白通通，南曉紅，金寶紅，初正鵬

豎壁貼附送風(fēng)改善冷藏庫內(nèi)流場(chǎng)特性

白通通，南曉紅※，金寶紅，初正鵬

（西安建筑科技大學(xué)建筑設(shè)備科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，西安 710055）

流場(chǎng)；冷藏庫；豎壁貼附送風(fēng)；數(shù)值模擬；不均勻系數(shù)；能量利用系數(shù)

0 引 言

冷藏庫內(nèi)溫度和速度的均勻性對(duì)果蔬的貯藏品質(zhì)具有重要的影響。其溫度的不均勻性將加劇局部果蔬的變質(zhì)，風(fēng)速的不均勻性將引起果蔬的干耗，從而縮短果蔬的貯藏期，降低果蔬的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。而冷藏庫內(nèi)溫度與速度分布主要取決于冷庫的氣流組織方式。

流場(chǎng)均勻性的問題一直是冷庫環(huán)境調(diào)控研究的熱點(diǎn)問題，CFD（computational fluid dynamics）模擬論證了氣流組織方式對(duì)冷藏庫和冷藏車內(nèi)的流場(chǎng)分布具有重要性[1-3]。Akdemir等[4]采用CFD模擬的方法研究了冷風(fēng)機(jī)送風(fēng)和孔板送風(fēng)方式下冷藏庫內(nèi)溫度與相對(duì)濕度的分布，闡明了孔板送風(fēng)能夠有效地提高冷藏庫內(nèi)流場(chǎng)分布的均勻性。Moureh等[5]為了改善冷藏車內(nèi)的換氣效率和氣流分布而設(shè)計(jì)了一種具有新型結(jié)構(gòu)的側(cè)向風(fēng)口，并研究了其流場(chǎng)的分布特性，通過對(duì)比中央風(fēng)口所形成的流場(chǎng)分布特性，發(fā)現(xiàn)該側(cè)向風(fēng)口可以實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的換氣效率和更為均勻的流場(chǎng)。杜子崢等[6]應(yīng)用計(jì)算流體動(dòng)力學(xué)的方法，研究了風(fēng)機(jī)的擺放位置對(duì)冷藏庫內(nèi)流場(chǎng)和溫度場(chǎng)分布的影響。劉曉菲等[7]通過數(shù)值模擬的方法闡明了均勻送風(fēng)可以有效地改善冷藏庫內(nèi)溫度和相對(duì)濕度的分布。由此可見，合理的氣流組織方式能夠有效地改善冷藏庫內(nèi)的流場(chǎng)分布特性。豎壁貼附送風(fēng)是在混合通風(fēng)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的一種新型的通風(fēng)方式。該送風(fēng)方式不僅能夠消除圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)傳熱形成的負(fù)荷，而且可以實(shí)現(xiàn)置換通風(fēng)的效果。為此，本研究將豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式引入果蔬冷藏庫，探索其在低溫貯藏環(huán)境應(yīng)用的特性。本文以西安市某50 t蘋果冷藏庫為研究對(duì)象，研究豎壁貼附送風(fēng)模式下冷藏庫內(nèi)的流場(chǎng)分布特性，并與傳統(tǒng)的冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式進(jìn)行對(duì)比，以此來闡明豎壁貼附送風(fēng)能夠有效地改善冷藏庫內(nèi)的流場(chǎng)分布特性。

1 模型與方法

1.1 物理模型

本文以50 t蘋果冷藏庫為研究對(duì)象，該冷藏庫的尺寸為8.0 m（長）×4.6 m（寬）×6.5 m（高）。根據(jù)冷庫設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范計(jì)算該冷庫的冷卻設(shè)備負(fù)荷，并確定冷風(fēng)機(jī)送風(fēng)量。該冷風(fēng)機(jī)尺寸為1.6 m（長）×0.5 m（寬）×0.5 m（高）。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)豎壁貼附送風(fēng)，設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)尺寸為4.0 m（長）×0.5 m（寬）×0.5 m（高）的靜壓箱，該靜壓箱底部開設(shè)長度為4.0 m，寬度為0.1 m的條形風(fēng)口用于實(shí)現(xiàn)向下的貼附送風(fēng)?；仫L(fēng)口設(shè)置在冷風(fēng)機(jī)的側(cè)面，回風(fēng)口的長度為1.6 m，寬度為0.5 m，其物理模型如圖1所示；作為對(duì)比，選擇冷負(fù)荷相同、送風(fēng)溫差一致的冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹式冷庫作為比較對(duì)象。在該冷藏庫中，冷風(fēng)機(jī)的送風(fēng)口是2個(gè)直徑為0.4 m的圓形風(fēng)口，回風(fēng)口位于冷風(fēng)機(jī)背面，距離墻壁0.5 m，其物理模型如圖2所示。

