)胞的聚集,釋放多種細(xì)胞因子包括趨化因子CXCL家族、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)等。因此,當(dāng)發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激時(shí),腫瘤細(xì)胞中各種細(xì)胞因子水平的變化將觸發(fā)不同信號(hào)通路的反應(yīng)[2]。我們應(yīng)用熒光定量PCR等方法,檢測(cè)了衣霉素(tunicamycin,TM)刺激誘發(fā)的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激對(duì)HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞不同趨化因子表達(dá)水平的影響。
人肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞由軍事醫(yī)學(xué)研究院生物工程研究所鐘輝課題組惠贈(zèng),在含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中加入100 μg/mL鏈霉素和100 U/mL青霉素,于含95%空氣和5%CO2的37℃恒溫箱里培養(yǎng),每2~3 d傳代一次,用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的細(xì)胞應(yīng)處于對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期。
人CXCL1 ELISA試劑盒、衣霉素、丙二醇甲醚醋酸酯(TPA)、DMSO購(gòu)自Sigma-Aldrich公司;焦碳酸二乙脂(DEPC)購(gòu)自上海生物工程公司;TRNzol-A+總RNA提取試劑盒、SuperReal熒光定量預(yù)混試劑彩色版(SYBR Green)購(gòu)自天根生化科技有限公司;TransScript Frist-Strand cDNA Synthesis試劑盒購(gòu)自全式金生物技術(shù)公司;EP管、無RNase的PCR管、0.2 mL八連排透明PCR薄壁管購(gòu)自Axygen公司。
當(dāng)HepG2細(xì)胞長(zhǎng)至70%時(shí),換成新鮮的含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)基,再分別用5 mmol/ mL DMSO,0、2.5、5、10 mmol/mL TM處理,誘導(dǎo)HepG2細(xì)胞發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,分別在培養(yǎng)12和24 h后收集細(xì)胞及培養(yǎng)基。
熒光定量PCR測(cè)定HepG2細(xì)胞中CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL8的mRNA表達(dá)。提取HepG2細(xì)胞RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄成cDNA,反應(yīng)體系為20 μL(逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)條件:42℃ 30 min逆轉(zhuǎn)錄,85℃ 5 min滅活逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶)。PCR反應(yīng)體系為10 μL(反應(yīng)條件:預(yù)變性95℃ 15 min,變性95℃ 10 s,退火延伸60℃ 30 s)。各樣品均以βactin作為內(nèi)參照,引物序列見表1。
ELISA測(cè)定HepG2細(xì)胞中的CXCL1含量。將制備的HepG2細(xì)胞勻漿液于4℃、13 000 r/min離心10 min,提取上清液,采用雙抗體夾心法測(cè)定HepG2細(xì)胞中的CXCL1濃度,所有操作均按照ELISA檢測(cè)試劑盒說明書執(zhí)行。用SPSS22.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),采用單因素方差分析對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較,P<0.05認(rèn)為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
用不同濃度的TM刺激HepG2細(xì)胞,使其發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,分別在12和24 h收集HepG2細(xì)胞提取總mRNA,通過熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)其細(xì)胞內(nèi)趨化因子的mRNA水平。結(jié)果見圖1,TM刺激組CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3的mRNA水平比對(duì)照組顯著升高(P<0.05),其中CXCL1的mRNA水平隨不同濃度梯度的TM刺激依次增高。但CXCL8的mRNA水平降低(P<0.05)。以上結(jié)果說明HepG2細(xì)胞發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激時(shí),不同趨化因子的表達(dá)趨勢(shì)有所不同。
表1 引物及序列
圖1 不同濃度TM刺激下HepG2細(xì)胞內(nèi)趨化因子mRNA的表達(dá)
用ELISA檢測(cè)經(jīng)不同濃度TM刺激后HepG2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基上清中CXCL1的分泌水平,結(jié)果見圖2,TM刺激組的CXCL1水平明顯高于對(duì)照組,且CXCL1水平和TM濃度呈正相關(guān)。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定是實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)功能的基本條件。研究表明[3-5],當(dāng)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)所處的微環(huán)境受到病原微生物、營(yíng)養(yǎng)底物缺乏、脂肪超載、炎性因子、缺血缺氧等應(yīng)激原嚴(yán)重持續(xù)性刺激后出現(xiàn)過多未折疊或錯(cuò)誤折疊蛋白,能夠引起多條信號(hào)通路反應(yīng)(UPR),應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡[6]。