楊麗紅 肖波 侯麗霞 姚冬
摘要:淫羊藿苷是傳統(tǒng)補益中藥淫羊藿的有效活性成分之一,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可影響多種細胞的增殖。淫羊藿苷主要促進骨組織相關(guān)細胞增殖,包括成骨細胞、軟骨細胞、骨膜細胞、間充質(zhì)干細胞,淫羊藿苷抑制多種腫瘤細胞增殖,包括骨肉瘤細胞、乳腺癌細胞和卵巢癌細胞等,淫羊藿苷亦可調(diào)節(jié)其他細胞的增殖,包括神經(jīng)干細胞、平滑肌細胞等。但淫羊藿苷對細胞增殖促進和抑制的雙重調(diào)節(jié)機制需要進一步研究,方能為其在細胞增殖紊亂相關(guān)疾病中的應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:淫羊藿苷;細胞增殖;促進;抑制
中圖分類號:R285.6? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.01.012
文章編號:1006-1959(2019)01-0033-04
Advances in Research on the Regulation of Cell Proliferation by Icariin
YANG Li-hong,XIAO Bo,HOU Li-xia,YAO Dong
(Department of Respiratory Medicine,Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College,Guilin 541004,Guangxi,China)
Abstract:Icariin is one of the effective active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Epimedium, which has been found to affect the proliferation of various cells. Icariin mainly promotes the proliferation of bone-related cells, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, periosteal cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and icariin inhibits proliferation of various tumor cells, including osteosarcoma cells, breast cancer cells, and ovarian cancer. Apoptosis can also regulate the proliferation of other cells, including neural stem cells and smooth muscle cells. However, the dual regulation mechanism of icariin on cell proliferation promotion and inhibition needs further research to provide a theoretical basis for its application in cell proliferation disorders.
Key words:Icariin;Cell proliferation;Promotion;Inhibition
淫羊藿屬于蓼科(Polygonaceae)的開花植物屬。近代研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿具有廣泛作用,除了傳統(tǒng)補腎益氣功效外,還可降低血壓,促進造血、免疫功能及對抗骨質(zhì)疏松、衰老、腫瘤等[1]。高分離度液相色譜(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)分析顯示,淫羊藿總黃酮由7個復(fù)合物組成,淫羊藿苷(Icariin)為主要的有效成分[2]。本文對近年來淫羊藿苷在細胞增殖中的調(diào)節(jié)作用的相關(guān)研究做一綜述,為進一步探討淫羊藿苷通過調(diào)節(jié)細胞增殖而作用于骨代謝、腫瘤等疾病的藥理作用機制提供參考。
1淫羊藿苷促進細胞增殖
1.1淫羊藿苷促進骨組織相關(guān)細胞的增殖? 成骨細胞是一類特異的、終端分化的間充質(zhì)干細胞,是骨組織的主要結(jié)構(gòu)和功能細胞,負責(zé)骨基質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生、分泌和礦化,在骨代謝平衡和損傷修復(fù)中發(fā)揮極其重要的作用。淫羊藿苷促成骨細胞的增殖作用,與Wnt通路、雌激素受體通路及miRNA相關(guān)信號有關(guān)。Song L等人發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可通過雌激素受體影響細胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)信號激活增加小鼠胚胎成骨細胞前體細胞MC3T3-E1數(shù)量[3]。