林秀 鄭蓮欽 石秀紅
[摘要] 目的 分析研究引起胎兒畸形的相關環(huán)境因素,對孕期遺傳咨詢提供參考意見,以提高人口素質水平。方法 研究對象方便選取該院2017年10月—2018年12月間確診為胎兒發(fā)育異常的120例孕婦和同期正常妊娠的120名孕婦,分別記為觀察組和對照組。兩組患者在院期間予相同孕期飲食、適當運動及營養(yǎng)素補充,以問卷調查形式對兩組孕婦的生活習慣及環(huán)境因素進行統(tǒng)計分析,比較所觀察危險因素與胎兒畸形的發(fā)生在兩組孕婦之間有無差異。結果 觀察組孕婦的文化程度為高中/中專及以上的占37.50%,明顯低于對照組80.00%(χ2=14.160,P=0.000);觀察組孕前半年即孕3個月內接觸新房、車和家具等人數(shù)均多于對照組(χ2=31.510,P=0.000);觀察組孕婦抽煙、酗酒者占8.33%,明顯高于對照組0.83%(χ2=31.510,P=0.000);觀察組孕婦丈夫抽煙、酗酒者占48.33%,明顯高于對照組25.00%(χ2=32.110,P=0.000);觀察組孕婦長期接觸寵物者占22.50%,明顯高于對照組11.67%(χ2=6.970,P=0.000);觀察組長期接觸電子產品者占53.33%,明顯高于對照組17.50%(χ2=19.600,P=0.000);觀察組常用重金屬含量超標的化妝品者占25.83%,明顯高于對照組4.17%(χ2=14.810,P=0.000);觀察組有機會吸入空氣中殘余農藥者占14.17%,高于對照組10.00%(χ2=14.620,P=0.000);觀察組頻繁燙發(fā)、染發(fā)者占80.00%,明顯高于對照組27.50%(χ2=40.820,P=0.000);觀察組常用空氣清新劑、殺毒劑者占26.67%,高于對照組14.17%(χ2=24.420,P=0.000);觀察組增補葉酸者占21.67%,明顯低于對照組53.33%(χ2=24.340,P=0.000)。 結論 胎兒出現(xiàn)畸形的高危環(huán)境因素主要包括孕婦周圍環(huán)境、不良生活習慣、接觸化學因素三大方面。在備孕階段的夫婦和處于孕期的孕婦應盡量規(guī)避上述高危因素、積極補充葉酸、孕前咨詢、定期孕檢,加強孕期保健,向孕婦普及產檢的重要性,以避免或減少胎兒畸形的出現(xiàn),降低畸形兒的出生率,從而提高生育質量及孕齡婦女的身心健康。
[關鍵詞] 胎兒畸形;環(huán)境因素;葉酸
[中圖分類號] R5? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-0742(2019)12(a)-0104-04
[Abstract] Objective Analyze and study the relevant environmental factors that cause fetal malformation, and provide reference for genetic counseling during pregnancy to improve the quality of the population. Methods A total of 120 pregnant women diagnosed with abnormal fetal development and 120 pregnant women with normal pregnancy during the period from October 2017 to December 2018 in the hospital were convenienty selected as observation group and control group. The two groups of patients were given the same pregnancy diet, appropriate exercise and nutrient supplement during the hospital. The living habits and environmental factors of the two groups of pregnant women were statistically analyzed by questionnaire. The observed risk factors and fetal malformations occurred in the two groups of pregnant women, to observe whether there is any difference between them. Results The education level of the pregnant women in the observation group was 37.50% of the high school/secondary school and above, which was significantly lower than that of the control group 80.00% (χ2=14.160, P=0.000); the observation group was exposed to new houses, cars and the first half of pregnancy during the first half of pregnancy. The number of furniture and other people was higher than that of the control group (χ2=31.510,P=0.000); the pregnant women in the observation group smoked and alcoholics accounted for 8.33%, which was significantly higher than