吳濤
一、陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣
語氣是動(dòng)詞的不同形式,用來表達(dá)說話人對(duì)所說的情況的不同態(tài)度。在英語中有三種語氣,即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。
陳述語氣表示說話人認(rèn)為他所說的話是一個(gè)事實(shí)。
Lei Feng is a helpful person and we should learn from him.雷鋒助人為樂,我們應(yīng)該向他學(xué)習(xí)。
He prefers classic music to pop songs.他喜歡古典音樂不喜歡流行歌曲。
祈使語氣表示說話人對(duì)對(duì)方的請求或命令。
Dont be late again next time! 下次不要再遲到了!
Do be careful while crossing the street.過馬路時(shí)千萬要小心。
虛擬語氣是表示假定、主觀愿望的動(dòng)詞形式,虛擬語氣主要用于非真實(shí)條件句中。
二、虛擬語氣用于非真實(shí)條件句中
包含條件從句的句子稱為條件句,條件句有兩種:真實(shí)條件句與非真實(shí)條件句。當(dāng)假定的條件有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí),為真實(shí)條件句,句中用陳述語氣。當(dāng)假定的情況與事實(shí)相反或發(fā)生的可能性不大時(shí),為非真實(shí)條件句,句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣。
1. 如果所提到的假設(shè)與現(xiàn)在的情況相反,其謂語動(dòng)詞形式為:
if從句主句
一般過去時(shí)(動(dòng)詞be皆用were)would, should, might, could+動(dòng)詞原形
If John were here, I should be glad.如果約翰在這兒,我會(huì)很高興的。
If people drove more slowly, there wouldnt be so many accidents.如果人們開車慢一些,就不會(huì)有這么多交通事故。
2. 如果所提出的假設(shè)與過去情況相反,其謂語動(dòng)詞形式為:
if從句主句
過去完成時(shí)(had+過去分詞)would, should, might, could+ have+過去分詞
【高考真題】
1) They might have found a better hotel if they _______?a few more kilometers. (2018北京卷13)
A. drove?B. would drive
C. were to drive?D. had driven
【解析】 D。首先排除B。因?yàn)閣ould be應(yīng)該用在主句中。A. drove與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反;C. were to drive與將來事實(shí)相反。根據(jù)主句謂語動(dòng)詞might have found,應(yīng)該是與過去事實(shí)相反,選D。
2) If the new safety system ????to use, the accident would never have happened.(2017北京卷34)
A. had been put?B. were put
C. should be put?D. would be put
【解析】 A。句意:如果這個(gè)新的安全系統(tǒng)被投入使用過的話,這個(gè)事故就不會(huì)發(fā)生了。根據(jù)主句確定是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬,所以從句用had done形式,system與put to use是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,故選A。
3) Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you_______?me, I could have helped.(2016北京卷34)
A. told?B. had told
C. were to tell?D. would tell
【解析】 B。前面的特殊疑問句用的是一般過去時(shí),與過去事實(shí)相反,條件句用had done。
4) I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one, I______?.(2016天津卷15)
A. were injured
B. would be injured
C. had been injured
D. would have been injured
【解析】 D。句意:我當(dāng)時(shí)系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶,我就會(huì)受傷了。根據(jù)if條件句用的had done可知,主句用would have done表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬,而且I和injure是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。故選D。
3. 如果所提出的假設(shè)在將來沒有多大可能實(shí)現(xiàn),其謂語動(dòng)詞形式為:
if從句主句
should+動(dòng)詞原形;were to+動(dòng)詞原形;動(dòng)詞的過去式would, should, might, could+ have+過去分詞
If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.如果你明天來,我就有時(shí)間見你。
If I missed the film tonight, I would feel sorry for it.如果我今晚錯(cuò)過這部電影,我會(huì)感到遺憾。
4. 有時(shí)候,條件從句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,此時(shí)各句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)它們各自所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。
If I were you, I would have gone shopping with her.如果我是你,我就和她購物去了。
【高考真題】
1) If we ______the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now.(2018天津卷15)
A. had caught?B. caught
C. have caught?D. would catch