朱曉峰等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷促進成骨細胞增殖是由雌激素受體介導(dǎo),且有絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信號通路參與[4]。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷不僅可以促進細胞增殖,上調(diào)骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白(BMP-2)、骨保護素(OPG)的表達[5],且通過miR-153/Runx2通路及ERα-Wnt/β-catenin信號通路發(fā)揮強烈的成骨增殖和分化作用[6]。Xia LL等將淫羊藿苷與PHBV支架結(jié)合,制成新型淫羊藿苷遞送多孔PHBV支架(IDPPSs),發(fā)現(xiàn)含有0.1%淫羊藿苷的IDPPS能明顯增加人成骨細胞樣MG-63細胞和前成骨細胞MC3T3-E1細胞的數(shù)量[7]。動物實驗研究發(fā)現(xiàn),淫羊藿苷代謝產(chǎn)物淫羊藿素處理骨質(zhì)疏松大鼠,能夠顯著增加骨表面成骨細胞數(shù)量[8]。
軟骨細胞(chondrocytes)是存在于健康軟骨中的唯一細胞群,其作用是產(chǎn)生并維系由膠原蛋白和蛋白多糖構(gòu)成的軟骨基質(zhì)。有研究表明淫羊藿苷可促進軟骨細胞的增殖,Wang PZ等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷能夠以劑量依賴的方式增加軟骨細胞數(shù)量,上調(diào)成軟骨基因表達和軟骨基質(zhì)蛋白合成,其機制可能通過激活缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1α(Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha,HIF-1α),調(diào)節(jié)軟骨細胞增殖、分化和與軟骨下骨形成的整合,從而促進關(guān)節(jié)軟骨修復(fù)[9]。劉益杰等用不同濃度的淫羊藿苷作用于IL-1β處理過的軟骨細胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)其可通過降低MMP13 mRNA表達,抑制IL-1β誘導(dǎo)的軟骨細胞退變,并促進軟骨細胞增殖[10]。軟骨細胞是軟骨組織的唯一結(jié)構(gòu)細胞,淫羊藿苷增加軟骨細胞數(shù)量的作用,表明它對軟骨修復(fù)具有重要的潛在臨床應(yīng)用價值。
骨膜是覆蓋所有骨表面的膜結(jié)構(gòu),并且由包含成纖維細胞的纖維層和祖細胞的生長層(骨膜細胞)組成。骨膜細胞是成骨細胞及軟骨細胞的前體細胞,李紅明等人發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可能通過上調(diào)雌激素受體α,β蛋白的表達促進骨膜細胞增殖[11]。鐘秀霞等人發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可促進骨膜細胞增殖和分化,且其機制與上調(diào)OPG、骨橋蛋白(OPN)和Runx2的表達有關(guān)[12],以上研究表明淫羊藿苷可通過促進骨膜細胞增殖,有助于骨膜生長和修復(fù)。
淫羊藿苷可促進人牙周膜細胞(hPDLC)的增殖,Lv XC等人發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷在合適的濃度范圍(10-6~10-8 mol/L)劑量依賴性地促進hPDLC的增殖,提示淫羊藿苷可用于根尖周組織再生[13]。Pei ZH等人也發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷以劑量和時間依賴性方式促進人牙周膜細胞增殖,并且上調(diào)核結(jié)合因子α亞單位1(Cbfa1)、骨鈣素(OC)和OPG表達,下調(diào)NF-κB受體活化因子配體(RANKL)的產(chǎn)生和RANKL/OPG表達比率,表明淫羊藿苷通過刺激人牙周膜細胞的增殖和成骨分化,并抑制破骨細胞分化對治療牙槽骨吸收和促進牙周組織再生方面的潛在的開發(fā)價值[14]。
1.2淫羊藿苷可促進干細胞的增殖? 干細胞是一種尚未分化成熟的細胞,在某些條件下可分化成多種功能細胞,在組織形成和損傷修復(fù)過程中發(fā)揮極其重要的作用。