在2種送風(fēng)方式下，4堆貨物平行擺放。其中，每個(gè)堆垛的尺寸為4.0 m（長）×1.2 m（寬）×5.0 m（高）。堆垛間距為0.3 m，距側(cè)墻分別為0.3 m，距地面0.5 m。

1.吊頂式冷風(fēng)機(jī) 2.靜壓箱 3.條形送風(fēng)口 4.回風(fēng)口 5.貨物

1.吊頂式冷風(fēng)機(jī) 2.貨物

1.2 數(shù)學(xué)模型

為了較為準(zhǔn)確地反映冷藏庫內(nèi)的流場(chǎng)分布，本文采用三維不可壓的雷諾平均方程對(duì)冷藏庫進(jìn)行建模?？紤]到貨物區(qū)數(shù)學(xué)模型的復(fù)雜性，相關(guān)學(xué)者將其簡(jiǎn)化為多孔介質(zhì)[8-9]，即在原有數(shù)學(xué)模型的基礎(chǔ)上附加了黏性阻力和慣性阻力引起的動(dòng)量源項(xiàng)。經(jīng)過這樣的簡(jiǎn)化后，該數(shù)學(xué)模型在穩(wěn)態(tài)工況下的表達(dá)式如下所示[10-12]

假設(shè)空氣密度僅是溫度的函數(shù)，即空氣密度的變化遵循Boussinesq假設(shè)，由此動(dòng)量方程可以表示為

表1 多孔介質(zhì)區(qū)的孔隙率及阻力系數(shù)

假設(shè)空氣和蘋果處于局部熱平衡狀態(tài)（空氣和多孔固體基質(zhì)的溫度被假定為相等），則能量方程可以表示為

為了保證數(shù)值模擬的準(zhǔn)確性和數(shù)學(xué)模型的可靠性，必須對(duì)其計(jì)算結(jié)果進(jìn)行一定的驗(yàn)證。數(shù)值模擬的準(zhǔn)確性主要取決于離散步長[19]。為了避免離散步長對(duì)數(shù)值計(jì)算的影響，本文進(jìn)行了網(wǎng)格無關(guān)性驗(yàn)證。而穩(wěn)態(tài)數(shù)學(xué)模型的合理性主要取決于湍流模型的選擇以及邊界條件的設(shè)置。本文通過選取恰當(dāng)?shù)耐牧髂Ｐ停O(shè)置合理的邊界條件，并通過試驗(yàn)擬合公式對(duì)其進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證，來確保數(shù)學(xué)模型的可靠性。

1.2.1 網(wǎng)格無關(guān)性分析

a. 豎壁貼附線上的速度分布b. 冷藏庫中心線上的速度分布 a. Velocity distribution on vertical wall attachment lineb. Velocity distribution on centerline of refrigerator

1.2.2 湍流模型的選擇

在豎壁貼附送風(fēng)中，空氣在射流沖擊區(qū)會(huì)發(fā)生較大的彎曲現(xiàn)象。而RNG、SST模型均對(duì)流體流動(dòng)過程的強(qiáng)彎曲現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了考慮與修正[20]。但是，通過比較預(yù)測(cè)精度可以發(fā)現(xiàn)SST模型具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)性能[21]。于是，本文選取了SST湍流模型，并采用Simple算法[22]對(duì)該數(shù)學(xué)模型進(jìn)行了求解。

1.2.3 邊界條件的設(shè)置

2）回風(fēng)口邊界條件：回風(fēng)口采用自由出流（outflow）邊界條件，即速度在流線方向的梯度為零。

1.2.4 模型驗(yàn)證

為了驗(yàn)證數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算的可靠性，該研究將空庫狀態(tài)下豎壁貼附軸線處的速度分布與尹海國[21]提出的豎壁貼附軸線處無因次速度擬合式進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，其對(duì)比結(jié)果如圖4所示。

