【摘要】近年來,圖畫作文廣泛地出現(xiàn)在各類英語考試中,如研究生入學英語考試和英語四六級測試等。因此,本文將分析英語圖畫作文的立意與寫作方法,以幫助考生訓練其邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局的能力,從而創(chuàng)作出高水平的文章,同時也為大學英語寫作課程的開展與優(yōu)化提供參考。
【關鍵詞】圖畫作文;寫作方法
【作者簡介】游航,四川大學外國語學院。
一、前言
近年來,圖畫作文廣泛地出現(xiàn)在各類英語考試中,如研究生入學英語考試和英語四六級測試等。尤其是在我國2000年之后的研究生入學英語考試中,提示信息多以圖畫形式出現(xiàn),而行文又以議論文為主。但是考生普遍得分較低,其文章在立意與寫作方面都存在很多問題,究其原因,主要是考生缺乏英語寫作的指導與訓練,因此,本文將結(jié)合題目與范文分析英語圖畫作文的立意與寫作方法,以幫助考生訓練其邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局的能力,提高寫作水平,同時也為大學英語寫作課程的開展與完善提供參考。
二、圖畫作文之立意
圖畫作文通常會給出一幅或幾幅圖片和簡略的文字提示,考生需要仔細觀察圖片,并分析圖片所反映的社會現(xiàn)象或問題,以“透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)”,“一朵花中見天堂”的眼光剖析圖畫中蘊含的深刻寓意,確定文章的中心論點,然后開始寫作。由于題目明確要求考生在文中應簡單描述圖片,闡釋圖片寓意并寫出自己的評論,故此類應試作文應采用議論文文體。鑒于篇幅,考生雖不用旁征博引,但也應做到言之有理,論之有據(jù),論述充分,論據(jù)詳實且有說服力。優(yōu)秀的作文源于優(yōu)秀的思想,這就要求考生平時要積累豐富的知識,包括語言、經(jīng)濟、歷史、文化和社會的方方面面。同時還應養(yǎng)成細心觀察和熱愛思考的好習慣,逐漸培養(yǎng)自己分析問題和解決問題的能力以及邏輯思辨能力。這樣才不會在寫作時無話可說或無從下筆。寫作源于生活而高于生活,考生若是善于觀察、思考,將個人經(jīng)歷與對生活的感悟融入寫作,做到有感而發(fā)、有情可述、有據(jù)可依,必將成就一篇優(yōu)秀的作文。此外,考試時切忌倉促下筆,邏輯混亂或上下文銜接不當??忌鷳诖_定文章論點和中心思想后先寫一個提綱,進行一到兩分鐘的頭腦風暴搜尋論據(jù),然后篩選合適的論據(jù)并按一定的順序組織起來,最后再動筆寫作,完成寫作之后還應適當檢查、修改。寫作時可以按以下步驟進行:
第一部分(破題、引入)用一、兩句話簡單描寫圖片的主要信息,點出圖片所反映的社會現(xiàn)象并引入話題。第二部分(立論、闡述、論據(jù))提出論點,進一步分析圖片揭示的寓意、該社會現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因或某負面情況導致的后果,并輔之以具體論據(jù)充分論述。論據(jù)可以是客觀事實、歷史事件、名人典故或具體數(shù)據(jù)等等。第三部分(總結(jié))再次強調(diào)文章的中心論點,結(jié)尾簡短有力,發(fā)人深思且令人印象深刻。注意總結(jié)部分不能有前文未涉及到的內(nèi)容,也不能提出新觀點,最好做到首尾呼應,如果前文提出了某個問題,這里應給予回答。需要指出的是考生不必按“三段論”的方式羅列以上三部分內(nèi)容,應打破固定的思維模式,靈活組織段落。例如,開頭引入部分可以與第二部分寫成一段,總結(jié)陳述部分為第二段;抑或破題引入部分自成一段,立論闡述部分為第二段,一句話總結(jié)寫在第二段末尾;再則可以讓第二部分各分論點獨立成段,文章可以是“四段論”、“五段論”、“六段論”……此外,短文作文要求考生在切中題意并覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點的基礎上使用豐富的語法結(jié)構和詞匯,切忌千篇一律和句式單一,語言應自然流暢,語句連貫,條理清晰,忌背模版或依葫蘆畫瓢。
【例1】
Directions: Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and then give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (2009年全國碩士研究生入學考試英語試題)
Sample:
As can be seen in the picture, in the “net” sit a group of people surfing the net. They enjoy sending messages and expressing ideas through the internet so much that they almost forget the goodness and uniqueness of face-to-face communication.