間充質(zhì)干細胞是一類能夠分化為成骨細胞、脂肪細胞、軟骨細胞等細胞類型的祖細胞。淫羊藿苷可促進間充質(zhì)干細胞的增殖,F(xiàn)u SP等發(fā)現(xiàn)低濃度的淫羊藿苷可以促進大鼠骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞(BMSCs)的增殖,且與Wnt/β-catenin信號通路有關(guān)[15]。Wei QS[16]等也發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過ERα-Wnt /β-catenin信號傳導(dǎo)途徑顯著增強大鼠BMSCs的增殖和堿性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,并上調(diào)成骨基因。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷不僅可通過ERα-Wnt/β-catenin信號傳導(dǎo)途徑作用,還可通過激活ERK和p38MAPK信號傳導(dǎo)促進大鼠BMSCs的增殖[17]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為體外擴增骨髓間充質(zhì)干細胞的含量提供了一種新的有效途徑,并為今后干細胞移植的臨床應(yīng)用提供了依據(jù)。通過淫羊藿苷促進骨組織相關(guān)細胞增殖的研究,表明淫羊藿苷在骨損傷修復(fù)和重建中能夠發(fā)揮積極的成骨作用,體現(xiàn)出其具有十分重要的潛在臨床應(yīng)用價值。
淫羊藿苷也可促進其他干細胞的增殖。Ye YP等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷能促進大鼠脂肪干細胞(rASC)的增殖,且與激活RhoA-TAZ信號傳導(dǎo)途徑有關(guān)[18]。Yang P等從自然流產(chǎn)后獲得的16~20周人胎兒的紋狀體中分離單細胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷促進人神經(jīng)干細胞(NSCs)的增殖和調(diào)節(jié)基因表達,從而表明淫羊藿苷可通過調(diào)節(jié)NSC活性發(fā)揮其神經(jīng)保護作用[19]。Huang JH等取來源于小鼠胚胎的前腦神經(jīng)干細胞,通過機械解離成單細胞懸液,并用淫羊藿苷處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可以促進NSCs的自我更新,且證明此種作用與ERK/MAPK信號傳導(dǎo)途徑的激活有關(guān)[20]。淫羊藿苷復(fù)合殼聚糖膠原材料能夠促進施旺細胞(Schwann's cells)和PC12神經(jīng)細胞增殖[21],亦有報道表明淫羊藿苷具有神經(jīng)保護作用,保護神經(jīng)元細胞免受β淀粉體誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)毒性損傷[22,23],表明淫羊藿苷可能應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)組織工程中和預(yù)防/保護老年癡呆靶向藥物開發(fā)。Huang ZD等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷能顯著促進CD133+/CD24+腎干/祖細胞增殖,其有效地減輕了5/6腎切除術(shù)誘導(dǎo)的慢性腎衰竭[24]。
1.3淫羊藿苷促進腫瘤細胞的增殖? 有少部分研究發(fā)現(xiàn),淫羊藿苷具有促進某些腫瘤細胞增殖的作用。Shi WG等發(fā)現(xiàn)濃度10 μmol/L的淫羊藿苷可顯著促進人乳腺癌MCF-7細胞的增殖[25]。Ma HR等首次發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過激活了膜偶聯(lián)雌激素受體(GPER1)介導(dǎo)EGRK-MAPK信號通路可促進乳腺癌細胞SKBr3的增殖[26]。由于淫羊藿苷是植物雌激素,可通過雌激素受體通路參與由雌激素介導(dǎo)的一系列生理作用,可能是淫羊藿苷能夠促進乳腺癌相關(guān)細胞增殖的機制。
1.4淫羊藿苷促進其他細胞的增殖? 淫羊藿苷可促進生殖細胞的增殖,Nan Y等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過激活ERK1/2信號通路在體外增加支持細胞Sertoli的數(shù)量,能解釋對雄性生殖能力有部分支持作用[27]。Su YS等利用離體實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)用淫羊藿苷不僅能通過刺激真皮乳頭細胞(DPC)中的促生長因子IGF-1表達來促進小鼠毛囊生長,亦可顯著增加基質(zhì)角質(zhì)形成細胞的數(shù)量[28]。
2淫羊藿苷抑制細胞的增殖
2.1淫羊藿苷可抑制多個腫瘤細胞的增殖? 植物天然藥物在抗腫瘤藥物開發(fā)中具有重要價值,據(jù)文獻報道,淫羊藿苷對多個腫瘤細胞增殖有明顯的抑制作用。Li JW等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷靶向作用PTEN、RECK和Bcl-2蛋白來抑制卵巢細胞A2780的增殖,誘導(dǎo)其凋亡[29]。Ren YX等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷抑制骨肉瘤細胞的增殖,且與影響Wnt/β-catenim信號傳導(dǎo)途徑相關(guān)蛋白的表達有關(guān)[30]。Jung YY等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷作為STAT3阻斷劑在骨髓瘤治療中的潛在應(yīng)用[31]。