內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)凋亡主要通過PERK、IRE1α[7-8]、ATF-6信號(hào)通路[9],恢復(fù)細(xì)胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)環(huán)境。當(dāng)發(fā)生內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激時(shí),PERK信號(hào)通路可增加CHOP的表達(dá),減少抗凋亡蛋白(Bcl-2、Bcl-xl)的表達(dá),增加促凋亡蛋白(Bid、Bim、Noxa、Puma)的表達(dá)[10-13],最終激活細(xì)胞線粒體凋亡途徑[14]。同時(shí),PERK磷酸化引起真核起始因子2α(elF2α)發(fā)生磷酸化,elF2α磷酸化后可選擇性地促進(jìn)活化轉(zhuǎn)錄因子4(ATF-4)的翻譯[15],ATF-4可激活CHOP及GADD34的表達(dá)[16],而GADD34通過促進(jìn)蛋白合成增加氧自由基的產(chǎn)生而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[17]。近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),活化的IRE1α可與腫瘤壞死因子受體相關(guān)因子2(TRAF2)相互作用形成IRE1α-TRAF2復(fù)合物,IRE1α-TRAF2復(fù)合物可激活TNFα依賴性的細(xì)胞凋亡信號(hào)1(ASK1),ASK1進(jìn)一步激活JNK及P38絲裂素活化蛋白激酶(P38MAPK)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。P38MAPK磷酸化后可激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CHOP,通過增加Bim及死亡受體5(DR5)基因表達(dá)、降低Bcl-2基因表達(dá)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[18-19]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ATF-6的過度表達(dá)可誘導(dǎo)CHOP mRNA表達(dá),還發(fā)現(xiàn)ATF-6通過下調(diào)抗凋亡分子蛋白MCL-1而增加細(xì)胞凋亡[20]。
圖2 不同濃度TM刺激下HepG2細(xì)胞內(nèi)CXCL1的表達(dá)
對(duì)卵巢癌的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[21],通過siRNA下調(diào)卵巢癌細(xì)胞表達(dá)CXCLl可以抑制卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖;通過基因重組轉(zhuǎn)入CXCL1基因上調(diào)CXCL1表達(dá)的卵巢癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力明顯增強(qiáng)。進(jìn)一步的研究表明重組CXCL1能夠激活卵巢癌細(xì)胞的表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(EGFR)磷酸化過程,提示EGFR旁路在卵巢癌增殖過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,EGFR進(jìn)一步通過活化下游的MAPK通路引起細(xì)胞增殖。在CXCL1與腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系的研究中,已經(jīng)證實(shí)CXCL1可以直接促進(jìn)人喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌[22]、乳腺癌細(xì)胞[23]、膀胱癌細(xì)胞[24]、腎腫瘤細(xì)胞[25]、結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞[26]的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移;另一方面,CXCL1可以通過促進(jìn)腫瘤血管形成,間接促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移[27-28]。對(duì)膀胱癌的研究表明,CXCL1的表達(dá)上調(diào)可以募集更多的腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(TAMS)和癌癥相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞(CAF),反過來腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞M2型可以募集更多的CXCL1。多數(shù)研究證實(shí)CXCL1與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、預(yù)后有關(guān)。但CXCL1與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)作為腫瘤微環(huán)境中的一部分,CXCL1是否參與UPR,影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡途徑,目前還沒有研究予以證實(shí)。本研究通過熒光定量PCR檢測(cè)趨化因子CXCL家族在人肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞中表達(dá)量,結(jié)果表明TM組CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3的mRNA水平比對(duì)照組升高,且CXCL1的mRNA水平與TM濃度具有相關(guān)性,而CXCL8的mRNA水平降低。
內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,除了已知的IRE1α、PERK及ATF6,還有很多細(xì)胞因子參與其中。本實(shí)驗(yàn)探討了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激對(duì)CXCL家族趨化因子的影響,而這些趨化因子對(duì)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激信號(hào)通路的進(jìn)一步影響將是值得研究的科學(xué)問題。
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