薛曉倩 江洪耿 許百潔 薛文昌 莫守崎
[摘要]目的 探討D-二聚體(D-D)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)與系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)及狼瘡腎炎(LN)的關(guān)系。方法 選取2015年1月~2018年3月揭陽(yáng)市人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院的80例SLE患者作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)有無(wú)合并LN分為SLE合并LN(SLE-LN)組(40例)及SLE無(wú)合并LN(SLE-NLN)組(40例);再根據(jù)狼瘡活動(dòng)度,SLE-LN組分為SLE-LN低活動(dòng)組(13例)、SLE-LN高活動(dòng)組(27例),SLE-NLN組分為SLE-NLN低活動(dòng)組(11例)及SLE-NLN高活動(dòng)組(29例)。另同期選取40例正常者作為正常對(duì)照組。比較各組的D-D、FIB水平,分別測(cè)定SLE-LN組患者治療前后血清中的D-D、FIB水平,測(cè)定SLE-LN組中的補(bǔ)體C3(C3)、補(bǔ)體C4(C4)、抗雙鏈DNA抗體(ds-DNA)水平,評(píng)估SLE疾病活動(dòng)度(SLEDAI)。結(jié)果 SLE患者的血清D-D及FIB水平明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);且SLE-LN低活動(dòng)組的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN低活動(dòng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);SLE-LN高活動(dòng)組的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN高活動(dòng)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。SLE-LN組治療后的血清D-D、FIB水平較治療前均有降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);SLE-LN且D-D>2 mg/L組的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且D-D≤2 mg/L組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB>4 g/L組的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且FIB≤4 g/L組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。D-D與SLEDAI成正相關(guān)(r=0.337,P=0.036),F(xiàn)IB與SLEDAI亦成正相關(guān)(r=0.38,P=0.017)。結(jié)論 D-D及FIB與SLE疾病活動(dòng)度及腎損害密切相關(guān),且比ds-DNA靈敏度更高。
[關(guān)鍵詞]D-二聚體;纖維蛋白原;系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡;狼瘡腎炎
[中圖分類號(hào)] R593.24 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)11(a)-0018-04
Value of D-dimer, fibrinogen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis
XUE Xiao-qian1 JIANG Hong-gen2 XU Bai-jie1 XUE Wen-chang3 MO Shou-qi1
1. Department of Rheumatology, People′s Hospital of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province Jieyang Hospital Affiliated to Sun-Yat-Sen University, Jieyang 522000, China; 2. Department of Orthopaedics, People′s Hospital of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province Jieyang Hospital Affiliated to Sun-Yat-Sen University, Jieyang 522000, China; 3. Department of Dermatology, Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Center of Rongcheng Disteict of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province, Jieyang 522000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between D-dimer (D-D), fibrinogen (FIB) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN). Methods A total of 80 patients with SLE in the department of rheumatology and immunology in people′s hospital of Jieyang city from January 2015 to March 2018 were selected as experimental subjects and divided into the SLE with LN group (SLE-LN) and the SLE none LN group (SLE-NLN) according to whether or not associated with LN, 40 cases in each group. According to disease activity index of SLE, the SLE-LN group was divided into the SLE-LN with low activity group (13 cases) and the SLE-LN with high activity group (27 cases), the SLE-NLN group was divided into the SLE-NLN with low activity group (11 cases) and the SLE-NLN with high activity group (29 cases). In the same period, 40 normal subjects were selected as the control group. The levels of D-D and FIB were compared in each group. The serum levels of D-D and FIB were measured before and after treatment in SLE-LN group, the serum levels of complement C3 (C3), complement C4 (C4) and anti double stranded DNA antibody (ds-DNA) in the SLE-LN group were measured, and SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) was assessed. Results The serum levels of D-D and FIB in the patients with SLE were significantly higher than those in the control group, with statistical differences (P<0.01). The levels of D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN with low activity group were higher than those of the SLE-NLN with low activity group, with statistical differences (P<0.05), and the levels of D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN with high activity group were higher than those in the SLE-NLN with high activity group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of serum D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN group were lower than that before treatment, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The levels of serum C3 and C4 in the SLE-LN with D-D>2 mg/L group were lower than those in the SLE-LN with D-D≤2 mg/L group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The levels of serum C3 and C4 in the SLE-LN wiht FIB>4 g/L group were lower than those in the SLE-LN with FIB≤4 g/L group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The positive rate of ds-DNA in the SLE-LN with D-D increased group was significantly higher than that in the SLE-LN with D-D normal group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). D-D was positively correlated with SLEDAI (r=0.337, P=0.036), and FIB was positively correlated with SLEDAI (r=0.38, P=0.017). Conclusion D-D and FIB are closely related to SLE disease activity and LN, and are more sensitive than ds-DNA.
