李雅倩 范俊柏 陳麗
[摘要]右美托咪啶(Dex)自上市以來在成人中的應用得到了認可。小兒麻醉相對于成人具有特殊性,小兒術(shù)前焦慮、哭鬧,術(shù)后疼痛、譫妄等,增加了手術(shù)及麻醉的風險,同時也容易給小兒造成心理及生理的創(chuàng)傷,故小兒的麻醉用藥也一直在探索和發(fā)展。鑒于Dex的臨床優(yōu)點,國內(nèi)外的醫(yī)學工作者將其用于小兒的治療及研究中。本文就其在小兒的藥效學與藥代動力學、對小兒生理的影響及在臨床新領(lǐng)域應用的進展進行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]右美托咪啶;小兒;臨床應用;研究進展
[中圖分類號] R614 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-4721(2018)5(b)-0025-04
Advances in clinical application of Dexmedetomidine in children
LI Ya-qian1 FAN Jun-bai2 CHEN Li2
1.Department of Anesthesiology,Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030000,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
[Abstract]Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been recognized by most physicians since its application in adults.Pediatric anesthesia has many particularities,preoperative anxiety,crying,postoperative pain,delirium,etc.which not only increase the risk of surgery and anesthesia,but also easy to cause psychological and physical trauma in children.So anesthesia medication of pediatric has been exploring and developing.In view of the advantages of Dex in clinical,domestic and foreign medical workers use it in pediatric treatments and researches.This review is aimed to discuss the progress of its application in pediatric filed from four aspects: pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetics,pediatric physiology and clinical application.
[Key words]Dexmedetomidine;Children;Clinical application;Advances
右美托咪啶(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)是一種高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動劑(α2∶α1=1600∶1),其受體結(jié)合力是可樂定的8倍,主要作用于脊髓及脊髓上水平的相關(guān)受體。α2腎上腺素能受體分為 α2A、α2B、α2C三種亞型,而Dex主要作用于α2A受體,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛和抗交感神經(jīng)作用[1],與傳統(tǒng)的鎮(zhèn)靜藥相比,具不抑制呼吸的優(yōu)點。α2A 受體主要分布于藍斑,Dex作用于此,產(chǎn)生類似生理睡眠時非動眼快速時相的鎮(zhèn)靜作用,易喚醒,無明顯呼吸抑制;作用于脊髓α2A受體,抑制痛覺信號上行傳輸,發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用;作用于突觸后α2腎上腺素能受體,抑制去甲腎上腺素釋放,降低血壓及心率。1996年FDA批準其用于重癥監(jiān)護病房氣管插管鎮(zhèn)靜,2008年批準其用于成人ICU外非氣管插管手術(shù)和醫(yī)療操作鎮(zhèn)靜,2017年意大利頒布的藥品名單中規(guī)定Dex可用于特定兒科適應證[2]。隨著Dex的臨床應用范圍不斷擴大,其在小兒群體中的應用也在逐漸增加,故本文對其在小兒中應用的研究進展進行綜述。
