代彩玲 郭健敏 孫云霄 饒軍華
[摘要] 糖尿病是一組以高血糖為特征的代謝性疾病,近些年來它的發(fā)生率越來越高。該文主要闡釋糖尿病的發(fā)病機(jī)制及治療糖尿病藥物的研究進(jìn)展。綜合近幾年國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn),該文總結(jié)了糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)理及降糖藥物的研究進(jìn)展。糖尿病是由遺傳因素、免疫功能紊亂、微生物感染及其毒素、自由基毒素、精神因素等等各種致病因子作用于機(jī)體導(dǎo)致胰島功能減退、胰島素抵抗等引起?;谔悄虿〉牟煌l(fā)病機(jī)制,治療糖尿病的藥物也多種多樣。對(duì)糖尿病的發(fā)病機(jī)制及不同作用機(jī)制的降糖藥物進(jìn)行闡述,這將對(duì)糖尿病的治療具有重大意義。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿病;高血糖;胰島素;機(jī)制
[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1672-4062(2018)02(a)-0194-03
Research Progress of Diabetic Drugs
DAI Cai-ling1,2,GUO Jian-min1,2,SUN Yun-xiao1,RAO Jun-hua1
1.Guangdong Institute of Biological Resources Application, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory for the Protection and Utilization of Wild Animals, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006 China;2.Guangdong Ryan Medical Research Institute Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006 China
[Abstract] The diabetes is a metabolic disease with hyperglycemia, recently, the incidence rate of the diabetes is higher and higher, and the paper mainly elaborates the onset mechanism of diabetes and research progress of treatment diabetes drugs according to the related literatures at home and abroad, and the diabetes is caused by the insulin hypofunction and insulin resistance due to various virulence factors such as genetic factors, immune dysfunction, microbial infection and its toxins, free radical toxins, and mental factors. The treatment drugs of diabetes are multiple based on different pathogenesis, and the elaboration of diabetes pathogenesis and different functional mechanism of hypoglycemic drugs is of great significance to the treatment of diabetes.
[Key words] Diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Mechanism
據(jù)國際糖尿病聯(lián)合會(huì)估計(jì),2011年全球糖尿病總患病率為3億6 600萬,預(yù)計(jì)到2030年底將上升到5億5 200萬[1]。糖尿病是以高血糖為特征的一種代謝性疾病,其高血糖是由胰島素分泌缺陷或其生物作用受損,或兩者兼有引起。糖尿病患者長期存在的高血糖,會(huì)導(dǎo)致各種組織,特別是眼、腎、心臟、血管、神經(jīng)的慢性損害、功能障礙和衰竭。根據(jù)糖尿病的病因,通常分為Ⅰ型和2型糖尿病。Ⅰ型糖尿?。═1DM)是T細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫性疾病,特點(diǎn)是選擇性破壞了胰腺β細(xì)胞,主要由遺傳因素或基因改變引起[2]。2型糖尿?。═2DM)是一種長期的、多因素的代謝性疾病,并伴有嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,且這些并發(fā)癥對(duì)全球公共衛(wèi)生構(gòu)成了重大威脅,導(dǎo)致高經(jīng)濟(jì)成本[3]。2型糖尿病的病理生理學(xué)特征主要是胰島素分泌和腸促胰島素作用減少,脂肪分解和葡萄糖重吸收增加,葡萄糖攝取減少,神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)功能紊亂,肝葡萄糖和胰高血糖素分泌增加[4-5]。在對(duì)糖尿病進(jìn)行治療時(shí),其藥物的選擇取決于多種因素,如血糖療效、安全性,特別是對(duì)體重和低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、耐受性、患者合并癥、用藥途徑、患者偏好和成本的影響[6]。糖尿病是一種進(jìn)行性疾病,確定糖尿病的最佳治療是至關(guān)重要的,因此,用一類降糖藥維持良好的血糖控制并不總是容易的。最終,大多數(shù)患者會(huì)同時(shí)接受≥2種作用機(jī)制不同降糖藥來進(jìn)行治療[7]。目前,用于治療糖尿病患者的藥物作用機(jī)制各不相同,根據(jù)不同的降血糖作用機(jī)制對(duì)降糖藥物進(jìn)行分類概述。
1 胰島素
胰島素分為短效、中效和長效胰島素,適用于Ⅰ型和2型糖尿病。隨著疾病的發(fā)展,口服降糖藥物由于控制血糖不足,許多患者經(jīng)常被要求使用胰島素進(jìn)行治療[8]。目前,胰島素依然是最有效的降糖劑,特別是對(duì)于糖化血紅蛋白水平高的患者。
2 促胰島素分泌劑
