• 
    

    
    

      99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

      《勞氏海難救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(2011版)》評(píng)述

      2020-01-04 07:07:43王曉怡
      中國(guó)海商法研究 2020年4期

      王曉怡

      摘要:海難救助是海商法中特有的法律制度,自19世紀(jì)末以來(lái),以“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”原則為基礎(chǔ)的合同救助是其主要形式。在各種救助合同格式中,目前使用最廣泛的是英國(guó)勞合社發(fā)布的《勞氏海難救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式》,該格式協(xié)議經(jīng)過(guò)多次修訂,形式上更趨完備,內(nèi)容上也更加適應(yīng)不斷變化的海難救助實(shí)踐需要。針對(duì)該格式最新變化以及選擇并入其中的《船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款》進(jìn)行評(píng)述,分析救助方與被救助方的主要義務(wù)、特別補(bǔ)償?shù)墨@得、協(xié)議的終止和履行等主要條款內(nèi)容,建議吸收和借鑒其先進(jìn)之處,以期修訂和完善《中國(guó)海事仲裁委員會(huì)(1994)救助合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式》,增強(qiáng)其在救助實(shí)踐中的適用性。

      關(guān)鍵詞:海難救助;救助公約;特別補(bǔ)償

      中圖分類號(hào):D996.19? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

      文章編號(hào):2096-028X(2020)04-0090-14

      A review of Lloyds Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (2011)

      —concurrently comments on revision of

      China Maritime Arbitration

      Commission Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (1994)

      WANG Xiao-yi

      (School of Law,Jimei University,Xiamen 361021,China)

      Abstract:Salvage at sea is a particular legal system in maritime law, since the end of the 19th century, contractual salvage based on the principle “no cure, no pay” is its main form. Among various standard form of contract, Lloyds Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF), approved and published by the Council of Lloyds, is most widely used at present, which has been revised several times to become more adaptable to the practical needs. This paper, by translating the latest adition of LOF as well as the Special Compensation of Protection and Indemnity Clause (SCOPIC) chosen to be incorporated therein, comments on the main provisions of LOF regarding the parties obligation, special compensation, rights of termination, etc., then gives the suggestion to absorb and learn from its merits,hoping to amend and perfect the Standard Form of Salvage Contract of China Maritime Arbitration Commission

      ([STBX]1994, thus enhancing its applicability in salvage practice.

      Key words:salvage at sea;salvage convention;special compensation

      一、《勞氏海難救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式》的由來(lái)及發(fā)展

      《勞氏海難救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式》(Lloyds Standard Form of Salvage Agreement,簡(jiǎn)稱LOF)是英國(guó)勞氏委員會(huì)于1908年發(fā)布,用于締結(jié)海難救助合同的協(xié)議范本,至今已有逾百年歷史。LOF自發(fā)布以來(lái),經(jīng)過(guò)多次修訂,但“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”(no cure,no pay)始終都作為L(zhǎng)OF下海難救助報(bào)酬給付的基本原則,該原則也為《1910年統(tǒng)一海上救助若干法律規(guī)則的國(guó)際公約》所吸納,并延續(xù)至《1989年國(guó)際救助公約》(簡(jiǎn)稱《89年救助公約》)。

      20世紀(jì)70年代,發(fā)生了多起重大的海上油輪污染事故,比較有代表性的有Torrey Canyon輪①、Amoco Cadiz輪②和Cristos Bitas輪③溢油污染事故。這類事故的救援難度極大,盡管救助方竭盡全力,卻最終因無(wú)財(cái)產(chǎn)獲救而無(wú)法獲得救助報(bào)酬,或是根據(jù)獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值計(jì)算的應(yīng)得救助報(bào)酬不足以彌補(bǔ)救助方所投入的救助成本,這無(wú)疑會(huì)打擊其在救助海上財(cái)產(chǎn)的同時(shí)勇于負(fù)擔(dān)海洋救助責(zé)任的積極性。顯然,堅(jiān)守“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”原則已經(jīng)無(wú)法適應(yīng)20世紀(jì)的海上生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)需要。為此,勞氏委員會(huì)對(duì)LOF進(jìn)行了一次重要修訂,形成LOF1980版本。在有關(guān)油輪救助的報(bào)酬問(wèn)題上,LOF1980突破了“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”原則,創(chuàng)設(shè)了“安全網(wǎng)”(safety net)條款,首次把油輪對(duì)環(huán)境造成的污染與船舶、貨物和有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的運(yùn)費(fèi)一并列為施救對(duì)象,只要救助人在救助遇險(xiǎn)油輪時(shí)沒(méi)有過(guò)失,并為防止或減輕油污染損害付出了努力,即使救助作業(yè)沒(méi)有取得成效,或只有部分成效,仍可請(qǐng)求油輪船東支付一筆補(bǔ)償,數(shù)額相當(dāng)于因進(jìn)行救助作業(yè)而合理投入的成本再加上不超過(guò)15%增額。

      《89年救助公約》認(rèn)可并接納了LOF1980的這一突破,在以“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”為原則的第13條“救助報(bào)酬確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”(criteria for fixing the reward)條款基礎(chǔ)上,增設(shè)了第14條“特別補(bǔ)償”(special compensation)條款,并對(duì)只適用于油輪救助的LOF1980“安全網(wǎng)”條款進(jìn)行了批判繼承和發(fā)展,將救助對(duì)象從油輪擴(kuò)大至對(duì)環(huán)境構(gòu)成污染危險(xiǎn)的任何船舶或船上貨物。