Theres no doubt that Internet is one of the greatest innovations of the 20th century which has revolutionized the world in almost every aspect. It has changed the way we behave and the way we communicate. We benefit a lot from the convenience of online shopping, video call, network course and the like. Moreover, we could even have access to the newly released album, movie or the latest academic journal via the internet. However, theres also some negative impact that cannot be neglected. More and more young people prefer to press the button and chat online, which makes them alienated from their family and even the real society. Some students tend to spend hours watching movie or playing computer games, making the great invention enemy of their health. According to the recent survey, nearly 40% of the teenagers in our country are addicted to Internet, among which half of them have psychological problems. They benefit from the net, love the fun it brings to them, but they are also caught in the net. The situation is so serious that its high time that certain measures should be taken to cope with it.
An British writer named Charles Percy Snow once said “technology is an odd thing: it brings you great gifts with one hand, and it stabs you in the back with the other.” Internet is no exception. Only if we use it with proper purposes and self-control can we foster the strength of Internet while avoiding its disadvantages and enjoy our life to the best.
這是一篇很好的議論文,不僅中心突出、層次清晰,而且使用了豐富的句型和語法結(jié)構,語言表達連貫、自然。作者開篇簡明扼要地描述了圖片內(nèi)容,并提出自己的論點。倒裝句“in the ‘net sit a group of people surfing the net”的使用不僅簡潔明確,而且運用“net”一詞多意的特點重復使用使文章具有節(jié)奏感和韻律美,后文“goodness and uniqueness”的并列也是一樣。第二段中作者展開論述,運用了充分的論據(jù)闡述網(wǎng)絡的優(yōu)勢與弊端,其中也不乏優(yōu)秀的句子。最后一段作者引用英國作家查爾斯的名言指出科技是一把雙刃劍,我們只有正確使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)并學會自我控制才能趨利避害,首尾呼應,升華中心。
【例2】
Directions: Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and support your view with an example / examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (2007年全國碩士研究生入學考試英語試題)
Sample:
As is shown is the picture above, in a football match, a goal keeper is standing in front of a goal, preparing to stop a player from kicking the ball in. At the same time, the goal keeper is thinking: “How wide the goal is, but how small I am! How can I stop the ball?” Meanwhile, the player is thinking what is contrary to that, “How big the keeper is! How can I kick the ball in?”
Apparently, the purpose of the picture is to emphasize the importance of self-confidence in our daily life. We often underestimate ourselves and overestimate others. In all walks of life, competition grows increasingly fierce, imposing tremendous pressure on us, so we must maintain self-confidence in the face of challenges to succeed. Losing our self-confidence before we take actions can not only destroy our mood but also affect our performance.
For example, when I was in the middle school, our school basketball team once played against a famous team in the city. Everyone on our team was so frightened and diffident that we even didnt make any preparations beforehand. As a result, we failed. One year later, we met the same team in another match. This time, our teacher inspired us with confidence and hope. Then, we made a detailed plan and practiced a lot. To everyones surprise, we won! So, from my own experience, I learned that confidence is the key to success.
這篇范文采用了簡潔流暢的語言描述圖片中人物的心理,隨后提出圖片反映了自信心的重要性,并將此觀點作為文章的中心思想,層層遞進,展開論述。最后,作者以其親身經(jīng)歷作為論據(jù),具有很強的說服力,其論述邏輯清晰,遣詞造句表達準確,上下文銜接得當,語言自然流暢。
三、議論文寫作的基本要素
寫作是一個縝密思考的過程,既不能絮絮叨叨,也不能無病呻吟。想要寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的議論文首先要有一個好的論點,除此之外還需要深刻的見解、富于洞察力的思想以及對此有條不紊的論述。好的文章反映出好的思想,而好的思想也需要清晰、自然、流暢的語言來承載。在議論文寫作中,作者應注意文章的統(tǒng)一性、連貫性,做到中心突出,層次清晰,過渡自然,論證詳實。
1.統(tǒng)一性(Unity)。
文章的統(tǒng)一性(也叫整體性)是指一篇議論文只能有一個中心論點(如果是考試的命題作文,則該中心論點應做到切中題意),所有段落都必須圍繞這一中心論點展開論述,緊扣主題,不能有與此無關的信息或論述不貼切的內(nèi)容,從而使文章成為一個有機統(tǒng)一體。
2.連貫性(Coherence)。
文章各部分之間除了要統(tǒng)一,還應銜接得當,使上下文具有連貫性。此外,選擇恰當?shù)倪B詞與關系從句來表達句與句之間的邏輯關系可以讓文章內(nèi)容連貫,起承轉(zhuǎn)合過渡自然。
【例3】
Keeping Pets
Keeping dogs as pets has more benefits than most people recognize. First, they contribute to the health of their owners. Often their demands for walks and play improve their owners exercise routine. In fact, statistics show that dog owners get more regular exercise than non-dog owners do. Also, they enhance health simply by being around to be petted. Second, they provide a means for parents to teach their children responsibility. When parents give children a dog, they provide them the opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities of walking, feeding, and caring for its other needs. Finally and most important of all, dogs enhance the well-being and emotional stability of families. Older people who live alone especially rely on dogs to give them enjoyment and company. Children also find a great deal of comfort in their dogs. As an example, a family dog helps a little boy adapt when his mother leaves him with a sister and goes to work. In brief, although dogs cause their owners trouble and expense, these animals may at the same time return unrealized value.
