鄭煥華
摘 要:閱讀教學是培養(yǎng)學生讀后續(xù)寫微技能的主渠道。在閱讀教學中教師可以通過培養(yǎng)學生的發(fā)散性思維、引導學生合理拓展故事情節(jié)、幫助學生掌握細節(jié)描寫的能力等讀后續(xù)寫微技能的滲透,逐步提升學生的讀后續(xù)寫能力。
關鍵詞:閱讀教學;讀后續(xù)寫微技能;讀后續(xù)寫能力
讀后續(xù)寫是浙江省從2016年10月開始的英語新高考中寫作部分的一個新題型。要提高學生的讀后續(xù)寫能力,除開展專門的讀后續(xù)寫寫作指導課之外,教師要將讀后續(xù)寫涉及的微技能滲透到日常教學中,通過日積月累的方式,逐步提升學生的讀后續(xù)寫能力。閱讀教學是培養(yǎng)學生讀后續(xù)寫微技能的主渠道,因此,筆者進行了思考和探究。
一、讀后續(xù)寫微技能的主要內(nèi)容
《普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試英語科考試說明(高考綜合改革試驗省份試用)(第一版)》指出,讀后續(xù)寫評分時,應主要從以下四個方面考慮:
(1)與所給短文及段落開頭語的銜接程度;
(2)內(nèi)容的豐富性和對所標出關鍵詞語的應用情況;
(3)應用語法結構和詞匯的豐富性和準確性;
(4)上下文的連貫性[1]。
仔細分析以上四個方面的要求,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)讀后續(xù)寫主要考查學生在準確理解文章大意的基礎上發(fā)散思維、合理拓展故事情節(jié)、對情節(jié)展開生動描寫及用豐富而準確的語言表達情節(jié)等微技能。在閱讀教學中,我們可以抓住契機滲透這些微技能,逐步培養(yǎng)學生的讀后續(xù)寫能力。下面以人教版高中英語教材中的閱讀文本為例,分析說明如何在閱讀教學中培養(yǎng)學生的發(fā)散思維、合理拓展故事情節(jié)、對情節(jié)展開生動描寫等微技能。
二、閱讀教學中讀后續(xù)寫微技能的滲透策略
(一)培養(yǎng)學生的發(fā)散性思維
根據(jù)所給文本續(xù)想故事可能的發(fā)展方向是讀后續(xù)寫關鍵的一步,所以學生具有較強的發(fā)散性思維很重要。在閱讀教學中我們可以通過讀前預測、讀中在合適的點拓展和讀后續(xù)想(或續(xù)寫)等環(huán)節(jié)來培養(yǎng)學生的發(fā)散性思維。
1.讀前預測
讀前預測通??梢愿鶕?jù)閱讀文本的題目或插圖讓學生對故事的發(fā)展方向進行預測來實現(xiàn)。比如,在Book 2 Unit 3的“How Daisy Learned to Help Wildlife”閱讀教學中,教師可以通過以下問題讓學生根據(jù)題目和插圖預測:Read the title and the pictures. What do you think the passage will tell us? 又如,在Book 3 Unit 4的“A Visit to the Moon”閱讀教學中,教師可以通過以下問題讓學生根據(jù)題目預測:According to the title, what do you think the writer will tell us in the passage?
【分析】在閱讀文章之前經(jīng)常讓學生根據(jù)題目或插圖預測能引發(fā)學生基于原有圖式發(fā)散思維,思考文章可能涉及的內(nèi)容,同時促使他們對即將閱讀的內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生興趣,并在下一步的閱讀中驗證自己的預測。
2.讀中拓展
在閱讀教學中某個故事的情節(jié)發(fā)展到某個階段,適合學生用自己的話說說故事后續(xù)可能發(fā)生的事,也是很值得讓學生去嘗試的[2]5。閱讀過程中學生讀到一定的階段,遇到合適的點我們可以讓他們暫時停下,基于原有情節(jié)進行拓展。
比如,在Book 1 Unit 3的“Journey Down the Mekong”教學中,當學生閱讀第一段之后教師可以讓學生做如下拓展:They decided to take a bike trip along the Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. What difficulties might they meet during the journey and what might they do?
【分析】學生從第一段了解到主人公將從湄公河源頭騎行到終點,旅途中他們勢必會遇到很多困難,在這個點上讓學生展開想象,思考可能遇到的困難和解決措施,是引發(fā)學生發(fā)散思維的良好契機。這樣的設計促使學生在閱讀文本的同時走入情境中去想象故事的發(fā)展,既能深入體驗文本,又能沿著故事已有情節(jié)進行思維拓展。
3.讀后續(xù)想(續(xù)寫)
有些文章可以在讀后環(huán)節(jié)設置續(xù)想或者續(xù)寫任務,讓學生沿著文本主線進行思維拓展。比如,在Book 2 Unit 4的“How Daisy Learned to Help Wildlife”閱讀教學中,教師先通過如下問題幫助學生把握文本主線,了解主要內(nèi)容:Where did Daisy go? What wildlife did she meet? What situation was it in? How did the animal/Daisy feel? What did she learn?