      在公約出臺(tái)之后,LOF又進(jìn)行了一次修訂,形成了LOF1990版本。

      在《89年救助公約》尚未達(dá)到生效條件之前,LOF1990即將其部分重要條款直接并入進(jìn)來(lái),使得“安全網(wǎng)”條款也能夠擴(kuò)大適用至所有類型的船舶。隨著1995年1月1日英國(guó)《商船(救助與防污)法》的生效,英國(guó)政府正式批準(zhǔn)了《89年救助公約》。由于LOF1990只并入了公約的部分條款,為了適應(yīng)國(guó)際救助法律制度的變化,勞氏委員會(huì)相應(yīng)修訂LOF1990,隨即推出LOF1995版本,將公約的全部?jī)?nèi)容納入其中。但總體上,這兩個(gè)版本在條款、措辭方面比較接近。

      事實(shí)上,自第一版LOF出臺(tái)以來(lái),雖幾經(jīng)修訂,但條款形式和措辭表達(dá)上都沒(méi)有太大的變化,復(fù)雜的表述方式生澀難懂,一直以來(lái)遭人詬病。為此,勞氏委員會(huì)以格式規(guī)范、文字精煉、措辭明確為原則,著手升級(jí)LOF1995,推出了LOF2000版本。這一版LOF不僅格式新穎、形式簡(jiǎn)單,內(nèi)容上也發(fā)生了一些實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化,最值得關(guān)注的是將1999年8月生效的船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款(簡(jiǎn)稱SCOPIC)以附件的形式并入其中。SCOPIC條款是救助方、船舶所有人、財(cái)產(chǎn)保險(xiǎn)人和船東互保協(xié)會(huì)各方談判和妥協(xié)的產(chǎn)物,目的是建立一個(gè)不同于《89年救助公約》特別補(bǔ)償制度的簡(jiǎn)化支付機(jī)制,救助方無(wú)需證明被救助船舶是否對(duì)環(huán)境構(gòu)成實(shí)質(zhì)污染威脅,只要在LOF中選擇援用該條款,就能保障救助方迅速獲得根據(jù)該條款所計(jì)算的特別補(bǔ)償。

      目前,LOF的最新版本是LOF2011版④,其中并入的SCOPIC條款為2007年版本。新版本LOF沿襲了第一版所確立的救助報(bào)酬給付基本原則——“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”(no cure,no pay),醒目地將其置于文本首頁(yè)提請(qǐng)訂約各當(dāng)事方注意。從內(nèi)容上看,LOF2011共分為三個(gè)部分。第一部分將海難救助法律關(guān)系中的當(dāng)事方及其代表人、被救財(cái)產(chǎn)、訂約時(shí)間、訂約地點(diǎn)、獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)的后續(xù)安置地點(diǎn)等基本信息,以簡(jiǎn)明的表格形式提供給各方填寫。第二部分共列出十二條海難救助當(dāng)事方權(quán)利和義務(wù)的核心條款。第三部分則是與協(xié)議履行相關(guān)的四個(gè)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明事項(xiàng)。

      二、LOF2011主要內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)評(píng)

      (一)救助方盡最大努力施救義務(wù)

      LOF2011第二部分A款約定了救助方應(yīng)盡最大努力進(jìn)行救助的基本義務(wù)。在救助作業(yè)結(jié)束后,救助方還應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)將獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)送至協(xié)議中指定的或事后商定的安全地點(diǎn),履行這一義務(wù)是評(píng)定救助作業(yè)是否取得成效(cure)的關(guān)鍵因素之一。在該款中,對(duì)救助方履行義務(wù)的程度要求是“盡最大努力”(use their best endeavours),同時(shí)在B款中,也要求救助方要盡“最大努力”防止或減輕環(huán)境污染,可見(jiàn)LOF對(duì)救助方施救行為主觀能動(dòng)性的發(fā)揮有著較高的要求,但這種表述也帶有很大的不確定性和彈性。

      由于在J款中明確了LOF2011的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法為英國(guó)法律,且爭(zhēng)議解決方式為倫敦仲裁,因此在實(shí)踐中若圍繞救助方是否已盡“最大努力”而產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議時(shí),應(yīng)由仲裁員根據(jù)英國(guó)法律和判例,結(jié)合實(shí)際案情以及雙方的舉證情況自由裁量。如若判定救助方未盡“最大努力”救助財(cái)產(chǎn)和防止、減輕環(huán)境污染,會(huì)對(duì)救助方產(chǎn)生什么不利后果,這點(diǎn)并未在LOF2011中予以明確,應(yīng)由仲裁員根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行裁決,可以相應(yīng)降低救助報(bào)酬的數(shù)額,以平衡救助方與被救助方之間的關(guān)系。

      (二)特別補(bǔ)償?shù)墨@得

      B款要求救助方應(yīng)盡最大努力防止或減輕海洋環(huán)境污染,雖未直接約定救助方在成功防止或減輕環(huán)境污染后能夠獲得額外的報(bào)酬,但根據(jù)并入英國(guó)法的《89年救助公約》第14條之規(guī)定,救助方在防止或減輕環(huán)境污染方面的投入能夠獲得救助報(bào)酬之外的特別補(bǔ)償。如果救助方與被救助方協(xié)議選擇援用C款中的SCOPIC條款,救助方能夠獲得該條款所約定計(jì)算方式下的特別補(bǔ)償。