2.1 磺酰脲類
二甲雙胍和磺脲類藥物是最常用的口服降糖藥,主要用于胰島功能尚存的非肥胖型T2DM?;酋k孱愃幬镏饕ㄟ^結(jié)合β細(xì)胞膜磺脲類藥物受體,使ATP敏感性鉀通道關(guān)閉,刺激胰腺中胰島素的釋放,發(fā)揮降糖作用[9]。格列本脲副作用較多,第二代格列喹酮較少引起低血糖反應(yīng),第三代格列美脲對(duì)心血管影響作用較小,血糖控制較穩(wěn)定,更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
2.2 非磺酰脲類
非磺酰脲類藥物同樣也是作用于胰島β細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)胰島素的產(chǎn)生和釋放,但作用位點(diǎn)不同如瑞格列奈,主要適用于T2DM。瑞格列奈短時(shí)間作用于胰島素分泌并促進(jìn)膽汁排泄,與磺脲類藥物不同的是,其在餐后可迅速刺激胰島素分泌,使胰島素的分泌恢復(fù)正常[10]。
2.3 雙胍類
在胰島素用于治療糖尿病之前,臨床指南一般推薦二甲雙胍作為T2DM患者的一線治療藥物,適用于肥胖、超重的輕、中度高血糖患者?;诙纂p胍具有明確的療效和安全性,以及價(jià)格低廉,除非有禁忌癥或不能耐受,已成為治療T2DM的首選藥物[11-12]。而且,磺酰脲類和二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制劑與二甲雙胍聯(lián)合治療是常用的T2DM雙重治療藥物[13]。雙胍類藥物的主要作用機(jī)理是增加組織對(duì)葡萄糖的利用,抑制糖異生和糖原分解。例如,鹽酸二甲雙胍可減少胃腸道對(duì)葡萄糖的分解,且不會(huì)引起低血糖反應(yīng)。
3 胰島素增敏劑-噻唑烷二酮類
噻唑烷二酮類藥物如羅格列酮,主要是通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性激活過氧化物酶體增殖活化受體,調(diào)節(jié)與葡萄糖和脂類有關(guān)的幾個(gè)核受體基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進(jìn)脂肪細(xì)胞、肌肉和肝臟中胰島素的敏感性,改善胰島素抵抗[14],其適用于代謝綜合征、肥胖的T2DM及胰島素抵抗者。Fuchtenbusch等人[15]的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明噻唑烷二酮類藥物治療糖尿病時(shí),可使糖化血紅蛋白顯著下降0.5%~1.5%。
4 α-葡萄糖肝酶抑制劑
α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑,近年來在T2DM的治療領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛認(rèn)可,如阿卡波糖。目前,阿卡波糖是T2DM患者的首選藥物[16]。阿卡波糖主要是通過競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制十二指腸和小腸上皮細(xì)胞表面的α-葡萄糖苷酶,延緩碳水化合物的代謝和吸收,有效降低餐后血糖以及餐前的低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。長期使用阿卡波糖可增加小腸中的食糜量,并激活小腸和結(jié)腸中的α-葡萄糖苷酶,形成一個(gè)消化碳水化合物流程,從而有效地延緩?fù)痆18]。
5 新型降血糖藥物
胰高血糖素樣肽-1(GLP-1)受體激動(dòng)劑,與葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽一樣,均可促進(jìn)腸促胰島素激素釋放,來發(fā)揮降血糖療效。例如,艾塞那肽主要結(jié)合并激活GLP-1受體,增強(qiáng)胰島素的釋放,同時(shí)降低胰高血糖素的分泌發(fā)揮降糖作用[19]。
DPP-4抑制劑如西他列汀,可通過選擇性抑制DPP-4活性,提高腸促胰島素的水平,同時(shí)根據(jù)血糖水平刺激胰島素的分泌,抑制胰高血糖素的分泌,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮降糖作用[20]。此外,當(dāng)DPP-4抑制劑單獨(dú)使用不能控制血糖時(shí),可與瑞格列奈組合,直接的促胰島素分泌作用,可改善血糖調(diào)控,這對(duì)于臨床上糖尿病的治療提供了新的選擇。
近些年來,使用基礎(chǔ)胰島素不能實(shí)現(xiàn)良好血糖控制的2型糖尿病患者,科學(xué)家們又研發(fā)了許多復(fù)方制劑,這些復(fù)方制劑不僅更好地降血糖,同時(shí)降低副作用。例如,采用基礎(chǔ)-餐時(shí)胰島素治療被認(rèn)為是金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),德谷胰島素/利拉魯肽(IDegLira)就是一種新型的復(fù)方制劑,用于不能靠基礎(chǔ)胰島素充分控制血糖及需要進(jìn)一步治療優(yōu)化的2型糖尿病患者,與單獨(dú)使用德谷胰島素或利拉魯肽相比,能更好的改善血糖控制,同時(shí)低血糖、惡心、體重增加的發(fā)生率降低。
6 總結(jié)與展望
綜上所述,糖尿病是一種復(fù)雜的代謝性疾病,同時(shí)其治療藥物因發(fā)病機(jī)制不同而有不同的優(yōu)勢(shì)和缺點(diǎn),這就決定了在對(duì)降糖藥物進(jìn)行選擇時(shí),要考慮多方面因素,如降糖療效和安全性,特別是對(duì)體重和低血糖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估,耐受性,并發(fā)癥,用藥途徑,患者偏好和費(fèi)用等等。盡管所有這些因素都很重要,但是患者對(duì)治療選擇可能有特定偏好。例如,有些患者可能喜歡口服藥物,其他人可能優(yōu)先考慮的是低的處方費(fèi)用,而其他人可能最關(guān)心的是限制體重增加。總之,如今市場(chǎng)上用于治療糖尿病的藥物在起到降糖療效的同時(shí),都會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的副作用,并且現(xiàn)有的降糖藥物均不能根本性徹底治好糖尿病。這就需要投入更多的精力到糖尿病的研究中,開發(fā)出不良反應(yīng)少且適合不同糖尿病發(fā)病機(jī)制的降糖藥物。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-10)