讀后設置以下任務讓學生續(xù)想或續(xù)寫:Suppose Daisy would go on her trip, where might she go and what might she learn? Please continue the story according to above questions.
【分析】這篇文章條理非常清晰,以地點變化為主線講述Daisy在不同地點拜訪不同野生動物并了解它們目前的生存狀況,從而學習到該如何保護野生動物。有了閱讀過程中的支架搭建,學生的讀后續(xù)想或續(xù)寫就可以依據(jù)課中思路有條理有內(nèi)容地展開,思維得到有效拓展。讀后續(xù)想或續(xù)寫的任務設置不要拘泥于高考讀后續(xù)寫的題目形式,平時的訓練應該先考慮能否打開學生的思維,不能因題型受到過多的限制。
(二)引導學生合理拓展故事情節(jié)
讀后續(xù)寫部分和所給短文屬于同一個完整的語篇,續(xù)寫部分的情節(jié)必須是所給短文情節(jié)的合理發(fā)展與延伸,與所給短文與情節(jié)共同服務于文本大意和敘述意圖[3]。學生的故事情節(jié)拓展是否合理主要看與所給短文及段落開頭語的銜接程度,其中與所給短文的銜接教師可以引導學生關注原文的主要細節(jié)、人物的性格特征及文章的主題等。
1.關注原文主要細節(jié)和人物性格特征
讀后續(xù)寫的文章通常為記敘文,記敘文的主要細節(jié)通常包括故事的人物、時間、地點和事件。因此,在閱讀教學中首先要引導學生關注文章的記敘要素。比如,在Book 3 Unit 1的“A Sad Love Story”教學中,教師可以通過以下問題引導學生關注文章的記敘要素:Who were the main characters? When did the story happen? Where did the story happen? What happened to the main characters?
在學生了解故事主要內(nèi)容后,教師繼續(xù)提問幫助學生推斷人物的性格特征:What kind of person do you think Li Fang was? What about Hu Jin? Why?
基于以上鋪墊再讓學生續(xù)寫故事結尾,然后讓學生根據(jù)文章的細節(jié)和人物性格特征評價同學續(xù)寫的故事情節(jié)是否合理。以下是例文的兩個續(xù)寫及學生評價。
續(xù)寫1:Hu Jin was waiting for his answer, though still feeling nervous, he opened his mouth, “Its my fault, but it must be a misunderstanding. I was also waiting for you for a long time.”“Really?” Hu Jin said, her eyes filled with doubt. Looking at Hu Jins expression, Li Fang had no choice but to seek the manager of the shop for help to prove his long-time waiting. Then together they walked back to the coffee shop. To Li Fangs delight, the manager was so kind that he agreed to help Li Fang. Eventually, Hu Jin believed Li Fangs words and forgave him.
評價:I think it was not possible for the manager of the shop to help Li Fang. Because we have read in Paragraph 2 that it was very late and the manager of the shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave. After Li Fang left, he must have closed the shop.
續(xù)寫2:He opened his mouth but speechless. Thinking for a while, he decided to tell the truth to Hu Jin. Hu Jin believed him but felt disappointed and unhappy, because she didnt receive her boyfriends gift. In order to make Hu Jin happy again, Li Fang invited her to a grand restaurant and had a wonderful dinner. With Hu Jins happy tears, they hugged firmly. They would never leave each other.
評價:I dont think Hu Jin would act like that. Because from the text we know Hu Jin was generous and patient. But here her behavior seems unreasonable.
【分析】本課是讓學生展開讀后續(xù)寫較合適的一個文本,教師設計主問題幫助學生梳理文本,獲取主要細節(jié),推斷人物性格特征。通過以上梳理、續(xù)寫和評價,學生會逐漸把握讀后續(xù)寫讀時的關注點、寫時的主要基點,從而學會合理拓展故事情節(jié)。
2.關注文章主題
任何故事都有一定的目的[4]127,即向讀者傳達一定的主題思想。在續(xù)寫中沿襲作者的思想,保持主題的一致性尤為重要。因此教師有必要在閱讀中帶領學生剖析文章主題,在續(xù)寫時引導學生關注文章主題。
(1)情節(jié)拓展要圍繞文章主題
比如,在Book 3 Unit 2的“Come and Eat Here”教學中,有教師對學生脫離文章主題的不合理拓展進行了以下引導。
T: So in the end Wang Peng and Yong Hui combined their ideas and got married. Can you think of other endings to them?
S1: Wang Peng couldnt earn his living by running his small restaurant and became addicted to gambling. Finally, he had to beg on the street.
T: What do you think of his ending?
Ss: Err ...
T: Think of what the author wants to tell us in this passage. We have just discussed about it.
S2: A balanced diet, healthy eating. Wang Peng became addicted to gambling and had to beg. That is not so related to healthy eating.
T: I agree! Remember to keep the theme in your mind while continuing the story.
