劉健鴻,徐洋,周文強(qiáng),曲宏巖
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院胃腸外科,哈爾濱150081
過(guò)去20余年胃癌的發(fā)病率有所下降,但胃癌仍然是全球第五大常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,其病死率居全球惡性腫瘤第三位[1]。化療已被證明是晚期胃癌患者的有效治療方法,目前5-氟尿嘧啶聯(lián)合鉑類(lèi)/伊立替康、5-氟尿嘧啶/鉑類(lèi)聯(lián)合多西紫杉醇或表柔比星為晚期胃癌患者的一線首選、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的化療方案[2]。近年來(lái),胃癌的研究者致力于研究胃癌的病因和腫瘤擴(kuò)散、轉(zhuǎn)移的分子異質(zhì)性,每個(gè)分子的改變都涉及腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的不同階段,但總體療效欠佳。一些異常的分子信號(hào)通路被作為新型治療藥物的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn),針對(duì)腫瘤的生物學(xué)行為確定患者的治療方案,這種方法在胃癌的治療中取得了比較明顯的進(jìn)步[3],如人類(lèi)表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)受體、表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)、胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子受體、PⅠ3K/AKT/MTOR通路、c-MET、成纖維母細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體(fibroblast growth factor receptor,F(xiàn)GFR)、多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase,PARP]抑制藥及免疫療法[4]。本文對(duì)抗EGFR家族靶向藥物在胃癌治療中的最新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
EGFR家族在胃癌中高表達(dá),陽(yáng)性率為40%~60%,其家族成員由HER1、HER2、HER3和HER4組成,部分配體(EGF或TGF-α等)與EGFR胞外區(qū)域結(jié)合,形成同源或異源二聚體,使EGFR自身磷酸化,激活酪氨酸激酶受體,引發(fā)下游Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-MAPK或PⅠ3K/AKT/MTOR通路的一系列信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、浸潤(rùn)、轉(zhuǎn)移,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[5]。目前,抗EGFR家族的靶向藥物根據(jù)結(jié)合區(qū)域不同分為胞外單克隆抗體(曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗、T-DM1、西妥昔單抗和帕尼單抗等)和胞內(nèi)小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制藥(拉帕替尼、吉非替尼和厄洛替尼等);根據(jù)作用靶點(diǎn)不同主要分為抗HER2和抗EGFR治療。
HER2屬于EGFR/HER家族,參與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、分化。HER2原癌基因編碼的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為185 kD的跨膜糖蛋白受體[6]。文獻(xiàn)資料顯示,胃食管腺癌患者的HER2過(guò)表達(dá)的擴(kuò)增率為7%~34%。HER2是否過(guò)表達(dá)取決于其免疫組織化學(xué)(immunohistochemistry,ⅠHC)檢測(cè)結(jié)果,若結(jié)果為0或+,HER2免疫反應(yīng)為陰性;若結(jié)果為+++,或經(jīng)過(guò)熒光原位雜交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,F(xiàn)ⅠSH)檢測(cè),結(jié)果為++,則 HER2為陽(yáng)性,HER2陽(yáng)性又被稱(chēng)為HER2過(guò)表達(dá)[7]。體內(nèi)外胃癌模型中抗HER2療法已經(jīng)證明其療效[8]。臨床試驗(yàn)包括研究曲妥珠單抗、帕妥珠單抗的單克隆抗體和酪氨酸激酶抑制藥(如拉帕替尼)等藥物對(duì)胃癌患者的抑制作用。
