鄭立傳 康鄭軍 張英豪 徐文博
【摘要】 家族史是前列腺癌的危險因素之一,乳腺癌易感基因2(BRCA2)為已證實的前列腺癌高危遺傳因素。雖然BRCA2和BRCA1在前列腺癌發(fā)病中的作用機制尚未明確,但兩者均為有害突變基因,與腫瘤的侵襲性和疾病的不良臨床預(yù)后相關(guān)。前列腺癌的發(fā)病率在全球呈不斷上升趨勢,因此迫切需要新的方法來預(yù)測前列腺癌的發(fā)病。筆者認(rèn)為,BRCA突變中BRCA2突變是主要預(yù)測因子之一,本文主要對BRCA1和BRCA2突變在前列腺癌中的相關(guān)研究進行討論和分析。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 BRCA1 BRCA2 前列腺癌
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2019.30.081 文獻標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 1674-6805(2019)30-0-03
[Abstract] Family history is one of the risk factors for prostate cancer, and breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) is a proven genetic risk factor for prostate cancer. Although the role of BRCA2 and BRCA1 in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer remains unrevealed, both of them are deleterious mutations genes, which have been associated with the invasive nature of tumors and poor clinical outcomes. The incidence of prostate cancer is on the rise in the world, so new methods to predict the incidence of prostate cancer are urgently needed. We think BRCA2 mutations are one of the main predictive factors in the BRCA mutations. This article mainly discusses and analyzes the related studies of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in prostate cancer.
[Key words] BRCA1 BRCA2 Prostate cancer
First-authors address: The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)是男性最常見的第二大腫瘤,每年診斷新病例約90萬個,不同地區(qū)疾病發(fā)生率差異很大,澳大利亞、新西蘭和北美、西歐、北歐國家前列腺癌發(fā)病率最高,而中南亞國家發(fā)病率最低[1]。在美國,前列腺癌是導(dǎo)致男性癌癥患者死亡的第二個常見原因,每年死亡人數(shù)超過25萬[2]。因此,對預(yù)后較差的前列腺癌的預(yù)測研究至關(guān)重要。
前列腺癌遺傳病因?qū)W較為復(fù)雜且相關(guān)研究較少,多種因素均會誘導(dǎo)疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。盡管與前列腺癌風(fēng)險相關(guān)常見遺傳基因變異的臨床意義仍不清楚,但目前已有研究證實乳腺癌易感基因1(BRCA1)和乳腺癌易感基因2(BRCA2)與前列腺癌的侵襲性和患者預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[3]。目前國際通用的前列腺癌TNM分期,腫瘤Gleason評分和PSA檢測并不能明確哪些前列腺癌患者死亡率高,而BRCA基因尤其是BRCA2突變與前列腺癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)性的研究進展很好地填補了這一空白領(lǐng)域。本文將對BRCA基因進行分析,并討論BRCA突變與前列腺癌疾病進展間的相關(guān)性。
1 BRCA基因特點