【分析】我們需要根據(jù)寫作意圖來仔細選擇細節(jié)、設計故事情節(jié)[4]127。該案例中在對學生故事可能結果的續(xù)想評價時教師指點學生要考慮作者的寫作意圖,從而使學生明白續(xù)寫要圍繞主題拓展故事情節(jié),更好地表達出作者的思想。
(2)選擇與主題密切相關的內(nèi)容拓展情節(jié)
比如,在Book 3 Unit 2的“Come and Eat Here”教學中,有教師在拓展故事情節(jié)中進行了以下引導。
T: Why did Wang Peng and Yong Hui get married? Can you add more details to the story?
S: After they worked together for a period. They found each others strengths. Wang Peng was good at housework. Though Yong Hui was bad-tempered, Wang found she was lovely and kind. So they fell in love.
【分析】這位學生有較豐富的想象力,但是所表達的內(nèi)容與文章主題完全脫節(jié)。仔細分析可見,教師設計的任務“Why did Wang Peng and Yong Hui get married?”本身與文章主題“healthy eating”關聯(lián)不大,學生的拓展更難以與主題掛鉤。如果改為讓學生續(xù)想“What would their restaurant be like after they got married?”則學生更容易圍繞主題進行拓展,因為餐館的未來狀況會涉及相關的飲食理念、菜譜等等。因此,教師平常選擇讓學生拓展的情節(jié)時首先要考慮該內(nèi)容是否與主題密切相關,是否為必要拓展細節(jié),逐步培養(yǎng)學生細節(jié)選擇的能力。
(三)幫助學生掌握細節(jié)描寫的能力
一個好的語篇應該具備連貫、統(tǒng)一、豐富、簡潔等特征,其中的豐富是指語篇必須有足夠的細節(jié)支撐主題[5]。這些細節(jié)描寫還要生動、具體、形象才能引人入勝。描寫也就是用語言來“畫”出人、物或一定的場景[4]116。教師可以在閱讀教學中通過引導學生對表達手法、修辭手法等的賞析、模仿、運用等環(huán)節(jié)來幫助他們掌握這一寫作微技能。
1.表達手法
對于表達手法的學習教師可以通過引導學生對比句子來實現(xiàn)。
比如,在Book 3 Unit 4的“A Visit to the Moon”教學中,教師可以進行以下表達手法的引導。
T: Try to find the sentences in the passage that have similar meanings to the following ones.
1) The moons gravity will not be strong.
2) But when I tried to step forward, I was carried far and fell over.
3) Leaving the moons gravity was not painful.
Ss: 1) The moons gravity will not be as strong a pull as the earths.
2) But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.
3) Leaving the moons gravity was not as painful as leaving the earths.
T: Compare these sentences, which ones impress you more and why?
Ss: The ones in the passage because in them the gravity on the moon is compared with that on the earth. We know about it better.
T: I agree. So sometimes we can use comparison in our writing to make it more vivid and concrete.
【分析】教師引導學生通過對比發(fā)現(xiàn)作者用比較的手法讓讀者對月球上的重力情況了解得更清楚,同時使描寫更加生動具體。學生通過這種體驗感知比較這一表達手法的作用,并逐漸學會運用到自己的寫作中。
2.修辭手法
對于修辭手法教師同樣可以通過對比的方法引導學生掌握。比如,在Book 6 Unit 5的“An Exciting Job”教學中,教師可以通過如下方法引導。
T: Compare the following writings. Which description do you think is more vivid and why?
Version 1: I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window ... I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day ... There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air.
Version 2: I heard a strange sound ... I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became bright ... There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was rising hundreds of metres into the air.
Ss: The first writing is more vivid because “l(fā)ike a railway train passing my window”, “as bright as day” and “fountaining hundreds of metres into the air” tell us what the sound and the scene are like vividly. We feel as if we were there.
T: Yes, here what kind of writing techniques does the writer use?
Ss: Figure of speech—simile and metaphor.
T: Now look at these animation cartoons, writing about the rain, the wind and the lightening, using simile and metaphor.
【分析】Version 1的內(nèi)容來自課文。學生在教師引導下對比兩段關于火山爆發(fā)的描寫,發(fā)現(xiàn)課文中的段落由于用了一定的修辭手法,如明喻、暗喻等,顯得更為生動,更讓人感覺身臨其境。在此基礎上,教師展現(xiàn)“下雨、刮風、閃電”的動畫,馬上讓學生進行微訓練,進一步感受運用修辭手段描寫細節(jié)所起到的作用。
教師需要關注閱讀和寫作教學的微技能,并在平時的課堂教學中加以培養(yǎng)[2]7。要在閱讀教學中有效滲透讀后續(xù)寫微技能,教師首先要研究考綱、考題,把握讀后續(xù)寫測試要求;此外要做好文本研讀,挖掘文本特點,并結合學情設計教學;還要引導學生主動分析、歸納、模仿和運用,多讓他們參與評價。
參考文獻:
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[2]葛炳芳. 讀寫整合引領語言運用 思維能力統(tǒng)整語言學習——浙江省英語新高考首考帶來的啟示[J].教學月刊·中學版(教學參考),2017(1).
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[5]魯子問,康淑敏. 英語教學方法與策略[M].上海:華東師范大學出版社,2008:223.