2.1.1 曲妥珠單抗 針對(duì)HER2的單克隆抗體曲妥珠單抗(Trastuzumab)是重組DNA人源化單克隆抗體,其靶點(diǎn)是HER2受體的胞外結(jié)合區(qū)域,1998年美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)批準(zhǔn)該藥物用于乳腺癌的治療。一項(xiàng)國(guó)際、非盲、Ⅲ期臨床隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)(ToGA)對(duì)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移或晚期局部HER2過(guò)表達(dá)、不可切除的胃或胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌患者使用化療聯(lián)合曲妥珠單抗的療效評(píng)估,與單獨(dú)化療比較,聯(lián)合治療患者的中位總生存期(overall survival,OS)比單獨(dú)化療患者延長(zhǎng)了2.7個(gè)月(P<0.01),同時(shí)表現(xiàn)出更好的緩解率(response rate,RR)和無(wú)疾病進(jìn)展生存時(shí)間[9],2010年FDA批準(zhǔn)曲妥珠單抗用于治療胃與胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌。該研究結(jié)果表明,在經(jīng)典的化療中加入曲妥珠單抗,可使晚期胃癌患者的OS增加到1年以上,從而證明曲妥珠單抗在晚期胃癌治療中起著非常重要的作用。目前曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合卡培他濱/5-氟尿嘧啶+順鉑成為HER2陽(yáng)性晚期胃癌患者的一線首選治療方案。Ⅱ期研究已經(jīng)探討了在HER2陽(yáng)性晚期胃癌患者中使用卡培他濱和奧沙利鉑聯(lián)合曲妥珠單抗,結(jié)果顯示客觀緩解率為67%且有較好的安全性[10]。
2.1.2 帕妥珠單抗和T-DM 1帕妥珠單抗(Pertuzumab),也被稱(chēng)為2C4,可以結(jié)合不同位點(diǎn)的HER2和潛在的HER3受體,前期臨床試驗(yàn)中已證實(shí)了該藥對(duì)胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌的有效性。目前JACOBⅢ期研究中曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合化療+帕妥珠單抗主要用于治療HER2陽(yáng)性的轉(zhuǎn)移或局部晚期不可切除的胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌患者[11]。
T-DM1是一種新型抗體-藥物偶聯(lián)物,通過(guò)HER2過(guò)表達(dá)直接作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞的強(qiáng)效抗微管活性和細(xì)胞毒性藥物。臨床前實(shí)驗(yàn)中T-DM1在胃癌模型中取得了較好的療效[12]。一項(xiàng)治療HER2局部晚期或轉(zhuǎn)移性胃食管腫瘤患者的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)(GATSBY)結(jié)果表明,T-DM1聯(lián)合紫杉醇治療的效果與單獨(dú)應(yīng)用紫杉醇比較,T-DM1聯(lián)合紫杉醇沒(méi)有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)[13],這種結(jié)果的原因尚不明確;T-DM1在ⅠHC檢測(cè)HER2+++患者的生存情況優(yōu)于HER2陰性患者,不能將其結(jié)果解釋為一線治療后產(chǎn)生耐藥,可能的解釋?zhuān)喝砘?曲妥珠單抗的療效優(yōu)于T-DM1,因?yàn)榍罢呖梢酝瑫r(shí)治療HER2表達(dá)水平低或不表達(dá)的患者,一線治療后高達(dá)35%的胃癌患者失去了HER2陽(yáng)性狀態(tài),HER2表達(dá)水平降低可能影響T-DM1的活性[14]。
拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)是一種酪氨酸激酶抑制藥,針對(duì)EGFR和HER2的口服小分子雙重抑制藥,可同時(shí)抑制兩者酪氨酸激酶結(jié)構(gòu)域的ATP結(jié)合位點(diǎn),阻斷酪氨酸磷酸化和抑制信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),導(dǎo)致腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。Ⅲ期LOGⅠC研究納入拉帕替尼聯(lián)合卡培他濱/奧沙利鉑治療HER2陽(yáng)性胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌患者,拉帕替尼延長(zhǎng)了近2個(gè)月的OS,雖然差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但在亞洲人群和年輕人群亞組中OS分別為16.5個(gè)月vs10.9個(gè)月和12.9個(gè)月vs9.0個(gè)月[15]。TyTAN研究中,ⅠHC檢測(cè)HER2+++的胃癌患者,拉帕替尼聯(lián)合紫杉醇與單獨(dú)接受紫杉醇治療的患者比較,中位OS得到改善(14.0個(gè)月vs7.6個(gè)月)[16]。值得注意的是,曲妥珠單抗聯(lián)合拉帕替尼治療HER2陽(yáng)性結(jié)直腸癌患者是有效的[17]。這對(duì)確定胃癌患者的最佳治療方案非常重要[16-18]。