      SCOPIC酬金的計(jì)算方式與公約特別補(bǔ)償?shù)挠?jì)算截然不同,其支付條件的設(shè)置也解決了后者在實(shí)際適用中暴露出來(lái)的一些問(wèn)題。根據(jù)《89年救助公約》第14條之規(guī)定,只有當(dāng)船舶或船上貨物對(duì)海洋環(huán)境構(gòu)成實(shí)質(zhì)損害威脅時(shí)所開(kāi)展的救助作業(yè),才能請(qǐng)求特別補(bǔ)償。SCOPIC條款則取消了這一限制條件,以避免對(duì)是否存在海洋環(huán)境實(shí)質(zhì)污染危險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議而貽誤最佳救援時(shí)機(jī)。在SCOPIC機(jī)制下,特別補(bǔ)償?shù)挠?jì)算從救助方援用SCOPIC條款的通知到達(dá)船舶所有人處時(shí)起算,至救助作業(yè)結(jié)束時(shí)或救助方撤銷援用SCOPIC條款時(shí)為止,這也彌補(bǔ)了《89年救助公約》第14條并未規(guī)定特別補(bǔ)償計(jì)算起止時(shí)間的不足。在構(gòu)成上,SCOPIC酬金分為三個(gè)部分:(1)救助方合理使用船舶、人員、設(shè)備所產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用,按SCOPIC條款附錄中列出的費(fèi)率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別計(jì)算;(2)救助方為完成救助作業(yè)實(shí)際支付給第三方的合理費(fèi)用,按救助方實(shí)付金額計(jì)算,需要救助方提供第三方出具的收費(fèi)發(fā)票或其他正式憑證予以確認(rèn)后計(jì)入;(3)救助方應(yīng)得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),這部分并不要求救助要有實(shí)際成效,直接按前兩項(xiàng)費(fèi)用總和的25%計(jì)算。這三部分加總計(jì)算出來(lái)的僅僅是名義上的特別補(bǔ)償數(shù)額,還要將其與救助方根據(jù)公約第13條所能夠獲得的救助報(bào)酬進(jìn)行比較。當(dāng)救助報(bào)酬數(shù)額小于名義上的SCOPIC酬金數(shù)額時(shí),船舶所有人僅需向救助方支付二者的差額部分;當(dāng)救助報(bào)酬高于名義上的SCOPIC酬金數(shù)額時(shí),則無(wú)需支付SCOPIC酬金,還要從救助報(bào)酬中扣減二者差額的25%,這也提醒了救助方援用SCOPIC條款有風(fēng)險(xiǎn),只有在救助難度較大,救助方不確信能否成功救助,或救助財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值過(guò)低,使得救助報(bào)酬降低,不足以彌補(bǔ)救助成本時(shí),援用SCOPIC條款才能更好地保障救助方的權(quán)益。但總體而言,SCOPIC酬金的計(jì)算避開(kāi)了《89年救助公約》第14條對(duì)救助方投入的成本應(yīng)當(dāng)“公平、合理”的繁瑣評(píng)估,并用25%的固定獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)取代

      第14條所規(guī)定的缺乏明確界限且完全依賴裁判者自由裁量的增幅獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),簡(jiǎn)單明了,便于操作。

      需要注意的是,根據(jù)LOF2011D款,無(wú)論是依據(jù)《89年救助公約》,還是根據(jù)SCOPIC條款來(lái)計(jì)算特別補(bǔ)償,救助報(bào)酬的獲得仍然是以“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”作為首要原則,在評(píng)定救助方所能獲得的救助報(bào)酬數(shù)額時(shí),不受特別補(bǔ)償制度或SCOPIC條款的影響,不能以救助方能夠獲得特別補(bǔ)償為由而削減救助報(bào)酬的評(píng)定數(shù)額。另外,根據(jù)LOF2011E款,一旦救助方與被救助方選定以LOF2011簽訂救助協(xié)議,在協(xié)議簽訂之前或簽訂之時(shí)所提供的任何救助服務(wù)都受LOF2011的約束,也就意味著特別補(bǔ)償要從救助行為開(kāi)始時(shí)計(jì)算,而不以協(xié)議簽訂時(shí)間為準(zhǔn)。

      (三)被救助方的主要義務(wù)

      在海難救助中,救援工作的指揮權(quán)通常掌握在救助方手中。盡管如此,被救助方仍然負(fù)有與救助方通力合作的義務(wù)。

      根據(jù)LOF2011F款,在對(duì)船上的機(jī)器、裝置和設(shè)備不會(huì)造成損害的前提下,被救助方應(yīng)當(dāng)主動(dòng)配合救助方,為后者合理使用這些機(jī)器設(shè)備以及獲取與救助作業(yè)相關(guān)的信息提供便利。當(dāng)遇難船上的貨物具有危險(xiǎn)性或其他特性時(shí),這種合作顯得尤為必要,此時(shí)要求被救助方不僅要在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)協(xié)作救援,還要根據(jù)船上的危險(xiǎn)品貨物的特性提供必要的救援方案、數(shù)據(jù)和相關(guān)重要信息。

      在救助作業(yè)結(jié)束后,被救助方仍負(fù)有義務(wù)配合救助方作好獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)的交接工作。

      (四)協(xié)議的終止和履行

      根據(jù)LOF2011G款,當(dāng)對(duì)救助成效不再抱有任何合理期待時(shí),無(wú)論是被救助方還是救助方都有權(quán)在合理期限內(nèi),提前書(shū)面通知相對(duì)方終止救助協(xié)議。

      LOF2011對(duì)協(xié)議終止的條件較為寬松,由各方當(dāng)事人對(duì)情勢(shì)進(jìn)行綜合判斷和評(píng)估,在充分協(xié)商的基礎(chǔ)下,作出是否終止協(xié)議的決定。這也充分體現(xiàn)了海難救助的“自愿”原則——當(dāng)任何一方無(wú)意于救助作業(yè)的繼續(xù),都有權(quán)終止協(xié)議的履行。

      根據(jù)LOF2011H款,當(dāng)財(cái)產(chǎn)被安全地移送至第三欄中載明的安全地點(diǎn)或條款A(yù)中所約定或指定的安全地點(diǎn)時(shí),救助方的救助作業(yè)視為完成,協(xié)議履行完畢。

      (五)船長(zhǎng)的代理權(quán)