該議論文主題明確,結(jié)構緊湊,全篇圍繞養(yǎng)狗的三點意義(有助于主人的健康、能培養(yǎng)孩子的責任感以及利于家庭和睦與情感穩(wěn)定)展開論述,且層層遞進,所闡述的觀點的重要性依次遞增,體現(xiàn)出作者在構思文章時嚴密的邏輯。此外,“First”, “Also”,“Second”和“Finally and most important of all”等指示性詞語的使用使得文章的上下文銜接連貫,在具有“統(tǒng)一性”的同時兼具“連貫性”。
3.中心突出(Emphasis)。
中心突出是指文章的中心思想應明確,論點要鮮明。作者可將表現(xiàn)中心思想和論點的主題句放在文章或段落的開頭,并在結(jié)尾處再次點題,首尾呼應。此外,也可以使用重復、強調(diào)、排比、引用等修辭手法使文章主題鮮明、中心突出。以培根的代表作“Of Studies”(“論讀書”)為例,培根在文中科學地概括了學習的方法,闡述了學習的重要性,并指出不同的書應采用不同的閱讀方法,最后還談了各門學科對人的性格產(chǎn)生的影響。每個段落都有一個分論點,并有論有證,但全文卻圍繞讀書學習這一個中心展開論述,可謂論點鮮明,中心突出,層次分明。他的作品邏輯嚴謹,論證精辟,語言簡潔明快,不失為議論文寫作的優(yōu)秀范例。
4.層次清晰(Development)。
文章的組織結(jié)構應遵循“緒論—本論—總結(jié)”的邏輯架構,做到層次清晰,結(jié)構清楚,邏輯性強。在連句成段、綴段成篇時應按照一定的順序來組織安排內(nèi)容,如時間順序、空間順序和過程順序等,或以分類、比較或?qū)Ρ鹊确椒ㄖ\篇布局。
同時,也可按總分關系、并列關系、轉(zhuǎn)折關系和因果關系等邏輯順序展開論述,或兼用對比、排比等方法使文章層次清晰。
5.論證詳實(Support)。
議論文寫作要做到論點鮮明、論證充分、論據(jù)確鑿詳實,除了需要適當幾個分論點來支撐文章的中心論點外,文中所使用的論據(jù)必須具備相關性和說服性。
論據(jù)的相關性是指所選用的論據(jù)應與論點相關才能充分證明論點的正確性。如:
Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics….After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars….
上文的論點是知識源于堅持不懈的調(diào)查研究,而愛因斯坦與安妮·坎農(nóng)通過多年的不懈努力才取得科研成果的例子恰好證明了這一觀點,若是將文中的例子換成牛頓因被蘋果砸中而產(chǎn)生靈感進而發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬有引力或是引用培根的名句“Knowledge is power”都不足以論證主題句中的論點,顯得文不對題。
而論據(jù)的說服性是指所使用的論據(jù)應具有說服力。例如,有同學曾在題為“Can Men Triump Over Nature”的作文中寫到:“Nature is more powerful than men because nature has power, such as wind, water, crustal movement and so on.”所舉的例子具有相關性,但沒有說服力,使得其文蒼白無力,論證不詳實。
四、總結(jié)
寫作是一個循序漸進的過程,不積跬步無以至千里,優(yōu)秀的文章得益于作者在學習和生活中的不斷積累和訓練。本文結(jié)合題目與范文分析英語圖畫作文的立意與寫作方法,從統(tǒng)一性、連貫性,中心突出,層次清晰和論證詳實五個方面論述議論文寫作的立論及論證方法,對考生邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力的培養(yǎng)有積極作用,對其書寫創(chuàng)作也具有一定的指導意義,同時也為大學英語寫作課程的開展與優(yōu)化提供參考。
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