【解析】 A。首先排除C。然后排除D. would catch用于主句中,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。再排除B. caught與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。條件狀語從句中有明顯的時(shí)間狀語yesterday,與過去事實(shí)相反,所以選A。
2) If it ______?for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.(2016江蘇卷27)
A. had not been
B. should not be
C. were not to be
D. should not have been
【解析】 A。句意:如果不是因?yàn)榍皫滋焖难垼椰F(xiàn)在就不會(huì)在這里了。條件句中the other day前幾天,表示與過去事實(shí)相反,用had done, 所以選A。
5. 在正式文體中,連詞if 有時(shí)可以省略,而將were, had, should這一類詞提到句首,構(gòu)成部分倒裝。
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.(=If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home)如果明天下雨,我們就待在家里。
【高考真題】
1) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS?related deaths ______since their highest in 2005. (2016天津卷15)
A. had not fallen?B. would not fall
C. did not fall?D. would not have fallen
【解析】 D。句意:如果政府和科學(xué)家不共同努力,與艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡人數(shù)就不會(huì)從2005年的最高點(diǎn)下降。if條件句用的had done,而且省略if, 將had 提前,主句用would have done表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬。故選D。
2) ?______not for the support of the teachers, the student could not overcome her difficulty. (2017江蘇卷22)
A. It were?B. Were it
C. It was?D. Was it
【解析】 B。在虛擬語氣中,與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,be動(dòng)詞統(tǒng)一用were,虛擬語氣的省略形式主要是把if省略,同時(shí)把were / should / had提前,即Were / Should / Had I...,故選B。
6. 含蓄條件
有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況沒有用if從句表示出來,而是通過without, but for等介詞引導(dǎo)的短語或是由副詞otherwise,連詞but等引導(dǎo)的短語或上下文表示出來,這種情況稱為含蓄條件。
Without a solid industrial foundation, this change could not have taken place.(=If there had not been for a solid industrial foundation, this change could not have taken place.)沒有堅(jiān)實(shí)的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ),這種變化是不可能發(fā)生的。
But for your help, we could not have succeeded in our exam.(=If there had not been for your help, we could not have succeeded in our exam.=If you had not helped us, we could not have succeeded in our exam.)要是沒有你的幫助,我們不會(huì)考得這么好。
—Why didnt you help them?
—I would have but I didnt have money.(=I would have helped them if I had had money.)
【高考真題】
—Do you have Bettys phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ______?able to reach her yesterday.(2017天津卷15)
A. hadnt been?B. wouldnt have been
C. werent?D. wouldnt be
【解析】 B。句意:——你有貝蒂的電話號(hào)碼嗎? ——有。否則我昨天就聯(lián)系不到她了。此處otherwise(否則)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句,由yesterday可知本句對(duì)過去進(jìn)行虛擬,由此可以判斷出主句用wouldnt have done,故選B。
三、虛擬語氣用于其他從句中
1. 用在表示建議、命令、要求等的從句中
在一些動(dòng)詞,如:advise, ask, command, desire, demand, insist, propose, order, recommend, request, suggest, require等所引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,或是“it is+該類動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”所引導(dǎo)主語從句中,或是由該類動(dòng)詞的同源名詞所引導(dǎo)的表語從句和同位語從句中,均用虛擬語氣,其動(dòng)詞形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形。在現(xiàn)代英語中,尤其是美式英語中,should 經(jīng)常被省略,而用動(dòng)詞原形。
They requested that she (should) sing an English song.他們請她唱一首英文歌曲。
The demand is that the troops (should) withdraw at once.要求部隊(duì)立即撤退。
It is desired that he (should) get everything ready by ten oclock.要求他到10點(diǎn)鐘將一切準(zhǔn)備好。