由圖4可知；數(shù)值模擬的無因次速度變化趨勢(shì)與擬合公式的無因次速度變化趨勢(shì)基本一致，其中無因次軸線速度的平均偏差為8.86%。引起該偏差的原因主要有2點(diǎn)：1）當(dāng)無因次距離在10時(shí)，不同入口風(fēng)速對(duì)應(yīng)的無因次軸線速度曲線是略高于擬合曲線的，這部分的誤差主要受送風(fēng)速度、風(fēng)口尺寸及貼附距離等因素的影響；2）當(dāng)時(shí)，速度的無因次曲線是低于擬合曲線的，這部分的誤差主要受限于擬合公式擬合精度。由于偏差小于9%，因此，該結(jié)果可以驗(yàn)證數(shù)值模擬的可靠性。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 代表性截面與監(jiān)測(cè)線的選取

圖5 監(jiān)測(cè)面的三維示意圖

圖6 監(jiān)測(cè)線的平面布置圖

2.2 流場(chǎng)的速度監(jiān)測(cè)

2.2.1 監(jiān)測(cè)面的速度矢量

a. 豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式y(tǒng)=2.3 m截面 a. Vertical wall attached air supply mode y=2.3 m sectionb. 冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式y(tǒng)=1.85 m截面 b. Cooling fan direct blowing air supply mode y=1.85 m section

2.2.2 監(jiān)測(cè)線上的速度分布

a. 豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式a. Vertical wall attached with air supplyb. 冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式b. Cooling fan direct blowing air supply mode

2.3 流場(chǎng)的溫度監(jiān)測(cè)

2.3.1 代表截面的溫度監(jiān)測(cè)

圖9-10顯示了2種不同送風(fēng)方式下典型截面的溫度分布圖，從圖中可以看出，2種不同的送風(fēng)射流都能及時(shí)帶走冷庫壁面的熱流量，有效抑制了壁面的傳熱對(duì)冷藏庫貯藏環(huán)境的破壞。但是，相比冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹的送風(fēng)方式，豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式形成的溫度場(chǎng)更為均勻。在冷風(fēng)直吹送風(fēng)方式下，氣流受送風(fēng)射流的卷吸作用，使得一部分換熱后的氣流未被冷卻又隨射流進(jìn)入循環(huán)，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致貨物上部區(qū)域的溫度較高。

圖9 兩種不同送風(fēng)方式下z=3 m截面的溫度（K）分布

a. 豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式 a. Vertical wall attached with air supplyb. 冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式 b. Cooling fan direct blowing air supply mode

2.3.2 監(jiān)測(cè)線上的溫度分布

圖11分別描繪了2種送風(fēng)方式下堆垛中心高度方向的溫度分布。從圖中可以看出：2種送風(fēng)方式下堆垛中心處溫度變化趨勢(shì)存在較大的差異。在豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式下，貨物區(qū)中心線處的溫度分布比較集中，主要處于273～273.4 K。而在冷風(fēng)直吹的送風(fēng)方式下，由于堆垛上部區(qū)域溫度較高，導(dǎo)致貨物區(qū)溫度分布范圍為272.8～274.4 K。主要是由于頂部射流對(duì)氣流有較強(qiáng)的卷吸作用，使得換熱后溫度較高的氣流向上運(yùn)動(dòng)形成的。

a. 豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式a. Vertical wall attached air supplyb. 冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式b. Cooling fan direct blowing air supply

3 氣流組織的評(píng)價(jià)

根據(jù)通風(fēng)（空調(diào)）的目的，可以從3個(gè)方面來描述和評(píng)價(jià)氣流組織：送風(fēng)的有效性、污染物排除的有效性及熱舒適性等相關(guān)的參數(shù)。對(duì)于冷藏庫而言，貨物所處的溫度場(chǎng)、速度場(chǎng)以及換熱的有效性應(yīng)為關(guān)注重點(diǎn)。因此，本文選用能量利用系數(shù)和不均勻系數(shù)對(duì)2種送風(fēng)方式進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。

3.1 能量利用系數(shù)

不同送風(fēng)方式下庫內(nèi)熱量移除的有效性，可以用能量利用系數(shù)來評(píng)價(jià)[23-24]，其定義如下

表2 兩種送風(fēng)方式下的能量利用系數(shù)

注：t為送風(fēng)溫度，t回風(fēng)溫度，t貨物區(qū)平均溫度，能量利用系數(shù)。

Note:tis the supply air temperature,tis the return air temperature,tis the average temperature of the cargo area,is the energy utilization coefficient.

