What Drives China’s Success?

On September 19, 2014, Alibaba of China created the largest U.S.IPO2= Initial Public Offerings首次公開募股。指一家企業(yè)或公司（股份有限公司）第一次將它的股份向公眾出售。in the modern history.Thirty years ago,no one in the world imagined this could happen.Nobody believed that China would be able to grow its GDP3= Gross Domestic Product國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值。at an average of 10% per year, becoming the second largest economy in the world in 2010 and expected to surpass4surpass超過(guò)，勝過(guò)。the American economy by 2025.Nobody would believe that China has not only become the “World’s Factory,” but also sent their astronauts into space.Since 1978, China has lifted more than 500 million people out of poverty, creating one of the largest economic miracles in the later 20th century.

2014年9月19日，中國(guó)阿里巴巴集團(tuán)在美國(guó)上市，近代歷史上美國(guó)融資額最大的IPO由此誕生。30年前，沒(méi)有人料到這一幕竟會(huì)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。沒(méi)人相信中國(guó)能保持年均10%的GDP增速，并于2010年成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，且中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)有望在2025年之前超越美國(guó)。也沒(méi)有人會(huì)想到，中國(guó)現(xiàn)在不僅已成為“世界工廠”，還把自己的宇航員送入太空。從1978年至今，中國(guó)已使超過(guò)5億人擺脫貧困，創(chuàng)造了20世紀(jì)末最偉大的經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡之一。

[2]What drives China’s success? One major explanation is through the introduction of market mechanisms5mechanism機(jī)制，機(jī)構(gòu)。, modern technology and management from the West.Since Deng Xiaoping imple-mented6implement使生效，實(shí)施。the open and reform policy,China has experienced rapid productivity improvement.Obviously, learning from the West is an essential contributor to China’s economic growth.However,it alone fails to explain why many other nations in Africa, South America and South Asia were unable to duplicate7duplicate復(fù)制，重復(fù)。China’s success, though lots of them have implemented democracy and have little restriction of trade and information.

[2]那么，中國(guó)的成功之道是什么呢？一種主要的說(shuō)法是，中國(guó)從西方引進(jìn)了市場(chǎng)機(jī)制、現(xiàn)代科技和管理方法。自鄧小平推行改革開放政策以來(lái)，中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)力實(shí)現(xiàn)了突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展。顯然，學(xué)習(xí)西方經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)促進(jìn)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)發(fā)揮了重要作用。然而，僅憑此說(shuō)難以解釋為何非洲、南美及南亞的許多國(guó)家難以復(fù)制中國(guó)的成功，盡管這些國(guó)家中有許多已推行民主，在貿(mào)易與信息方面也幾未設(shè)限。

[3]Alternatively8alternatively或者，要不。, some scholars attribute China’s success to better governance9governance管理方法，統(tǒng)治方式。of the Chinese government.Dambisa Moyo, an economist regards China as “new idol for emerging economies.” Thomas Friedman10《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》專欄作家，曾三次獲得普利策獎(jiǎng)。著有《從貝魯特到耶路撒冷》《世界是平的：21世紀(jì)簡(jiǎn)史》等暢銷書。also gave significant credit11credit贊揚(yáng)，功勞。to the Chinese government for its ability to get things done quickly by stating “what if we could just be China for one day?”

[3]此外，有些學(xué)者將中國(guó)的成功歸因于中國(guó)政府治國(guó)理政的高效高能。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家丹比薩·莫約將中國(guó)視為“新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的新偶像”。托馬斯·弗里德曼還擲地有聲地表示：“要是我們也來(lái)當(dāng)一回中國(guó)，只當(dāng)一天，會(huì)怎樣？”——以此盛贊中國(guó)政府雷厲風(fēng)行的治國(guó)理政能力。

[4]It is true that the Chinese government has done an extraordinary job in managing a difficult transition12transition過(guò)渡期，轉(zhuǎn)變期。from an isolated nation, to a largely open,economic driven nation without falling into turmoil.The Chinese government has also successfully implemented many pro-development policies such as Special Economic Zones and industrial development guidelines.However, the opposite views could argue that the Chinese government has also created many problems, such as serious corruptions,pollution and inefficiency in allocating13allocate分配，劃撥。economic resources, all of which hinder14hinder妨礙，阻止。growth.As a matter of fact,the Chinese leaders have recognized many weaknesses in their governance and President Xi Jinping has called for modernizing China’s governing systems.Even with the right governmental policies, China cannot achieve success without a highly motivated and competitive workforce—human capital.