EGFR是一種跨膜糖蛋白受體,在胃腸道惡性腫瘤中過(guò)表達(dá),其配體與EGRF胞外區(qū)域結(jié)合決定了細(xì)胞內(nèi)酪氨酸激酶的EGFR活化和磷酸化,從而激活Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK-MAPK 或 PⅠ3K/AKT/MTOR 傳導(dǎo)通路[19]。30%~50%的胃食管惡性腫瘤中,EGFR過(guò)表達(dá)多與高級(jí)別組織學(xué)及TNM分期相關(guān)[20]。與大腸癌相比,胃癌EGFR的表達(dá)水平相對(duì)較高,而KRAS的突變率遠(yuǎn)低于大腸癌[21]。對(duì)EGFR的抑制可以使用單克隆抗體(如西妥昔單抗和帕尼單抗)或酪氨酸激酶抑制藥(如吉非替尼和厄洛替尼)。
3.1.1 西妥昔單抗 西妥昔單抗(Cetuximab)是一種重組人/鼠嵌合型單克隆抗體,它與人類(lèi)EGFR的胞外區(qū)域結(jié)合,可抑制配體與EGFR結(jié)合,從而抑制酪氨酸激酶的激活[22];目前被批準(zhǔn)用于治療晚期KRAS野生型大腸癌及頭頸部鱗癌[23-24]。多項(xiàng)有關(guān)西妥昔單抗的Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),在治療進(jìn)展期或晚期胃癌或胃食管結(jié)合部腺癌患者中西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療具有一定的療效和安全性[25-28]。不幸的是,Ⅲ期EXPAND試驗(yàn)在晚期胃癌或胃食管結(jié)合部癌患者的治療中,與單獨(dú)化療比較,西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療未能明顯延長(zhǎng)無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)(西妥昔單抗聯(lián)合化療vs單獨(dú)化療為4.4個(gè)月vs5.6個(gè)月)和OS[29]。與單一藥物的化療方案比較,聯(lián)合西妥昔單抗治療晚期胃癌,藥物毒性較高,因此目前單藥化療方案仍然是一線治療方案。而對(duì)于二線治療,包括西妥昔單抗在內(nèi)的聯(lián)合療法是有利的,其中多中心Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)FOLFⅠR(Ⅰ伊立替康、甲酰四氫葉酸和5-氟尿嘧啶)聯(lián)合西妥昔單抗治療晚期胃癌的54例可評(píng)價(jià)患者中,RR為33.3%。疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間(time to progress,TTP)為4.6個(gè)月,中位OS為 8.6個(gè)月[30]。然而,由于經(jīng)濟(jì)限制,這些治療方案是否會(huì)成為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案仍存在爭(zhēng)議[31-32]。
3.1.2 帕尼單抗 帕尼單抗(Panitumumab)是一種全人源化抗EGFR單克隆抗體。REAL-3研究中帕尼單抗聯(lián)合化療對(duì)晚期胃食管結(jié)合部癌患者的療效無(wú)明顯益處[33]。最近一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)在晚期胃癌患者化療+帕尼單抗治療方案的療效和安全性評(píng)估中也得到相似的結(jié)論,其中化療組與聯(lián)合組患者的RR分別為49%、58%;中位PFS分別為6.0、6.9個(gè)月,中位OS分別為11.7、10.0個(gè)月;聯(lián)合組患者的不良反應(yīng)(感染、厭食、嘔吐、腹瀉和疲乏)的發(fā)生率高于化療組[34]。
3.2.1 吉非替尼 吉非替尼(Gefitinib)是一種口服EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制藥,在早期臨床試驗(yàn)中對(duì)多種類(lèi)型的惡性腫瘤具有良好的治療前景。吉非替尼在肺癌治療中已顯示出良好的效果[35]。目前Ⅰ~Ⅲ期吉非替尼臨床試驗(yàn)在食管或胃食管結(jié)合部癌患者中均正在開(kāi)展,如NCT00215995、NCT00237900和NCT01243398。這些研究結(jié)果將有助于明確吉非替尼在胃癌治療中的作用。3.2.2厄洛替尼 厄洛替尼(Erlotinib)是另一種口服EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制藥,已被批準(zhǔn)用于肺癌和胰腺癌治療。Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)SWOG0127研究顯示,厄洛替尼在胃食管結(jié)合部癌患者中RR為9%,而在胃癌患者中無(wú)明顯效果[36]。
目前眾多研究數(shù)據(jù)中,應(yīng)用小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制藥或抗EGFR單克隆抗體,對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)移性胃癌患者的治療無(wú)明顯效果。這可能與EGFR家族的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)機(jī)制尚未完全明確,治療過(guò)程中激活多種耐藥途徑,降低了腫瘤對(duì)藥物的反應(yīng)性,以及腫瘤部位、病理類(lèi)型甚至靶點(diǎn)的選擇不同有關(guān)。胃癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制比較復(fù)雜,隨著研究的深入,EGFR家族成員的交互作用將逐漸被闡明,這將有助于了解EGFR家族成員在胃癌靶向治療中的作用。
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