3.2 不均勻系數(shù)

冷藏庫內(nèi)氣流組織的均勻性對(duì)果蔬的貯藏品質(zhì)有著重要的影響，為此引用“不均勻系數(shù)”指標(biāo)對(duì)冷藏庫內(nèi)的氣流組織進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

圖12 堆垛測(cè)點(diǎn)分布示意圖

Fig 12 Distribution diagram of stacking measurement points

圖13 兩種送風(fēng)方式下不均勻系數(shù)的對(duì)比

表3 兩種送風(fēng)方式下的不均勻系數(shù)

4 結(jié) 論

本文以某蘋果冷藏庫為研究對(duì)象，采用數(shù)值模擬的方式，研究了豎壁貼附送風(fēng)方式下冷藏庫內(nèi)流場(chǎng)的分布特性。通過與冷風(fēng)機(jī)直吹送風(fēng)方式的對(duì)比，證明了豎壁貼附送風(fēng)模式可以形成更為均勻的速度場(chǎng)和溫度場(chǎng)，并能夠有效地提高送風(fēng)的能量利用率。其詳細(xì)結(jié)論如下：

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Improvement on characteristics of air flow field in cold storage with vertical wall attached ventilation

Bai Tongtong, Nan Xiaohong※, Jin Baohong, Chu Zhengpeng

(710055)

During the storage of fruits and vegetables, the uniformity of air distribution inside the cold storage store is crucial to affect both the storage quality of fruits or vegetables and energy efficiency of supply air. In the traditional cooling fan direct blowing air supply mode, some local air velocities and temperatures are easily to be larger than those required for cargo area, which would greatly reduce the uniformity of air distribution and the storage quality of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, the reasonable airflow organization is critical to the air distribution of the cold storage and must be carefully considered. In order to improve the uniformity of indoor air distribution, the study introduced the vertical wall attached ventilation which originated applied for indoor climate control of public buildings. To investigate the flow characteristics of the vertical wall attached ventilation, a three-dimensional SSTsolution model was established to study the distribution characteristics of the flow field and the cooling effect of the stored cargo. According to the practical array of the stored apples, the cargo area was regarded briefly as porous medium zone. In order to ensure the accuracy of the numerical calculation and the rationality of the mathematical model, grid independence verification and experimental verification were carried out. The accuracy of numerical calculation was studied by comparison with some accepted correlations and the rationality of the mathematical model was proved. The velocity distribution and temperature distribution of typical sections were monitored to illustrate the air flow pattern and temperature distribution characteristics under the vertical wall attached ventilation mode. Meanwhile, compared with the traditional air supply by cooling fan for direct blowing, it was clarified that the vertical wall attached ventilation could form a more uniformly temperature distribution and velocity distribution on the monitoring section and monitoring line. However, the air distribution of monitoring section and monitoring line could not fully reflect the overall temperature and velocity distribution inside the cold storage. Furthermore, the air distribution evaluation index was introduced and calculated in order to fully understand the temperature distribution characteristics of the studied cold storage room. First of all, in order to reflect the uniformity of air distribution, the non-uniformity coefficient of temperature and non-uniformity of velocity were introduced. According to the temperature and velocity values of 40 measuring points in each stack, the velocity non-uniformity coefficient and temperature non-uniformity coefficient were calculated under two air distribution modes. It was manifested that the vertical wall attached ventilation enabled non-uniformity coefficient of temperature and non-uniformity of velocity to decrease by 31% and 47%, respectively at the same air supply flow rate and temperature. Secondly, to evaluate the energy utilization of the air supply, the energy utilization efficiency of the two modes was calculated from monitoring air supply temperature, air return temperature and average temperature in the cargo area. It was indicated that the vertical wall attached ventilation made the energy utilization increase by 19% due to the more sufficient heat exchange between the air and cargo. Since the vertical wall attached ventilation can form a more uniform air distribution under a higher energy utilization rate, it can effectively improve indoor air distribution characteristics and well meet the storage requirements of fruits and vegetables.

flow field; cold storage store; vertical wall attached ventilation; numerical simulation; non-uniformity coefficient; energy efficiency

白通通，南曉紅，金寶紅，初正鵬. 豎壁貼附送風(fēng)改善冷藏庫內(nèi)流場(chǎng)特性[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)，2019，35(22)：331－337. doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.039 http://www.tcsae.org

Bai Tongtong, Nan Xiaohong, Jin Baohong, Chu Zhengpeng. Improvement on characteristics of air flow field in cold storage with vertical wall attached ventilation[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(22): 331－337. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.039 http://www.tcsae.org

2019-04-14

2019-10-05

陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目（2018JM3038）

白通通，研究方向?yàn)槔洳貛靸?nèi)氣流組織的數(shù)值模擬。Email：1910686979@qq.com

南曉紅，教授，博士，主要從事制冷技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的科研與教學(xué)工作。Email：nanxh@xauat.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.22.039

TB61+1

A

1002-6819(2019)-22-0331-07