the control group 0.83%(χ2=31.510, P=0.000); Smoking and alcohol abuse accounted for 48.33%, which was significantly higher than 25.00% of the control group(χ2=32.110, P=0.000). The pregnant women in the observation group accounted for 22.50% of the long-term exposure to pets, which was significantly higher than the control group of 11.67% (χ2=6.970, P=0.000); 53.33% of the observation group's long-term exposure to electronic products, significantly higher than the control group 17.50% (χ2=19.600, P=0.000); the observation group used the heavy metal content exceeding the standard of cosmetics accounted for 25.83%, significantly higher than the control group 4.17 %(χ2=14.810,P=0.000); the observation group had the opportunity to inhale the residual pesticide in the air accounted for 14.17%, which was higher than the control group 10.00%(χ2=14.620, P=0.000); the observation group frequent perm and dyed hair accounted for 80.00%, significantly higher than the control group 27.50%(χ2=40.820, P=0.000); the observation group used air fresheners, anti-virus agents accounted for 26.67%, higher than the pair According to the control group 14.17%(χ2=24.420, P=0.000); the folic acid supplementation in the observation group accounted for 21.67%, which was significantly lower than the control group 53.33%(χ2=24.340, P=0.000). Conclusion The high-risk environmental factors of fetal malformation mainly include three aspects: the surrounding environment of pregnant women, bad living habits and chemical factors of exposure. Couples in the pregnancy stage and pregnant women in pregnancy should try to avoid the above-mentioned high-risk factors, actively supplement folic acid, pre-pregnancy counseling, regular pregnancy check, strengthen pregnancy care, and popularize the importance of birth check-up to pregnant women to avoid or reduce the occurrence of fetal malformation and reduce The birth rate of deformed children, thereby improving the quality of birth and the physical and mental health of women of gestational age.
[Key words] Fetal malformation; Environmental factors; Folic acid
胎兒畸形是胎兒在子宮發(fā)育過程中出現(xiàn)遺傳物質改變或身體結構異常的現(xiàn)象,已經成為導致圍產兒和嬰兒死亡的首要原因,胎兒畸形給孕產婦、其家屬及整個社會均帶來了消極影響[1]。每年全世界有超過550萬畸形胎兒出生,畸形胎兒的數(shù)量占胎兒總出生數(shù)量的3.9%,我國畸形胎兒及兒童數(shù)量占總人口的5.8%,因此積極預防胎兒畸形對提高我國人口質量有重要意義。研究對象方便選取該院產科從2017年10月—2018年12月間收治的確診為胎兒發(fā)育異常的孕婦120例,利用超聲儀器對妊娠23~29周的孕婦進行實時臟器及體表結構全面檢查。對確診為胎兒發(fā)育異常的孕婦進行致畸因素統(tǒng)計分析,從根本上減少環(huán)境因素引起的胎兒畸形,從而促進優(yōu)生優(yōu)育及育齡婦女的身心健康,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1? 資料與方法
1.1? 一般資料