[4]的確，在從孤立的國(guó)家蛻變?yōu)轭H為開放的經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)向型國(guó)家的艱難過(guò)程中，中國(guó)政府表現(xiàn)出色，并始終保持國(guó)家穩(wěn)定。同時(shí)，中國(guó)政府還成功出臺(tái)了許多以發(fā)展為先的政策，如經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)及工業(yè)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)方針。然而，也有不同的聲音出現(xiàn)，認(rèn)為中國(guó)政府也引發(fā)了許多問(wèn)題，比如嚴(yán)重貪腐、環(huán)境污染及經(jīng)濟(jì)資源配置效能低下等——所有上述問(wèn)題都會(huì)阻礙國(guó)家發(fā)展。事實(shí)上，中國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到其治國(guó)理政中存在的諸多不足，國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平已對(duì)推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系現(xiàn)代化提出了要求。但即便政府出臺(tái)的政策正確合理，若無(wú)具備高度積極性和強(qiáng)大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的勞動(dòng)力大軍，即人力資本，中國(guó)仍無(wú)法取得現(xiàn)在的成就。

[5]I would argue, among the major drivers for China’s success are the Chinese people, the true creator of China’s economic success and the great culture that shapes their characteristics: ambitious, hardworking, thrifty, caring for their families and relentlessly15relentlessly持續(xù)地，不屈不撓地。pursuing good education and success.

[5]因此，我認(rèn)為，中國(guó)民眾對(duì)中國(guó)取得成功也發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的作用，他們是中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)成就和偉大文化的真正創(chuàng)造者，正是這樣的文化塑造了中國(guó)人的品格：志向高遠(yuǎn)，勤勉奮發(fā)，生活儉樸，照料家人，對(duì)優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育和成功孜孜以求。

[6]We all knew the American Dream,a symbol of American ambition.However, people are largely unaware that there are more than 40 Chinese phrases(Chengyu), to encourage children and adults to have big dream for their future.These motivate Chinese people to study diligently and work hard.Age of Ambition: Chasing Fortune, Truth,and Faith in the New China, authored byNew Yorkerreporter Evan Osnos,echoes this untold secret of China’s success: Ambition, which is calledZhixiangin Chinese.

[6]我們所有人都知道“美國(guó)夢(mèng)”，它象征著美國(guó)式的理想。然而，人們大多不知道中文里有40多條成語(yǔ)鼓勵(lì)孩童和成人都胸懷大志。這些成語(yǔ)激勵(lì)中國(guó)人勤勉奮進(jìn)，勵(lì)志篤學(xué)。《紐約客》雜志記者歐逸文所著《遠(yuǎn)大理想之時(shí)代：在新中國(guó)追求財(cái)富、真相和信念》一書就契合了中國(guó)成功背后那個(gè)不為人知的秘密：遠(yuǎn)大的理想——中文叫作“志向”。

[7]The next secret of China’s success is an emphasis on education.Each year,China educates about 6-7 million college graduates, 40% with engineering and science degrees.Chinese educated scientists and engineers are rapidly driving China’s technological advancements and economic growth.In fact, educated Chinese immigrants have become a major driving force in America’s high tech and engineering industries as well.