但是,當(dāng)這一類動(dòng)詞不是表示建議、命令、要求的意思時(shí),則用陳述語氣。
He insisted that Johns idea was wrong.他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為約翰的想法是錯(cuò)誤的。
Her face suggested that she was very angry.她的面部表情說明她很生氣。
2. 用于wish后面的賓語從句中
在表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí),wish后面的賓語從句要用過去時(shí)(動(dòng)詞be用were);表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí),從句用過去完成時(shí);表示將來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí),從句用would + 動(dòng)詞原形。
He wishes that he had paid more attention to English then.他希望當(dāng)時(shí)多注意一點(diǎn)英語就好了。
I wish that the rain would stop soon.我希望雨馬上會(huì)停掉。
【高考真題】
There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ______a second chance to become more involved.(2018江蘇卷27)
A. had?B. will have
C. would have had?D. have had
【解析】 A。根據(jù)and前面的句子來判斷,應(yīng)該理解成與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,要用一般過去時(shí),所以選A。
另外,在it is wished that后面所跟的主語從句中,以及wish用作名詞時(shí)所引導(dǎo)的表語從句或同位語從句中,也要用虛擬語氣,動(dòng)詞形式同上面。
Smiths wish was that he had paid more attention to English when in college.史密斯希望上大學(xué)時(shí)多加注意英語。
另外,if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句相當(dāng)于how I wish+賓語從句。這種感嘆句中的動(dòng)詞形式與wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的動(dòng)詞形式相同。
If only you had come!
3. 用于as if / as though引導(dǎo)的從句中
在as if / as though引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣,其變化形式與wish后面從句中動(dòng)詞的變化形式相同。
He talks as if he knew all about it.他講起話來似乎對(duì)此事全都知道。
I remember the whole thing as if it had happened yesterday.我對(duì)整個(gè)事情記憶猶新。
但是,當(dāng)as if / as though引導(dǎo)的從句表示有很大的可能性或真實(shí)性時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞可以用陳述語氣。
It looks as if our side is going to win.
4. 用于in case, lest, for fear that引導(dǎo)的從句中
這一類從句用來表示“以防、以免”等意思,從句中的動(dòng)詞形式多為should+動(dòng)詞原形。在這一類從句中,should一般是不能省略的,但是在lest, for fear that引導(dǎo)的從句中,should有時(shí)可以省略。
I wont make any noise, for fear that I (should) disturb you.
Put on your coat lest you (should) catch cold.
但在in case從句中,可以不用虛擬語氣而用陳述語氣,表示可能性較大。試比較:
Ill get some beer in case my uncle John comes.(他或許會(huì)來)
Ill get some beer in case my uncle John should come.(可能性很?。?/p>
5. 用于it is (high / about) time所跟的從句中
在it is (high / about) time之后的從句中用虛擬語氣,表示該做而未做的事,其動(dòng)詞形式用過去式或者should+動(dòng)詞原形。
It is time that the children went to bed.孩子們該上床睡覺了。
6. 用于would (had) rather, would prefer引導(dǎo)的從句中
在would (had) rather, would prefer引導(dǎo)的從句中,常用虛擬語氣來表示愿望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。在表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r時(shí),從句中動(dòng)詞形式為過去式;在表示過去情況時(shí),則用過去完成時(shí)。
Id rather you told her the bad news some other day because today is her birthday.真希望你再找一天把這壞消息告訴她,因?yàn)榻裉焓撬纳铡?/p>
I would rather you had come yesterday.你昨天來就好了。
7. 用于 “its+某些形容詞+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句中
虛擬語氣在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用時(shí),從句中的動(dòng)詞形式為should (可省略) + 動(dòng)詞原形。
常用在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞有:strange, advisable, desirable, essential, important, natural, necessary, surprising, urgent, vital等。
【高考真題】
Its strange that he ______have taken the books without the owners permission. (2018江蘇卷24)
A. would?B. should
C. could?D. might
【解析】 B。