1 Dex在小兒的藥理學特征及與其他藥物的相互作用
在小兒麻醉中,一些麻醉藥物表現(xiàn)出年齡相關(guān)的作用差異,如一氧化氮對新生大鼠無效。Sanders等[3]以不同天齡的大鼠建立模型,其結(jié)果表明,Dex具有劑量相關(guān)而與年齡無關(guān)的抗感受性傷害作用;但其鎮(zhèn)靜作用具有年齡依懶性,新生大鼠對其表現(xiàn)出最大的鎮(zhèn)靜敏感性。但Dex的藥效學對小兒是否有年齡依懶性差異,尚無臨床研究。
Dex的藥代動力學符合二室線性消除模型,小兒的藥代動力學參數(shù)與成人無統(tǒng)計學差異[4]。Potts等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)嬰幼兒鎮(zhèn)靜目標濃度與成年人相似,清除率隨年齡按指數(shù)增長,心臟病兒童比健康兒童清除率下降約27%,可能因其肝臟血流減少引起。Liu等[6]研究中國患兒中短期靜脈輸注Dex的藥代動力學,觀察其是否受種族影響。結(jié)果表明,清除率與白種人相當,但分布量較大,終末半衰期較長(約4.4 h)。
藥物相互作用方面研究最多的是Dex與麻醉藥物的相互影響,證明Dex可降低小兒吸入麻醉藥及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的用量。鼻內(nèi)分別給予1、2 μg/kg的Dex,可將喉罩置入時七氟烷的MAC分別降低20%和36%[7];將氣管插管時MAC值由2.82%降至2.26%和1.83%[8]。關(guān)于Dex對其他麻醉藥的影響,在小兒中尚無研究。與非麻醉藥物相互影響方面,有研究表明接受肝移植的患兒中[9],Dex可通過抑制CYP-450的同工酶CYP-3A4的作用,降低他克莫司的代謝。在接受Dex輸注期間,該藥用常規(guī)用量的25%即可達到有效的血藥濃度,在停藥后30~40 h內(nèi)恢復正常。在臨床實踐中,Dex在其他藥物同時使用時需謹慎,其相互作用尚需更多研究。
2 Dex對小兒生理的影響
2.1 對呼吸系統(tǒng)的影響
Mahmoud等[10]通過MRI評價不同劑量的Dex和丙泊酚對具有睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征病史的患兒的氣道形態(tài)的影響。Dex的劑量為1、3 μg/(kg·h),丙泊酚劑量為100、200 μg/(kg·min);分別在鼻咽區(qū)及舌后區(qū)水平測量氣道前后徑、橫徑、截面積。結(jié)果表明,隨著Dex劑量的增加,平均氣道尺寸通常不變或稍微增加;隨著丙泊酚劑量的增加,氣道尺寸減小。研究結(jié)果表明,Dex用于兒童鎮(zhèn)靜時,對氣道形態(tài)的影響小,且不隨劑量增加而顯著改變。
2.2對循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的影響
Dex可以顯著抑制竇房結(jié)和房室結(jié)功能,在心電生理研究時不宜使用Dex[11]。Shepard等[12]報道1名先心病患兒在使用Dex 21 h后出現(xiàn)起搏器異常,停用后恢復正常。故Dex在有心率減慢風險、房室結(jié)功能障礙等心臟傳導系統(tǒng)異常及起搏器依懶性的患兒中使用需謹慎。Dex對心肌無直接影響,可以通過降低交感興奮性等方式引起每搏輸出量和心臟指數(shù)降低[13]。
Dex給藥后會出現(xiàn)劑量依賴性的雙相血壓變化,即快速大劑量給藥會因作用于血管平滑肌的α受體引起血壓升高,而緩慢小劑量給藥則會因抑制交感活性而降低血壓及心率。一項小兒先心病術(shù)后的研究表明,Dex引起的心動過緩及低血壓的發(fā)生率分別為21.4%和18.2%,但僅有5.3%患者需要藥物干預[14]。有研究表明,在接受大劑量的Dex鎮(zhèn)靜的兒童中,高血壓的發(fā)生率約為4.9%,而且高血壓的發(fā)生率具有一定的年齡相關(guān)性,<1歲或接受多次Dex推注為其發(fā)生的重要預測指標[15]。恰當而合理的用藥方式和模式是降低Dex輸注對血壓影響的有效方法。
