殷華新
考點一:語序問題
名詞性從句的語序問題在各地高考題目中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高,由此可見其重要性。
解題思路:在名詞性從句中,除了關(guān)聯(lián)詞要提到句首之外,一律要用陳述句語序。即名詞性從句中不會出現(xiàn)助動詞提前的現(xiàn)象。
No one can be sure _______?in a million years.
A. what will man look like
B. what man will look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
解析:該題屬于典型的考查名詞性從句中賓語從句的語序問題。根據(jù)以上所述,應(yīng)該用陳述語序。所以首先排除A、C兩個選項,而D選項明顯不符合語言表達(dá)習(xí)慣,故答案為B。
考點二:that和what的區(qū)別問題
能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接代詞有who, whom, what, whose, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, whomever共九個。但what在考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率非常高,是考查的熱點!經(jīng)常與that放在一起,弄清二者用法區(qū)別是解題的關(guān)鍵。
解題思路:分析what和that在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑簑hat既有連接作用, 又要在從句中作成分,一般作主語、賓語、 表語,表示“……的東西;地點;人物;數(shù)目”等不同概念,在實際應(yīng)用時,可以有the thing(s) that...、 all that...、 the place that、 the person that 等表達(dá);而that只是一個“連接詞”,既不充當(dāng)任何成分,也沒有實在意義。
This is _______?my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018 北京)
A. how?B. which
C. that?D. what
解析:根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),該題考查名詞性從句中表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用法;根據(jù)句意“這是我父親教給我的東西”可以確定,所填入的詞不僅要起連接表語從句的作用,還要在句中充當(dāng)動詞teach的賓語,所以應(yīng)該填what,故答案為D。
考點三:that和whether的區(qū)別問題
這兩個詞都是連接詞,且都在從句中不作成分。但是,它們之間最大的區(qū)別在于“意義”。即that在從句中既不作成分,也沒有自己的意義;而whether雖然不在從句中充當(dāng)成分,但是它有意義,即“是否”。這就能夠左右從句的意思,使從句所表達(dá)的意思變成一個還沒有確定的因素。
解題思路:區(qū)分that還是whether,重點就是看主句需要從句表達(dá)一個什么意思,是確定的,還是不確定的;是事實還是疑問。前者選that,后者選whether。
I have no doubt _______Mr. Johnson will make it here on time.
A. that??B. whether
C. why??D. when
答案:A。這個題之所以選擇that,就是因為前面的I have no doubt(毫無疑問),這樣的主句已經(jīng)不再需要從句表達(dá)什么“是否”的意思了。
No one can be sure _______?the board will accept our conditions.
A. that??B. whether
C. why??D. what
答案:B。這個題中的No one can be sure(沒有人能肯定)就要求從句表達(dá)一個“董事會能否接受我們的條件”的意思,而不能是一個既定的事實。
考點四:if和whether的區(qū)別問題
解題思路:二者在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時都有“是否”之意。一般認(rèn)為,二者在賓語從句中可以互換。
He didnt give us explicit reply whether / if he will attend our wedding ceremony.
而在介詞的賓語從句中,在主語從句中,在表語從句中,在同位語從句中,在和不定式搭配的結(jié)構(gòu)中等等,習(xí)慣上只能用whether。
值得注意的是:有些著作依然強(qiáng)調(diào)if不能與or not搭配的問題。事實上這是不符合當(dāng)今英語實際使用情況的,也是與英美語言學(xué)家的論述相違背的。有些語言學(xué)家指出,在許多賓語從句中,if... or not和whether... or not是可以互換的。
I dont know if / whether I can come or not.
考點五:wh?詞和wh?ever的區(qū)別問題
解題思路:一般認(rèn)為,wh?詞在引導(dǎo)從句時,依然保留了很大部分疑問詞的本色,所以,它們引導(dǎo)的從句在意思上應(yīng)該表達(dá)的是一個“問題”,而whever已經(jīng)沒有這層色彩,不再關(guān)心這樣的“問題”,而是充滿了讓步的意味,多有“無論……”之意。
Who will be sent to help the people in the flooded areas hasnt been announced.
誰將被派往洪災(zāi)區(qū)去救援還沒有宣布。
Whoever will be sent to work in the flooded areas will spare no effort to help the people in need. 不管是誰被派往災(zāi)區(qū)救援都會全力以赴地幫助災(zāi)民。
考點六:no matter wh -和wh-ever的區(qū)別問題
解題思路:兩者都有“無論……”之意。在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時可以互換。但是,no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)狀語從句,不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。Wh-ever則二者皆可。由此包含與被包含的關(guān)系決定,二者同時出現(xiàn)而必選其一時,答案肯定是wh-ever。
Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. (主語從句)
Whoever / No matter who breaks the rules, he / she will be punished. (狀語從句)
Dont believe whatever he tells you. (賓語從句)
Dont believe him, whatever / no matter what he tells you. (狀語從句)
考點七:名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣問題
解題思路:先看賓語從句的虛擬語氣。一般說來,如果從句作的是表示說話人某種觀點、態(tài)度或要求等語氣的動詞的賓語時,從句中要求用should+動詞原形的虛擬語氣(should經(jīng)??梢允÷裕_@些動詞常見的有:desire, demand, require, request, order, propose, command, advise, suggest等。
He insisted that she (should) spend more time studying.
He demanded that we (should) be on time.
值得注意的是suggest和insist。它們倆后面的賓語從句是否用虛擬語氣還要看具體語境來定。
The doctor suggested that I had a cold. (這個suggest的意思是“解釋,說明”。后面不用虛擬語氣)
The smile on her face suggested that she had passed the test. (這個suggest的意思是“表明”。后面不用虛擬語氣)
The doctor suggested that I (should) stay in bed for a few days. (這個suggest的意思是“建議”。后面用虛擬語氣)
The young man insisted that he was well enough to serve in the army. (這個insist堅持的是一個事實不是一種觀點。后面不用虛擬語氣)
That young man insisted that he should be sent to the front. (這個insist堅持的是一種觀點,即“他應(yīng)該被派往前線”。后面用虛擬語氣)
以上是賓語從句中的虛擬語氣現(xiàn)象。如果是其他三種名詞性從句,只要和上述動詞有關(guān),用法一樣。
The headquarterssuggestion is that we (should) wait for another few days. (表語從句)
His order that all the soldiers (should) swim across the river was refused. (同位語從句)
It is strongly recommended that you (should) take a taxi. (主語從句)
另外,在下面這幾個特殊的句型中,后面的主語從句也用虛擬語氣。
a. It is important / necessary / natural / a wonder / essential(必要的) / suggested that... should do... It is important that you (should)be on time.
b. I wish that... did...
I wish I were a bird.
I wish one day I could live on the moon.
c. Id rather that... did...
Id rather you did it yourself.
Id rather I hadnt lent you that bicycle yesterday.
考點八:it在名詞性從句中的作用問題
代詞it的用法有很多。近幾年高考的關(guān)注點主要集中在it在名詞性從句中作形式賓語和形式主語的用法。
作形式主語:
It worried me a bit that he didnt phone.
It occurred to me that she might have forgotten the date.
It doesnt matter when you arrive—just come when you can.
作形式賓語:
I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.
I find it necessary that we should spend more time improving spoken English.
I think it important that we should keep calm.