      根據(jù)LOF2011K款,船長(zhǎng)有權(quán)代船舶所有人簽訂救助協(xié)議。傳統(tǒng)英美法下,在通訊不發(fā)達(dá)的年代,船長(zhǎng)在訂約時(shí)被視為是“緊急處分代理人”(agent of necessity)。遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)以緊急處分代理人身份簽訂的救助協(xié)議對(duì)遇險(xiǎn)船的船舶所有人和船上的貨主均有約束力。這點(diǎn)在《89年救助公約》的第6條中也有明確規(guī)定,該條賦予船長(zhǎng)較為廣泛的訂約權(quán)。然而,需要注意的是,盡管公約賦予船長(zhǎng)具有代船上貨物所有人訂立救助協(xié)議的權(quán)利,但在英國(guó)的一些判例中,法庭認(rèn)為,貨主是否要受遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)所簽訂的救助協(xié)議的約束,關(guān)鍵在于“緊急處分代理”關(guān)系是否真實(shí)存在①。而早前的Pa Mar 461案確立了“緊急處分代理”的構(gòu)成要件:(1)確有必要請(qǐng)求救助(it was necessary to take salvage assistance);(2)遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)無(wú)法同船上貨物的貨主聯(lián)系,以取得其指示(it was not reasonably practical to communicate with the cargo owners or to obtain their instructions);(3)遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)或其船東應(yīng)出于維護(hù)貨方利益的善意行事(the Master or shipowners acted bona fide in the interests of the cargo);(4)由遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)或其船東來(lái)簽訂救助合同,在當(dāng)時(shí)情況下是合情合理的(it was reasonable for the Master or shipowner to enter into the particular contract)。[1]在相應(yīng)舉證責(zé)任上,如果船上貨物所有人對(duì)船長(zhǎng)代其簽訂救助協(xié)議有異議時(shí),應(yīng)由救助方舉證證明滿足了前述要件后,遇險(xiǎn)船船長(zhǎng)所簽訂的救助協(xié)議才對(duì)船上的貨主產(chǎn)生約束力。因此,在實(shí)踐中,如果時(shí)間允許,船方最好通知船上的貨物所有人救助協(xié)議的簽訂事宜,協(xié)同貨物所有人以及其他財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人的代表共同在LOF2011表格第九欄上簽名,以避免后續(xù)不必要的爭(zhēng)議。

      上文概括評(píng)述了LOF2011的主要內(nèi)容,完整條款見(jiàn)附于文后的LOF2011以及選擇并入其中的SCOPIC2007。

      自1908年問(wèn)世以來(lái),LOF經(jīng)歷了長(zhǎng)達(dá)一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的海難救助實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn),因時(shí)而變、因勢(shì)而改,構(gòu)建了一個(gè)對(duì)各航運(yùn)利益方較為公平合理的框架協(xié)議,很好地平衡了船東、貨主、救助人、保險(xiǎn)人和保賠協(xié)會(huì)在海難救助事件中的利益,備受國(guó)際救助聯(lián)盟和國(guó)際保賠協(xié)會(huì)集團(tuán)的推崇。其中,LOF1980在一定程度上打破了近百年來(lái)確立的“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”首要原則的約束,從商業(yè)化的運(yùn)作模式上為鼓勵(lì)海洋環(huán)境救助開(kāi)辟了新的天地,進(jìn)而深刻影響了國(guó)際海難救助法律制度,為以特別補(bǔ)償為創(chuàng)新條款的《89年救助公約》的出臺(tái)推波助瀾。而在《89年救助公約》出臺(tái)后,LOF為與公約內(nèi)容無(wú)縫對(duì)接,鞏固其在國(guó)際海難救助協(xié)議訂立上的基石作用,也幾經(jīng)修訂,與公約相輔相成,相互影響。

      時(shí)至今日,施行了近20年的《89年救助公約》逐漸顯露出了不合時(shí)宜之處,特別是第14條對(duì)救助成本是否“公平、合理”的認(rèn)定在實(shí)際適用中帶有很大的不確定性,使得該特別補(bǔ)償條款規(guī)定欠缺可操作性,不利于當(dāng)前航運(yùn)環(huán)境下對(duì)環(huán)境救助的鼓勵(lì)。對(duì)此,國(guó)際海事委員會(huì)已經(jīng)在國(guó)際救助聯(lián)盟的建議下成立專家小組,啟動(dòng)了對(duì)《89年救助公約》的修訂工作,重點(diǎn)研究環(huán)境救助的報(bào)酬支付以及如何平衡海難救助相關(guān)當(dāng)事方利益等核心問(wèn)題,可以肯定的是,公約的修訂趨勢(shì)必將促進(jìn)LOF進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化升級(jí),并為其提供機(jī)遇和條件。

      三、對(duì)中國(guó)救助合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式的修訂建議

      回到中國(guó)的海難救助法律研究,較之其他海商法領(lǐng)域的研究相對(duì)落后,在《89年救助公約》出臺(tái)后,為與公約和國(guó)際慣例接軌,《中國(guó)海事仲裁委員會(huì)(1994)救助合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式》(簡(jiǎn)稱《北京格式》)發(fā)布。該格式發(fā)端于20世紀(jì)60年代,僅在1994年進(jìn)行過(guò)一次修訂,雖然中國(guó)海事仲裁委員會(huì)已著手修訂《北京格式》,但對(duì)比LOF滌故更新的靈活修訂機(jī)制,《北京格式》顯得有些因循守舊。建議借鑒LOF2011,緊跟國(guó)際救助法律的發(fā)展步伐,同時(shí)也應(yīng)考慮中國(guó)的國(guó)情、法律環(huán)境、救撈行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,以及各利益關(guān)聯(lián)方的心聲,使其契合新時(shí)代海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)背景下海難救助的實(shí)際需要,也為當(dāng)前《中華人民共和國(guó)海商法》(簡(jiǎn)稱《海商法》)第九章的修訂提供實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)和問(wèn)題導(dǎo)向思維。筆者在此就《北京格式》的修訂提出幾點(diǎn)建議。