BRCA基因包括BRCA1和BRCA2,兩者均屬于抑癌基因,以常染色顯性方式遺傳且外顯率不完全。這兩個基因均在多種細(xì)胞途徑中編碼具備一定作用的大分子蛋白質(zhì),BRCA1是細(xì)胞控制系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵點,參與細(xì)胞DNA損傷修復(fù),轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控和染色質(zhì)構(gòu)建等。兩者均通過與機體內(nèi)其他修復(fù)機制及其他抑癌基因的協(xié)同作用共同對細(xì)胞周期進行調(diào)控,保證人體正常細(xì)胞的增殖與凋亡,在維持正?;蚪M穩(wěn)定性和完整性中起著重要的作用。目前已經(jīng)有研究證實,BRCA1和BRCA2突變不僅與女性患乳腺癌,卵巢癌發(fā)病風(fēng)險增加有關(guān),與男性乳腺癌和前列腺癌發(fā)病也密切相關(guān)[4]。
2 BRCA突變的臨床意義
幾項關(guān)于BRCA攜帶者前列腺癌患病風(fēng)險的流行病學(xué)研究表明,BRCA2突變會增加患前列腺癌的風(fēng)險,而BRCA1基因突變風(fēng)險較小[5]。在一般人群中,BRCA基因的種系突變發(fā)生率很低,突變率僅為0.07%~0.24%,造成了BRCA基因突變病例收集的困難。由于三個始祖突變(BRCA1 185delA,BRCA1 5382insC和BRCA2 6174delT)的發(fā)病率相對較高,因此關(guān)于三個始祖突變的研究更為廣泛,并且在猶太人中發(fā)病率更高。據(jù)估計,猶太人中至少有2%攜帶一種以上此類突變,但是總體樣本量仍低,流行病學(xué)結(jié)果有時并不一致[6]。
此外也有研究認(rèn)為,BRCA突變與前列腺癌發(fā)病并無相關(guān)性[7]。例如,Tryggvadottir等[8]認(rèn)為,BRCA突變不會增加前列腺癌的風(fēng)險。而Thorne等[9]對40例BRCA2突變攜帶者與97例BRCA野生型患者進行比較,并未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者在發(fā)病年齡和發(fā)病時PSA數(shù)值間存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。BRCA突變可能與其他多種惡性腫瘤發(fā)生相關(guān)。Ibrahim等[10]對102名BRCA1或BRCA2突變檢測陽性的男性患者進行研究,其中33例(32%)診斷為癌癥,在33例癌癥患者中有61.2%攜帶BRCA2突變。因此,相當(dāng)數(shù)量BRCA突變攜帶者(主要是BRCA2突變)患有多種癌癥,可能對癌癥篩查和預(yù)防有重要意義。
3 BRCA突變與前列腺癌
前列腺癌是西方國家最常見的男性惡性腫瘤,發(fā)病機制目前尚不明確。雖然Gleason評分、TNM分期等能夠在一定程度上預(yù)測前列腺癌疾病進展及患者的預(yù)后,但并不準(zhǔn)確。遺傳因素是前列腺癌發(fā)病最重要因素之一,尤其是存在惡性腫瘤家族聚集性家族史的男性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳腺癌患者男性親屬中患前列腺癌的風(fēng)險明顯增加,表明乳腺癌和前列腺癌可能有共同的遺傳基礎(chǔ)[11]。目前,針對BRCA突變與前列腺癌疾病進展相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)研究也是國際上的熱點。BRCA1為雄激素受體(AR)的共調(diào)節(jié)因子之一,而AR介導(dǎo)的信號通路在前列腺癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中至關(guān)重要。在一些臨床研究中表明,具有BRCA1和BRCA2突變的患者就診時已經(jīng)存在淋巴結(jié)受累或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率更高,并且與BRCA野生型攜帶患者相比無病生存期更短[12]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BRCA2突變攜帶者患前列腺癌風(fēng)險為正常人的5倍,與BRCA野生型相比,BRCA1或BRAC2突變相關(guān)的前列腺癌腫瘤體積更大,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移幾率更高,更具侵襲性且患者生存率更低[13]。Castro等[14]報道,79例BRCA1或BRCA2突變陽性的前列腺癌患者確診時常表現(xiàn)出更高的Gleason評分(≥8分)及更高的TNM分期。Le?o等[15]證實,BRCA1及BRCA2突變分別使患前列腺癌的風(fēng)險增加4.5倍和8.3倍。在多項單因素的研究中均發(fā)現(xiàn),等位基因缺失的BRCA2是影響前列腺癌患者生存的獨立預(yù)測因子[16]。提示BRCA2具有抗腫瘤的作用,BRCA2突變攜帶者更易患前列腺癌。