研究對象方便選取該院產科收治的確診為胎兒發(fā)育異常的孕婦120例作為觀察組,選擇同期120名正常妊娠的孕婦作為對照組。納入標準:①觀察組患者符合第9版《產科學》對胎兒畸形的診斷標準[2];②患者未合并嚴重心腦血管、肝、腎等實質性臟器組織疾病;③患者無其他自身免疫性、血液和神經系統(tǒng)疾病;④患者及家屬知情,且已簽署知情同意書。排除標準:①妊娠周數(shù)<23周或>29周者;②年齡<25歲或>29歲者;③無法完整配合研究進行者。兩組患者在性別、年齡、妊娠周數(shù)及是否為首胎等一般資料方面比較,均差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),故具有可比性,見表1。
1.2? 方法
對兩組孕婦以調查問卷形式進行基本資料獲取。主要調查內容包括:孕婦本人年齡、文化程度、妊娠周數(shù)、現(xiàn)患疾病、既往患病、居住、生活、工作環(huán)境、生活習慣、是否接觸貓狗類寵物、是否經常染發(fā)、燙發(fā)以及接觸重金屬超標的化妝品等,以及是否增加葉酸或富含葉酸食物攝入量等。
1.3? 統(tǒng)計方法
以SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件統(tǒng)計分析研究數(shù)據(jù),計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,行t檢驗,計數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,行χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2? 結果
在所有的研究因素中,與孕婦及其丈夫有關的行為習慣及環(huán)境因素共有14個,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),兩組孕婦胎兒畸形相關因素比較。見表2。
3? 討論
引起胎兒畸形的原因有很多,機制復雜,不僅包括家族遺傳和母體因素,外界環(huán)境因素的影響也不容小覷。相關研究顯示[3],近年來隨著環(huán)境惡化加重,先天性畸形兒的發(fā)生率呈升高趨勢。同時孕前半年及孕3個月內家庭裝修或接觸新家具,經常染發(fā)、燙發(fā)、長期使用含重金屬的化妝品,接觸寵物,孕婦或丈夫吸煙、酗酒,工作中接觸有害物質均會導致胎兒畸形的發(fā)病率。適量補充葉酸可減少致畸因素對其生長發(fā)育的影響。孫越等[6]通過對胎兒先天畸形孕產婦高危因素分析,計算并比較各危險因素的相對危險度(OR)后認為,孕前后半年家庭裝修或購置新家具(OR=4.883)、工作中接觸有毒物質(OR=9.389)是孕期周圍環(huán)境因素引起胎兒畸形的高危因素;增補葉酸(OR=0.125)為保護性因素。李喜蓮[9]等通過研究證明,孕婦在孕期、備孕期間主動或被動吸煙(OR=3.162)、接觸寵物(OR=3.840)、接觸化學制劑(OR=3.053)、文化程度低(OR=2.355)等行為是導致胎兒先天畸形的主要危險因素;補充葉酸(OR=0.056)可對胎兒發(fā)育有一定的保護作用。對胎兒畸形出現(xiàn)的原因進行分析、早期預防、定期孕檢,可對孕前或孕早期的問題提供參考建議,而且可以在發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒畸形嚴重時及時引產,有效提高人口質量。
研究表明[4],備孕及懷孕初期,住房裝修和接觸新家具對胎兒畸形的形成均有顯著影響。且居住環(huán)境周圍有化工廠、垃圾焚燒廠及電力廠等均是出現(xiàn)胎兒畸形的高危因素,因為化學反應、燃料燃燒產生的毒害氣體揮發(fā)到空氣中,長期吸入會使精子與卵子變質、發(fā)育畸形,還可使處于生長發(fā)育期的胚胎發(fā)育畸形,發(fā)生結構改變,導致胎兒畸形[5-6]。因此孕婦在孕前半年及孕3個月內,應注意周圍環(huán)境是否安全,避免長時間暴露于不良環(huán)境中[7-8]。其次,孕婦的生活習慣對胎兒畸形的發(fā)生也有重要影響。該研究顯示,觀察組孕婦丈夫吸煙、酗酒及孕婦本人吸煙、酗酒構成比分別占48.33%和8.33%,明顯高于對照組(25.00%和0.83%),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000);孕婦長期接觸電子設備、飼養(yǎng)寵物構成比分別占53.33%和22.50%,明顯高于對照組(17.50%和11.67%),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P=0.000)。吸煙、酗酒、電子輻射和寵物攜帶的細菌病毒和寄生蟲等因素均會降低孕婦的抵抗力[9-10],間接影響胎兒的生長發(fā)育,增加胎兒畸形的發(fā)生率。因此,有備孕準備或已經懷孕的孕婦應禁煙戒酒,改善不良生活習慣,以減少有害因素對胎兒生長的影響。長期接觸化學物品也易引起胎兒畸形,該研究顯示,觀察組孕婦孕前半年及孕3個月內,頻繁染發(fā)、燙發(fā)與常使用重金屬含量超標的化妝品者構成比分別占80.00%和25.83%,經常使用空氣清新劑、殺蟲劑及接觸空氣中殘余的農藥構成比分別占26.67%和14.17%。當孕婦接觸此類化學危害因素時,胎兒也會受到間接傷害,易出現(xiàn)發(fā)育異常[11-13]。此外孕婦的文化程度對胎兒畸形的形成也有一定影響:文化水平較低的孕婦常不具備孕前檢查和定期孕檢意識,無法及時監(jiān)測胎兒生長狀況,無視防護措施等。因此,加強普及孕前及孕期的宣教工作對胎兒的正常發(fā)育和提高人口質量有重要作用。
綜上所述,有效規(guī)避引起胎兒畸形的危險因素,教育孕婦養(yǎng)成健康、良好的生活習慣,早期補充葉酸,加強孕婦定期產檢意識,普及產前診斷與畸形兒篩查,可有效降低畸形兒的出生率,促進優(yōu)生優(yōu)育,是提高人口質量的有力舉措。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-03)