      首先,在《北京格式》中,有關(guān)救助當(dāng)事方信息填寫項(xiàng)目欄的設(shè)計(jì)不如LOF2011中的表格形式直觀和清晰,不利于救助信息集中明確的體現(xiàn)和協(xié)議的快速訂立。不妨借鑒LOF2011的表格形式,將合同主體和有關(guān)救助事宜的基本信息,如被救財(cái)產(chǎn)、安全地點(diǎn)等匯總起來(lái)供各方填寫,避免繁瑣的文字表述,使《北京格式》的外在形式更為精煉、一目了然。

      其次,《北京格式》第2條、第3條、第4條的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容分別為被救助方義務(wù)、救助方義務(wù)和雙方共同遵守的義務(wù),這種規(guī)定模式尚為合理,但形式和表述上宜更加完備、明確和層次感分明。建議可參考LOF2011,用小標(biāo)題概括條款主旨,再分點(diǎn)羅列具體的義務(wù)要求,整合如下:

      “第2條 被救助方的義務(wù)

      1.被救助方應(yīng)與救助方通力合作,以獲得準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入安全地點(diǎn),當(dāng)獲救的船舶或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)已被送到安全地點(diǎn)時(shí),被救助方應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)接受救助方提出的合理的移交要求;如未及時(shí)接受,被救助方應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)非屬救助方過(guò)失造成的后果負(fù)責(zé)。

      2.被救助方應(yīng)當(dāng)將船上的機(jī)器、裝置、設(shè)備、錨、錨鏈、物料和其他屬具免費(fèi)提供給救助方在合理限度內(nèi)使用,并按照救助方的要求提供與救助作業(yè)有關(guān)的船舶或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)的信息。

      3.被救助方在救助作業(yè)過(guò)程中,應(yīng)以應(yīng)有的謹(jǐn)慎防止或減少環(huán)境污染損害。

      第3條 救助方的義務(wù)

      1.救助方應(yīng)以應(yīng)有的謹(jǐn)慎實(shí)施救助,并在合理需要的情況下,尋求其他救助方援助。

      2.被救助方或船長(zhǎng)合理要求其他救助方參與救助作業(yè)時(shí),救助方應(yīng)當(dāng)接受此種要求,但要求不合理的,原救助方的救助報(bào)酬金額不受影響。

      3.救助方在救助作業(yè)過(guò)程中,應(yīng)以應(yīng)有的謹(jǐn)慎防止或減少環(huán)境污染損害?!?/p>

      再次,《北京格式》第5條至第10條以及第14條的內(nèi)容分別對(duì)應(yīng)的是《海商法》第179條、第185條、第180條、第187條、第182條、第188條以及第184條的規(guī)定,有些甚至是法條原文的復(fù)制。由于《北京格式》第16條明確約定了合同的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法為中國(guó)法律,沒(méi)有必要再將《海商法》的規(guī)定重復(fù)體現(xiàn)在合同條款中,特別是第9條關(guān)于特別補(bǔ)償?shù)闹Ц叮耆瞻崃恕逗I谭ā返?82條的規(guī)定,該規(guī)定又與《89年救助公約》第14條的規(guī)定相同,因此《89年救助公約》特別補(bǔ)償制度的不足之處仍然存在于《北京格式》的特別補(bǔ)償計(jì)算中,在實(shí)際適用時(shí)容易引發(fā)爭(zhēng)議。

      遺憾的是,交通運(yùn)輸部2020年1月提交給司法部的《中華人民共和國(guó)海商法(修改送審稿)》,對(duì)《海商法》原第182條關(guān)于特別補(bǔ)償?shù)囊?guī)定并未作出改動(dòng),這無(wú)疑會(huì)給中國(guó)海難救助實(shí)踐中特別補(bǔ)償?shù)挠?jì)算繼續(xù)帶來(lái)不確定性。對(duì)此,借鑒SCOPIC2007中的合理部分不失為一條捷徑,也有利于與國(guó)際救助制度的接軌。筆者建議,可將《北京格式》原第9條內(nèi)容修改如下:

      “第9條 特別補(bǔ)償

      1.對(duì)構(gòu)成環(huán)境污染損害危險(xiǎn)的船舶或船上貨物進(jìn)行救助時(shí),救助方有權(quán)獲得依據(jù)本合同所適用法律計(jì)算的特別補(bǔ)償,也可以選擇按照本條第2款所特別約定的方式計(jì)算并獲得特別補(bǔ)償。

      2.本款所指的特別補(bǔ)償,是指按費(fèi)率計(jì)算出的人工費(fèi)、拖輪和其他船艇費(fèi)、便攜式救助設(shè)備費(fèi),以及實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用和應(yīng)得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的總和。其中:

      (1)‘費(fèi)率可以由救助方與被救助方協(xié)商或選定第三方評(píng)估主體確定,也可以參考國(guó)際上通行格式條款中的費(fèi)率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

      (2)‘實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用是指已經(jīng)由救助方或代表救助方合理支付給第三方的費(fèi)用,包括雇傭人力、拖輪、其他船艇和設(shè)備的租金,以及救助作業(yè)所必需的其他合理費(fèi)用。該費(fèi)用按實(shí)際支付金額計(jì)入特別補(bǔ)償。

      (3)應(yīng)得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)為前述兩項(xiàng)費(fèi)用加總的25%①。

      3.第2款所指的特別補(bǔ)償,從救助方選擇該計(jì)算方式的書(shū)面通知到達(dá)被救助方時(shí)起算,至救助作業(yè)結(jié)束時(shí)終止計(jì)算。

      4.本條所指特別補(bǔ)償,只有在超過(guò)救助方依據(jù)本合同適用的法律所能夠獲得的救助報(bào)酬時(shí),方可實(shí)際支付,支付數(shù)額為其超過(guò)救助報(bào)酬的差額部分?!?/p>