[7]中國(guó)成功的另一個(gè)秘訣是重視教育。中國(guó)每年有大約600萬(wàn)至700萬(wàn)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生，其中40%為理工科專業(yè)。中國(guó)接受過(guò)良好教育的科學(xué)家與工程師正在迅速推動(dòng)中國(guó)的科技進(jìn)步與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。實(shí)際上，有高等教育背景的華人移民也已成為美國(guó)高科技和工程領(lǐng)域的重要推動(dòng)力量。

[8]Thrift16thrift節(jié)儉。is another secret of China’s success.With a 25% personal saving rate, Chinese people rarely suffer from personal bankruptcies or foreclosures17foreclosure喪失抵押品贖回權(quán)，又稱抵押人贖回抵押品權(quán)利的取消。指抵押人由于未能履行抵押品贖回期間的要求，從而失去贖回抵押品的權(quán)利。.The huge saving by Chinese people have created financial security for many Chinese families, reduced government spending on social welfares, and helped fund many grand infrastructure projects in China, such as the world’s #1 high speed railway system.

[8]中國(guó)成功的背后還有一個(gè)秘訣，那就是厲行節(jié)約。中國(guó)的個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄率高達(dá)25%，因而鮮有個(gè)人破產(chǎn)或抵押人喪失贖回抵押品權(quán)的案例。中國(guó)民眾的高額存款確保了很多家庭的財(cái)務(wù)安全，減少了政府在社會(huì)福利領(lǐng)域的開支，并且為一大批重大基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)——比如世界第一的高鐵網(wǎng)——提供了財(cái)力支持。

[9]The above are just a few examples of how the Chinese culture, predominately18predominately占優(yōu)勢(shì)地，顯著地。Confucian values shapes Chinese people’s characteristics and drive China’s success.In 1979, Herman Kahn, the world-famous futurist,predicted, “the Confucian ethic—the creation of dedicated, motivated, responsible, and educated individuals and the enhanced sense of commitment, organizational identity, and loyalty to various institutions—will result in all the neo-Confucian societies having at least potentially higher growth rates than other cultures.” In 1980,Roderick MacFarquhar,the world-renowned China expert and Harvard Professor declared: “That ideology [Confucianism]is as important to the rise of the east Asian hypergrowth19hyper-growth高速增長(zhǎng)。hyper-表示“超出”“高于”。economies as the conjunction20conjunction結(jié)合，聯(lián)合。of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism in the West.”

[9]上文只是試舉幾例，說(shuō)明以儒家價(jià)值觀為主導(dǎo)的中國(guó)文化如何影響了中國(guó)人的品格，以及如何推動(dòng)了中國(guó)的成功。享譽(yù)世界的未來(lái)學(xué)家赫爾曼·卡恩在1979年就曾預(yù)言：“儒家倫理中的種種理念——培養(yǎng)樂(lè)于奉獻(xiàn)、銳意進(jìn)取、勇?lián)懒x與深思博學(xué)之士，增強(qiáng)責(zé)任感、組織認(rèn)同感與對(duì)各種體制的忠誠(chéng)度——會(huì)讓所有新儒家社會(huì)享有較其他國(guó)家（至少可能）更高的增長(zhǎng)率?！笔澜缰闹袊?guó)問(wèn)題專家、哈佛大學(xué)教授馬若德1980年曾宣稱：“那種意識(shí)形態(tài)（儒家思想）對(duì)東亞急速增長(zhǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體之崛起的意義十分重大，就像西方基督教新教之于資本主義崛起一樣?！?/p>

[10]In my opinion, China’s success is built upon an inseparable three-legged stool: Pro-development government policies, learning from the West, and great cultural values that help create highly motivated and competitive human capital.Today, the global economic rivalry21rivalry競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，對(duì)抗。is not only a competition on governance of a nation, but also a competition on its human capital and cultural values.Any nation who wants to advance their economies needs address both.

[10]在我看來(lái)，中國(guó)的成功立足于不可分割的三個(gè)方面：鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的政策導(dǎo)向，學(xué)習(xí)西方經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以及培育具有高度積極性與強(qiáng)大競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的人力資本的偉大文化價(jià)值觀。如今，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不單只是治國(guó)理政的比拼，更是人力資本與文化價(jià)值觀的較量。對(duì)任何一個(gè)國(guó)家而言，要想推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，就必須雙管齊下。