[Key words] D-dimer; Fibrinogen; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Lupus nephritis
系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)是一種多系統(tǒng)損害的自身免疫性疾病,血清學(xué)中可檢測(cè)到以抗核抗體為主的多種自身抗體存在,且患者普遍存在高凝狀態(tài),尤其是補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的激活,更容易出現(xiàn)凝血-纖溶系統(tǒng)異常[1]。狼瘡腎炎(LN)的主要機(jī)制是免疫復(fù)合物在腎小球、血管壁等沉積而引起的損傷[2],同時(shí)腎小球微血栓亦不少見(jiàn)[3]。D-二聚體(D-D)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)在凝血-纖溶系統(tǒng)中起重要作用,且與血栓形成及狼瘡活動(dòng)度相關(guān)[4-5]。臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)SLE尤其是同時(shí)合并LN的患者血清中D-D及FIB水平明顯升高,D-D及FIB升高是否僅僅用于提示血栓形成危險(xiǎn)性,在SLE中D-D及FIB水平的升高究竟有怎樣的臨床意義,這些都是值得探討的問(wèn)題。本研究通過(guò)觀察D-D、FIB在狼瘡活動(dòng)度及狼瘡腎炎中的水平變化,探討D-D、FIB與狼瘡活動(dòng)度及狼瘡腎炎的關(guān)系,旨在為SLE的診治提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2015年1月~2018年3月揭陽(yáng)市人民醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院診斷為SLE的80例患者作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)有無(wú)合并LN分為SLE-LN組(40例)與SLE-NLN組(40例)。SLE-LN組中,女35例,男5例;年齡19~53歲,平均(34.5±14.6)歲。SLE-NLN組中,女39例,男1例;年齡9~63歲,平均(35.2±16.1)歲。再根據(jù)狼瘡活動(dòng)度,SLE-LN組分為SLE-LN低活動(dòng)組(13例)、SLE-LN高活動(dòng)組(27例),SLE-NLN組分為SLE-NLN低活動(dòng)組(11例)及SLE-NLN高活動(dòng)組(29例)。選取同期的40例正常者作為正常對(duì)照組,其中女36例,男4例;年齡18~59歲,平均(33.5±15.7)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均符合2009年ACR SLE及LN的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6-7];②病情均處于活動(dòng)期;③通過(guò)常規(guī)檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)有血栓形成等情況。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①病例資料不齊全;②病情無(wú)活動(dòng);③有血栓形成的病例。以上資料收集均經(jīng)相關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并取得參與研究者的知情同意。
1.2檢測(cè)方法
1.2.1血漿D-D、FIB的測(cè)定 D-D采用德賽診斷系統(tǒng)(上海)有限公司的貝克曼DXC800全自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測(cè),方法為顆粒增強(qiáng)型免疫透射比濁法,正常值為0.0~0.5 mg/L;FIB檢測(cè)采用日本希森美康株社會(huì)社的CA-1500全自動(dòng)凝血分析儀檢測(cè),方法為凝固法,正常值為2~4 g/L。
1.2.2補(bǔ)體C3、C4測(cè)定 均采用免疫投射比濁法,采用日立7600 Series全自動(dòng)生化分析儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。補(bǔ)體C3正常值為0.6~1.6 g/L,補(bǔ)體C4正常值為0.1~0.4 g/L。