      另外,《北京格式》第11條就特別補(bǔ)償?shù)闹Ц短峁?dān)保的約定過(guò)于籠統(tǒng),在實(shí)踐中的操作性不強(qiáng),對(duì)此也可借鑒LOF2011及SCOPIC2007中有關(guān)擔(dān)保方面的約定,結(jié)合中國(guó)國(guó)情,從擔(dān)保的程序、主體、方式和擔(dān)保數(shù)額幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行約定,并以附件的形式列于主條款之后,這樣可以避免主條款的冗長(zhǎng)繁雜,也有利于雙方當(dāng)事人靈活商定擔(dān)保方案。

      此外,在SCOPIC機(jī)制下,各方當(dāng)事人可以各自指定一名技術(shù)人員作為“特別事故代表”參與到救助事宜中,負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督救助作業(yè)并向其委托方匯報(bào)救助作業(yè)的進(jìn)展。這對(duì)于被救助方而言意義重大,因?yàn)樵赟COPIC條款下,特別補(bǔ)償自援用通知到達(dá)被救助方時(shí)開(kāi)始一直計(jì)算至整個(gè)救助作業(yè)結(jié)束時(shí)為止,如果救助方故意拖延救助作業(yè),將導(dǎo)致特別補(bǔ)償?shù)臄?shù)額畸高,損害被救助方的利益。因此,指派特別事故代表介入救助作業(yè)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督,如若發(fā)現(xiàn)救助方確有無(wú)故拖延救助作業(yè)的行為,特別事故代表可以及時(shí)將此情況反饋給被救助方,被救助方有權(quán)終止SCOPIC條款的適用。同樣的,救助方指定的特別事故代表也會(huì)參與到救助事宜中,代表救助方的利益行事,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)為繼續(xù)履行對(duì)救助合同項(xiàng)下財(cái)產(chǎn)的救助義務(wù)的總成本將超過(guò)能夠獲救的財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值,或超出救助方有權(quán)獲得的全部特別補(bǔ)償?shù)?,則救助方也有權(quán)向船舶所有人發(fā)出書(shū)面通知,以終止SCOIPC條款和主協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的救助服務(wù)。

      《北京格式》可以效仿上述特別事故代表機(jī)制,直接將SCOPIC2007的相關(guān)內(nèi)容并入進(jìn)來(lái)。事實(shí)上,在中國(guó)已有將SCOPIC條款并入救助合同中的實(shí)踐。如在煙臺(tái)打撈局作為申請(qǐng)人與被申請(qǐng)人天津海運(yùn)股份有限公司就“天利”輪救助報(bào)酬?duì)幾h的仲裁案中,仲裁庭認(rèn)為,被申請(qǐng)人代表對(duì)申請(qǐng)人提出SCOPIC條款及其附件A須并入LOF2000救助合同的要求進(jìn)行簽字予以認(rèn)可,這表明雙方合意已經(jīng)形成,屬于當(dāng)事人的真實(shí)意思表示,SCOPIC條款及其附件A成為申請(qǐng)人與被申請(qǐng)人之間救助合同內(nèi)容的一部分。[2]

      歸納上述,《北京格式》的修訂應(yīng)兼收并蓄,積極融合國(guó)際上較為成熟和完善的格式合同,為海難救助當(dāng)事人提供靈活的條款樣式,使中國(guó)的海難救助格式合同為國(guó)際社會(huì)廣泛認(rèn)可。

      附:Lloyds Standard Form of Salvage Agreement(2011)中譯文及Special Compensationof P&I Clause (2007)中譯文

      LLOYDS STANDARD FORM OF SALVAGE AGREEMENT

      (Approved and Published by the Council of Lloyds)

      勞氏救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式

      (經(jīng)勞氏委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)發(fā)布)

      A Contractors basic obligation: [WTBZ]The Contractors identified in Box 1 hereby agree to use their best endeavours to salve the property specified in Box 2 and to take the property to the place stated in Box 3 or to such other place as may hereafter be agreed. If no place is inserted in Box 3 and in the absence of any subsequent agreement as to the place where the property is to be taken the Contractors shall take the property to a place of safety.

      救助方的基本義務(wù):上表第一欄中載明的救助方盡其最大努力救助第二欄中載明的財(cái)產(chǎn),并將它們送至第三欄中載明的地點(diǎn)或事后約定的安全地點(diǎn)。如果第三欄中沒(méi)有指定地點(diǎn)且事后也沒(méi)有約定財(cái)產(chǎn)可送往的地點(diǎn),救助方應(yīng)將財(cái)產(chǎn)送至任一安全地點(diǎn)。

      B Environmental protection: [WTBZ]While performing the salvage services the Contractors shall also use their best endeavours to prevent or minimise damage to the environment.

      環(huán)境保護(hù):在提供救助服務(wù)時(shí),救助方應(yīng)盡最大努力防止或減輕環(huán)境污染損害。

      [WTHZ]C Scopic Clause: [WTBZ]Unless the word “No” in Box 7 has been deleted this agreement shall be deemed to have been made on the basis that the Scopic Clause is not incorporated and forms no part of this agreement. If the word “No” is deleted in Box 7 this shall not of itself be construed as a notice invoking the Scopic Clause within the meaning of sub-clause 2 thereof.

      船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款:除非第7欄中的選項(xiàng)“否”被刪除,本協(xié)議應(yīng)被視為是在船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款未并入本協(xié)議且未構(gòu)成成本協(xié)議的一部分的基礎(chǔ)上訂立的。即使第7欄中的選項(xiàng)“否”被刪除,該刪除亦不得被解釋為構(gòu)成在船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款第2條范圍內(nèi)援用船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款的通知。

      D Effect of other remedies: [WTBZ]Subject to the provisions of the International Convention on Salvage 1989 as incorporated into English law (“the Convention”) relating to special compensation and to the Scopic Clause if incorporated the Contractors services shall all be rendered and accepted as salvage services upon the principle of “no cure-no pay” and any salvage remuneration to which the Contractors become entitled shall not be diminished by reason of the exception to the principle of “no cure-no pay” in the form of special compensation or remuneration payable to the Contractors under a Scopic Clause.