4 BRCA突變相關(guān)前列腺癌患者的治療
BRCA突變與前列腺癌的相關(guān)性仍處于研究階段,對BRCA突變攜帶者是否為前列腺癌高危人群也存在爭議。IMPACT研究正在評估BRCA1和BRCA2突變在無癥狀前列腺癌攜帶者中的作用[17]。目前,還沒有證據(jù)顯示治療BRCA突變相關(guān)前列腺癌的最適合方法。低風(fēng)險患者傾向于推薦主動監(jiān)測,而高風(fēng)險患者由于具有更高的早期淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移幾率,應(yīng)盡早開始治療。在BRCA突變攜帶者確診為前列腺癌時,應(yīng)盡早行根治性治療。BRCA突變攜帶者主動監(jiān)測并不安全,即使對于風(fēng)險較低的患者也是如此[18]。
在乳腺癌和卵巢癌的一些研究中,已明確與BRCA相關(guān)的腫瘤分子和臨床特征,并定義了一組具有BRCAness特征的腫瘤,對具有這些特征的惡性腫瘤有特定的治療方案[19]。但對于BRCA突變相關(guān)前列腺癌治療方案的選擇目前并不明確。已有研究證實,鉑劑、紫杉醇和PARP抑制劑在兩種BRCA基因突變攜帶者中仍能發(fā)揮抗腫瘤活性[20]。鉑劑能夠誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞DNA交聯(lián),為同源重組DNA修復(fù)的底物,在BRCA突變細(xì)胞中是有缺陷的,為了修復(fù)電離輻射對順鉑或其他雙鏈DNA斷裂的損害,需要進行同源重組修復(fù)。無論在體內(nèi)或體外研究中,腫瘤細(xì)胞對鉑劑化療均表現(xiàn)出高敏感性[21]。在卵巢癌相關(guān)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),BRCA突變與鉑類化療效果密切相關(guān)[22]。Yang等[23]通過對316例接受手術(shù)和鉑類化療的卵巢癌患者進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)BRCA2突變與患者預(yù)后相關(guān),對鉑類化療敏感性較高,而BRCA1突變或甲基化與預(yù)后無關(guān)。PARP是一種DNA修復(fù)酶,參與單鏈DNA斷裂的修復(fù),而DNA鏈損傷的積累可能會阻止復(fù)制叉導(dǎo)致DSB(雙鏈DNA斷裂)的形成,這些DSB只能通過同源重組進行修復(fù)[24]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BRCA突變?nèi)橄侔┖吐殉舶┗颊咧蠵ARP抑制劑治療效果較好[25]。目前已有臨床試驗評估PARP抑制劑在BRCA相關(guān)前列腺癌中的作用,研究正在進行,有待最終結(jié)論[26]。PARP抑制劑奧拉帕尼(Olaparib)在BRCA相關(guān)癌癥中具有一定的治療效果,并且在前列腺癌甚至mCRPC患者中均可能有著較好的治療效果[27]。在前列腺癌的新型內(nèi)分泌治療方面,mCRPC人群中BRCA突變攜帶者與非攜帶者相比,攜帶者的治療效果更好,BRCA1或BRCA2突變的患者均可受益于阿比特龍或恩雜魯胺的治療[28]。
5 結(jié)論
BRCA突變相關(guān)的前列腺癌通常侵襲性更強,一旦此類患者確診為前列腺癌,無論風(fēng)險度高低均應(yīng)傾向于積極治療,而非主動監(jiān)測。但相關(guān)治療方案的選擇目前并不明確。至今,大規(guī)模全基因組相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn),與前列腺癌風(fēng)險相關(guān)的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)有170個之多,可以對30%以上前列腺癌患者進行風(fēng)險評估[29]。
總之,前列腺癌在中國的發(fā)病率逐年上升,但基因檢測遠(yuǎn)未在臨床普及。由于BRCA突變發(fā)生率較低,針對其檢測較少,在中國相關(guān)研究也較少,僅局限在幾個研究機構(gòu),總體樣本量少。因此,多個研究機構(gòu)應(yīng)共同合作,進一步擴大樣本量以得到更準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù),對臨床具有重要的意義。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-02) (本文編輯:李盈)