1.2.3 抗雙鏈DNA抗體(ds-DNA)定量測(cè)定 采用酶免法,在亞輝龍UNION免疫分析儀上進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。ds-DNA正常值為0~30 IU/ml。
1.2.4 SLE疾病活動(dòng)度(SLEDAI)評(píng)分 0~4分為基本無(wú)活動(dòng),5~9分為輕度活動(dòng),10~14分為中度活動(dòng),≥15分為重度活動(dòng)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 SLE患病組與正常對(duì)照組D-D、FIB水平的比較
SLE組患者的血清D-D及FIB水平均較正常對(duì)照組明顯升高(P<0.05);SLE-LN低活動(dòng)組的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN低活動(dòng)組(P<0.05),SLE-LN高活動(dòng)組的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN高活動(dòng)組(P<0.05)(表1)。
與正常對(duì)照組比較,*P<0.01;與SLE-NLN低活動(dòng)組比較,△P<0.05;與SLE-NLN高活動(dòng)組比較,P<0.05
2.2 SLE-LN組患者治療前后D-D、FIB水平的比較
SLE-LN組患者治療后的血清D-D、FIB水平均較治療前明顯降低(P<0.05)(表2)。
2.3 SLE-LN患者血清D-D、FIB與補(bǔ)體的關(guān)系
SLE-LN且D-D>2組患者的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且D-D≤2組患者(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB>4組患者的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且FIB≤4組(P<0.05)(表3)。
2.4 SLE-LN患者D-D、FIB與ds-DNA的關(guān)系
SLE-LN且D-D升高組的ds-DNA陽(yáng)性率為81.0%(17/21),高于SLE-LN且D-D正常組的31.6%(6/19),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB正常組的ds-DNA陽(yáng)性率為63.3%(19/30),高于SLE-LN且FIB升高組的40.0%(4/10),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
2.5 D-D、FIB與SLEDAI的關(guān)系
D-D與SLEDAI成正相關(guān)(r=0.337,P=0.036),F(xiàn)IB與SLEDAI亦成正相關(guān)(r=0.38,P=0.017)。
3討論
SLE是一種自身免疫性疾病,以自身抗體產(chǎn)生、免疫復(fù)合物沉積和組織器官損傷為主要特征[8]。研究顯示,SLE患者身上存在凝血系統(tǒng)失調(diào),提示凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)與SLE致病相關(guān),且凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)、補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)、炎性反應(yīng)與SLE疾病嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān),在SLE病情活動(dòng)時(shí),這種效應(yīng)明顯增強(qiáng)[9]。Li等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)在SLE尤其是LN患者中血清α-烯醇化酶抗體(AB)明顯升高,AB主要與纖溶狀態(tài)相關(guān),提示SLE患者存在纖溶系統(tǒng)異常。LN主要病理基礎(chǔ)是免疫復(fù)合物沉積,纖維蛋白原抗體在腎臟的沉積亦是其病理形式之一[2],而腎小球微血栓(GMT)在狼瘡性腎炎中并不少見(jiàn),并與活動(dòng)性腎損傷和進(jìn)行性腎損害有關(guān)[3]。