      其他補(bǔ)償措施的影響:無(wú)論是根據(jù)英國(guó)法所并入的《1989年國(guó)際救助公約》(簡(jiǎn)稱公約)中有關(guān)特別補(bǔ)償?shù)囊?guī)定,還是被并入?yún)f(xié)議中的船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款,救助方所提供的、并為被救助方所接受的救助服務(wù),都是建立在“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”原則基礎(chǔ)之上。救助方有權(quán)獲得的任何救助報(bào)酬,不能因“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”原則適用上的例外而被削減,這種例外表現(xiàn)為救助方所能獲得的特別補(bǔ)償或船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款下的應(yīng)得酬金。

      E Prior services: [WTBZ]Any salvage services rendered by the Contractors to the property before and up to the date of this agreement shall be deemed to be covered by this agreement.

      前期服務(wù):救助方在協(xié)議簽訂之前或簽訂之時(shí)所提供的任何救助服務(wù)都視為包含于本協(xié)議范圍之內(nèi)。

      F Duties of property owners: [WTBZ]Each of the owners of the property shall cooperate fully with the Contractors. In particular:

      (i) the Contractors may make reasonable use of the vessels machinery gear and equipment free of expense provided that the Contractors shall not unnecessarily damage abandon or sacrifice any property on board;

      (ii) the Contractors shall be entitled to all such information as they may reasonably require relating to the vessel or the remainder of the property provided such information is relevant to the performance of the services and is capable of being provided without undue difficulty or delay;

      (iii) the owners of the property shall co-operate fully with the Contractors in obtaining entry to the place of safety stated in Box 3 or agreed or determined in accordance with Clause A.

      財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人的義務(wù):任何財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人都應(yīng)與救助方通力合作,特別表現(xiàn)為:

      (1)救助方可以合理地免費(fèi)使用船上的機(jī)器、裝置和設(shè)備,前提是不能使船上任何財(cái)產(chǎn)遭受不必要的毀損或犧牲;

      (2)救助方有權(quán)獲得其合理需要的有關(guān)船舶或其他財(cái)產(chǎn)的信息,前提是該類信息與救助工作的開(kāi)展相關(guān),且獲取該類信息不會(huì)給救助作業(yè)造成不必要的障礙或?qū)е戮戎难舆t;

      (3)財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人應(yīng)與救助方通力合作以獲得準(zhǔn)許進(jìn)入第三欄中所載明的安全地點(diǎn),或條款A(yù)中所約定或指定的安全地點(diǎn)。

      G Rights of termination: [WTBZ]When there is no longer any reasonable prospect of a useful result leading to a salvage reward in accordance with Convention Articles 12 and/or 13 either the owners of the vessel or the Contractors shall be entitled to terminate the services hereunder by giving reasonable prior written notice to the other.

      協(xié)議終止權(quán):當(dāng)對(duì)基于公約第12條和/或第13條的規(guī)定能夠產(chǎn)生救助報(bào)酬的有效救助不再抱有任何合理期待時(shí),無(wú)論是船舶所有人還是救助方都有權(quán)在合理期限內(nèi),提前書(shū)面通知相對(duì)一方終止救助協(xié)議。

      H Deemed performance: [WTBZ]The Contractors services shall be deemed to have been performed when the property is in a safe condition in the place of safety stated in Box 3 or agreed or determined in accordance with clause A. For the purpose of this provision the property shall be regarded as being in safe condition notwithstanding that the property (or part thereof) is damaged or in need of maintenance if (i) the Contractors are not obliged to remain in attendance to satisfy the requirements of any port or habour authority, governmental agency or similar authority and (ii) the continuation of skilled salvage services from the Contractors or other salvors is no longer necessary to avoid the property becoming lost or significantly further damaged or delayed.

      視為履行:當(dāng)財(cái)產(chǎn)被安全地移送至第三欄中載明的安全地點(diǎn)或條款A(yù)中所約定或指定的安全地點(diǎn)時(shí),救助方的救助作業(yè)視為完成。即使財(cái)產(chǎn)(或部分財(cái)產(chǎn))損壞或需要維修,如果(1)港口當(dāng)局、政府主管部門或類似機(jī)構(gòu)沒(méi)有要求救助方繼續(xù)履行照管財(cái)產(chǎn)的責(zé)任,(2)且已經(jīng)沒(méi)有必要繼續(xù)由救助方或其他救助者提供專業(yè)技術(shù)性服務(wù)以防止財(cái)產(chǎn)丟失或進(jìn)一步毀損的,就本條規(guī)定而言,該財(cái)產(chǎn)仍被視為是處于安全狀態(tài)下。

      I Arbitration and the LSSA Clauses: [WTBZ]The Contractors remuneration and/or special compensation shall be determined by arbitration in London in the manner prescribed by Lloyds Standard Salvage and Arbitration Clauses (“the LSSA Clauses”) and Lloyds Procedural Rules in force at the date of this agreement. The provisions of the said LSSA Clauses and Lloyds Procedural Rules are deemed to be incorporated in this agreement and form an integral part hereof. Any other difference arising out of this agreement or the operations hereunder shall be referred to arbitration in the same way.

      仲裁和“勞合社標(biāo)準(zhǔn)救助和仲裁條款”:救助方的報(bào)酬和/或特別補(bǔ)償,應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)本協(xié)議簽訂之時(shí)有效的“勞合社標(biāo)準(zhǔn)救助和仲裁條款”的規(guī)定(簡(jiǎn)稱LSSA條款)和“勞合社程序規(guī)則”,在倫敦仲裁確定。前述LSSA條款和“勞合社程序規(guī)則”應(yīng)視為并入本協(xié)議,構(gòu)成本協(xié)議不可分割的組成部分。本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下或救助服務(wù)中所產(chǎn)生的任何其他爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)以同樣的方式提交仲裁解決。

      J Governing law: [WTBZ]This agreement and any arbitration hereunder shall be governed by English law.