成神經(jīng)管細胞瘤是兒童中最常見的惡性腦腫瘤類型,Sun Y等在體外發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷能夠劑量和時間依賴性地降低細胞活力,抑制人髓母細胞瘤Daoy和D341細胞的集落形成能力,導(dǎo)致細胞在分裂S期阻滯,還可誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡,且呈劑量依耐性。在動物水平,淫羊藿苷能夠抑制小鼠模型腫瘤生長并促進細胞凋亡。體外和體內(nèi)結(jié)果表明淫羊藿苷可能發(fā)揮抗成神經(jīng)管細胞瘤作用[32]。Wang ZM等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過降低Bcl-2蛋白量抑制肝癌HepG2細胞的增殖,誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡,并破壞肌動蛋白細胞骨架[33]。Wang Z等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷通過劑量依賴性的方式抑制急性早幼粒細胞性白血?。ˋPL)相關(guān)細胞的增殖并誘導(dǎo)凋亡,且通過增加細胞內(nèi)活性氧ROS和三氧化二砷(ATO)的量,表現(xiàn)出抗腫瘤作用,因此淫羊藿苷和ATO聯(lián)合治療可能為APL患者提供一種新的治療選擇[34]。Li W等也發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷抑制肝細胞性肝癌(HCC)細胞增殖和促進細胞凋亡,并且在體內(nèi)外均增強了ATO的抗腫瘤作用,且與細胞內(nèi)ROS的產(chǎn)生和NF-κB活性的抑制有關(guān)[35]。Yang LJ等發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷不僅可呈劑量依賴性地抑制膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤細胞的增殖和誘導(dǎo)凋亡,還可加強替莫唑胺(TMZ)的抗腫瘤作用,且證明此種作用也與NF-κB活性的抑制相關(guān)[36]。Shi DB等也發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷在體外和體內(nèi)可通過抑制NF-κB活性抑制結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)細胞生長并增強CRC中5-FU的抗腫瘤活性[37]。以上研究可說明,淫羊藿苷在抗腫瘤方面有廣泛的潛在應(yīng)用價值。
2.2淫羊藿苷抑制其他細胞的增殖? 淫羊藿苷不僅可以抑制癌細胞的增殖,還可以抑制其他細胞增殖。Hu Y等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可通過抑制PCNA表達和ERK1/2的失活抑制氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)引起的血管平滑肌細胞(VSMCs)增殖[38]。Shen R等人發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷可抑制脾和淋巴結(jié)中Th1和Th17細胞的頻率,且用淫羊藿苷處理后的小鼠在其中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)單核細胞中也顯示較低頻率的Th17細胞,其作用可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)樹突細胞(DC)來介導(dǎo)的[39]。表明淫羊藿苷在炎癥性疾病和心血管疾病中也可能發(fā)揮作用。
3總結(jié)
淫羊藿苷是淫羊藿的主要活性成分,其對細胞產(chǎn)生促進和抑制雙重作用可能與細胞的種類和激活不同的信號通路有關(guān)。目前大多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淫羊藿苷能促進骨組織相關(guān)細胞增殖,包括成骨細胞、軟骨細胞、骨膜細胞、骨髓基質(zhì)干細胞,具有預(yù)防及治療骨質(zhì)疏松、促進骨骼再生的作用。此外,淫羊藿苷還可促進其他干細胞及組織細胞的增殖,有助于組織的修復(fù)。淫羊藿苷除了可促進細胞增殖,對某些細胞增殖也存在抑制作用,例如破骨細胞和絕大部分的癌細胞,表明其具有潛在的抗癌作用,但是淫羊藿苷對于某些乳腺癌細胞則表現(xiàn)為促進作用,可能與淫羊藿苷的雌激素樣作用有關(guān)。淫羊藿苷對于某些過度增生的細胞,例如血管平滑肌細胞等,也有一定的抑制作用,顯示了其可能應(yīng)用于心血管疾病研究。本文回顧了近年來發(fā)表在中外學(xué)術(shù)期刊上關(guān)于淫羊藿苷對各種細胞增殖作用的調(diào)控研究,希望可為以后研究淫羊藿苷對抗異常細胞增生,促進組織細胞修復(fù)提供研究依據(jù)。
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