2.3 對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的影響
關(guān)于Dex的神經(jīng)保護及其對遠期記憶、學習能力的影響尚無任何臨床研究。動物實驗表明Dex可以使神經(jīng)細胞免受包括有神經(jīng)毒性的麻醉藥等有害物質(zhì)傷害。研究表明,Dex可以通過激動α2腎上腺素、調(diào)節(jié)pERK及bcl-2/bax比例來減輕七氟烷引起的皮質(zhì)細胞的壞死[16];增加腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)的表達并通過ERK1/2通路誘導星形膠質(zhì)細胞表達BDNF[17];調(diào)節(jié)丙泊酚暴露引起的P13-k/Akt/GSK-3β信號通路異常[18]等多種方式起到神經(jīng)保護的作用。
2.4 對腎臟的影響
關(guān)于Dex腎臟功能的保護方面,Bayram等[19]將6~72月齡行心血管造影檢查的患者納入研究,其結(jié)果表明,通過預防血管收縮劑如血漿內(nèi)皮素-1和腎素的升高來保護小兒腎臟。加利福尼亞一所兒童醫(yī)院的研究結(jié)果表明,小兒先心病術(shù)后輸注Dex可降低急性腎損傷的發(fā)生率(約降低43%)[20]。但關(guān)于Dex對腎功能的保護作用及其機制尚需進一步的研究證實。
2.5對腦電活動的影響
研究表明,與咪達唑侖相比,Dex用于小兒鎮(zhèn)靜時額葉、頂葉和枕葉的腦電活動與生理睡眠狀態(tài)下更相似且低氧的發(fā)生率更低[21]。與丙泊酚相比:大劑量丙泊酚輸注與干擾癲癇樣放電鑒定的高頻偽影相關(guān),低劑量丙泊酚不產(chǎn)生偽影但需同時給予芬太尼預防患兒體動,Dex輸注不產(chǎn)生信號偽影且具有良好的鎮(zhèn)靜作用[22]。以上研究表明,與傳統(tǒng)鎮(zhèn)靜藥物相比,Dex對腦電活動幾無干擾且不良反應少,更適用小兒臨床應用。
3 Dex在臨床新領(lǐng)域的應用
Dex可減少阿片類用量、用于阿片類戒斷且不抑制呼吸,將其試用于癌癥等生命終末期深受癌痛、焦慮等痛苦的患兒,表明可顯著降低患兒的疼痛評分和嗎啡攝入量[23];有學者將其用于患神經(jīng)母細胞瘤采用嵌合GD2單克隆抗體(ch14、18)治療的患兒,與嗎啡聯(lián)合應用以降低其注射痛,結(jié)果顯示應用Dex可明顯降低因疼痛引起治療的終止的概率且無明顯副作用[24]。Kamata等[25]將Dex用于Ⅲ型粘多糖儲存患兒行MRI或腰椎穿刺等不插管全麻,均可達到有效的鎮(zhèn)靜深度,26%病例需要墊肩等簡單操作以保持呼吸道通暢,證明Dex在此種患者中應用安全有效。Dex因其特殊的作用機制被用于小兒精神疾病行電休克時的鎮(zhèn)靜[26]、放射治療鎮(zhèn)靜[27]等,已有臨床試驗表明其可行性。此外,Dex還被嘗試用于兒童大麻素中毒[28]、膽堿能毒性反應引起的躁動[29]等一系列治療中。
4結(jié)語
Dex在臨床上使用的越來越廣泛,關(guān)于其不良事件的報道也在增加。Patel等[30]報道了鼻內(nèi)行Dex鎮(zhèn)靜行膀胱尿道造影,檢查結(jié)束后60 min,患兒離開鎮(zhèn)靜區(qū)后出現(xiàn)短暫暈厥,檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)因心動過緩引起且心動過緩持續(xù)約2 h;另有Dex因拮抗精氨酸加壓素,在患兒行脊椎后路融合術(shù)后出現(xiàn)多尿及高鈉血癥的臨床報道[31]。
Dex因其獨特的藥理作用,尤其適合于嬰幼兒鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛及麻醉中輔助用藥,但尚缺乏多中心、大樣本的研究調(diào)查證實其安全性和適用于各種操作的安全有效劑量。相信隨著Dex的廣泛應用和深入研究,我們可以對Dex有更全面的認識,使其可以更好、更安全地應用于小兒臨床實踐中。
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(收稿日期:2018-01-09 本文編輯:許俊琴)