D-D是纖維蛋白被纖溶酶激活后降解的產(chǎn)物。在體內(nèi),纖維蛋白凝塊通常通過(guò)纖維蛋白溶酶進(jìn)行纖溶,釋放D-D作為特定的纖維蛋白裂解產(chǎn)物。因此,在已經(jīng)形成血栓的患者中,D-D明顯升高,而升高的D-D也可能存在于那些以異常高的速度形成和降解纖維蛋白的患者中,而這些患者無(wú)相關(guān)臨床依據(jù)提示有顯著的血栓形成[11]。在SLE患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)不論抗磷脂抗體狀態(tài)如何,如果持續(xù)出現(xiàn)不明原因的D-D水平升高,特別是當(dāng)D-D≥2 mg/ml時(shí),血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高,提示D-D可用于預(yù)測(cè)SLE血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[12]。但有研究顯示[13],在無(wú)血栓形成的SLE患者中,同樣存在D-D水平升高。Liang等[9]通過(guò)蛋白組學(xué)及基因組學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)D-D與狼瘡活動(dòng)度相關(guān), 且高水平的D-D與漿膜炎發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[4]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在SLE患者中,D-D水平明顯高于正常對(duì)照組,尤其在同時(shí)合并狼瘡腎炎時(shí),D-D水平更高;治療后狼瘡活動(dòng)度降低,D-D水平明顯降低,在D-D水平>2 mg/L時(shí),血液中補(bǔ)體C3、C4水平降低更明顯,SLEDAI評(píng)分更高,提示D-D可以協(xié)同補(bǔ)體、ds-DNA等用于評(píng)估狼瘡活動(dòng)度,特別是當(dāng)出現(xiàn)一些狼瘡活動(dòng),但是ds-DNA仍正常的患者,D-D預(yù)示狼瘡活動(dòng)更敏感,且其水平明顯升高者(>2 mg/L),往往更容易出現(xiàn)狼瘡腎炎,這與國(guó)內(nèi)的相關(guān)報(bào)道相一致[14]。
FIB是一種340 kDa的血漿糖蛋白,在全身炎癥和組織損傷中可明顯升高。D-D通過(guò)活動(dòng)凝血酶的活性在肝臟中合成并轉(zhuǎn)化成纖維蛋白,這是血小板聚集、凝塊形成、傷口愈合和凝血的關(guān)鍵凝血因子[15]。高纖維蛋白原血癥(FBG>342 mg/dl)使血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加約3倍[16],且高纖維蛋白原血癥與SLE患者肺動(dòng)脈高壓、高凝狀態(tài)密切相關(guān)[5]。臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)SLE活動(dòng)期患者,尤其是合并LN的患者,F(xiàn)IB明顯升高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在SLE患者中FIB水平高于正常對(duì)照組,且合并狼瘡腎炎的患者血清FIB水平更高,治療后FIB水平有所下降,且在SLE合并LN患者中FIB水平越高,補(bǔ)體水平越低,ds-DNA陽(yáng)性率及SLEDAI評(píng)分越高,提示FIB與SLE病情活動(dòng)度及狼瘡腎炎的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。
D-D及FIB在凝血-纖溶系統(tǒng)中起重要作用,SLE患者在疾病活動(dòng)時(shí)出現(xiàn)D-D及FIB的升高,且同時(shí)合并LN的患者升高明顯,提示SLE及LN患者存在凝血及纖溶系統(tǒng)異常,而LN主要機(jī)制是免疫復(fù)合物沉積及腎小球微血栓形成,兩者均可導(dǎo)致凝血纖溶系統(tǒng)的激活,這可能是D-D及FIB升高的原因。血管內(nèi)血栓和血栓的致密性降低可能會(huì)加重血栓部位的血管阻塞,并可能加重SLE相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的病程和結(jié)局[17],因此,采用D-D及FIB預(yù)測(cè)SLE患者的凝血及纖溶狀態(tài)顯得尤為重要。
綜上所述,D-D及FIB不僅可預(yù)示SLE患者的凝血及纖溶狀態(tài)、還可協(xié)同補(bǔ)體、ds-DNA用于預(yù)測(cè)SLE病情活動(dòng)度,且比ds-DNA靈敏度更高,經(jīng)治療后兩者水平明顯降低,可用于治療效果的評(píng)估。D-D及FIB水平明顯升高的患者,狼瘡腎炎發(fā)生率更高。
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(收稿日期:2018-05-09 本文編輯:祁海文)