      準(zhǔn)據(jù)法:本協(xié)議及其項(xiàng)下的任何仲裁事宜應(yīng)適用英國(guó)法律。

      K Scope of authority: [WTBZ]The Master or other person signing this agreement on behalf of the property identified in Box 2 enters into this agreement as agent for the respective owners thereof and binds each (but not the one for the other or himself personally) to the due performance thereof.

      授權(quán)范圍:船長(zhǎng)或其他代表第2欄中載明之財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有人簽署本合同的人,系作為各財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人的代理訂立本協(xié)議,其簽署行為對(duì)其所代表的各財(cái)產(chǎn)所有人均有約束力(而并不約束其他人或本人)。

      L Inducements prohibited: [WTBZ]No person signing this agreement or any party on whose behalf it is signed shall at any time or in any manner whatsoever offer provide make give or promise to provide or demand or take any form of inducement for entering into this agreement.

      禁止誘導(dǎo):任何簽署本協(xié)議的人或任何以其名義簽署本協(xié)議的人都不應(yīng)在任何時(shí)候,以任何方式提供、作出、給予或承諾提供、要求、接受任何形式的誘導(dǎo)從而訂立本協(xié)議。

      IMPORTANT NOTICES

      重要注意事項(xiàng):

      1 Salvage security. [WTBZ]As soon as possible the owners of the vessel should notify the owners of other property on board that this agreement has been made. If the Contractors are successful the owners of such property should note that it will become necessary to provide the Contractors with salvage security promptly in accordance with Clause 4 of the LSSA Clauses referred to in Clause I. The provision of General Average security does not relieve the salved interests of their separate obligation to provide salvage security to the Contractors.

      救助擔(dān)保。船舶所有人應(yīng)盡快將訂立本協(xié)議的事宜通知船上其他財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有人。一旦救助成功,獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)的所有人應(yīng)注意必須根據(jù)本協(xié)議第I條中所指LSSA條款第4條的規(guī)定,立即向救助方提供海難救助擔(dān)保。獲救財(cái)產(chǎn)利益方提供的共同海損擔(dān)保并不能解除其向救助方提供海難救助擔(dān)保的義務(wù)。

      2 Incorporated provisions. [WTBZ]Copies of the applicable Scopic Clause, the LSSA Clauses and Lloyds Procedural Rules in force at the date of this agreement may be obtained from (i) the Contractors or (ii) the Salvage Arbitration Branch at Lloyds, One Lime Street, London EC3M 7HA.

      并入條款。本協(xié)議簽訂之時(shí)適用的SCOPIC條款、LSSA條款和勞合社程序規(guī)則的文本可以從(1)救助方,或(2)勞合社救助仲裁分會(huì)(位于倫敦萊姆街1號(hào),EC3M 7HA)獲得。

      3 Awards. [WTBZ]The Council of Lloyds is entitled to make available the Award, Appeal Award and Reasons on www.lloydsagency.com (the website) subject to the conditions set out in Clause 12 of the LSSA Clauses.

      裁決。勞氏委員會(huì)有權(quán)將仲裁裁決、上訴裁決及裁決理由發(fā)布于網(wǎng)站(www.lloydsagency.com),但要符合LSSA條款第12條所規(guī)定的條件。

      4 Notification to Lloyds.The Contractors shall within 14 days of their engagement to render services under this agreement notify the Council of Lloyds of their engagement and forward the signed agreement or a true copy thereof to the Council as soon as possible. The Council will not charge for such notification.

      向勞氏委員會(huì)發(fā)送通告。救助方應(yīng)于提供本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下救助服務(wù)的14天之內(nèi),將相關(guān)救助作業(yè)情況通知?jiǎng)谑衔瘑T會(huì),并盡快將已簽署的救助協(xié)議或真實(shí)有效的副本發(fā)送給勞氏委員會(huì),勞氏委員會(huì)對(duì)此不收取任何費(fèi)用。

      船東互保協(xié)會(huì)特別補(bǔ)償條款

      1.General

      This SCOPIC clause is supplementary to any Lloyds Form Salvage Agreement “No Cure-No Pay” (“Main Agreement”) which incorporates the provisions of Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage 1989 (“Article 14”). The definitions in the Main Agreement are incorporated into this SCOPIC clause. If the SCOPIC clause is inconsistent with any provisions of the Main Agreement or inconsistent with the law applicable hereto, the SCOPIC clause, once invoked under sub-clause 2 hereof, shall override such other provisions to the extent necessary to give business efficacy to the agreement. Subject to the provisions of sub-clause 4 hereof, the method of assessing Special Compensation under Convention Article 14(1) to 14(4) inclusive shall be substituted by the method of assessment set out hereinafter. If this SCOPIC clause has been incorporated into the Main Agreement the Contractor may make no claim pursuant to Article 14 except in the circumstances described in sub-clause 4 hereof. For the purposes of liens and time limits the services hereunder will be treated in the same manner as salvage.

      總則

      本條款是并入了《1989年救助公約》第14條之規(guī)定的勞氏“無(wú)效果,無(wú)報(bào)酬”救助協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(主協(xié)議)的補(bǔ)充條款。主協(xié)議中各定義條款也被并入到本條款中。一旦本條款根據(jù)其第2款之約定被援用,則當(dāng)其與主協(xié)議的任何條款或與適用的法律規(guī)定有不一致的地方,為確保協(xié)議的商業(yè)效力,本條款應(yīng)優(yōu)先適用。除本條款第4條另有規(guī)定外,公約第14條(包含第1款至第4款)所規(guī)定的計(jì)算特別補(bǔ)償?shù)姆椒☉?yīng)由下文列出的計(jì)算方法替代。如果本條款并入主協(xié)議,除該條款第4條所述情形之外,救助方不得依據(jù)公約第14條請(qǐng)求特別補(bǔ)償。在涉及留置權(quán)和訴訟時(shí)效方面的問(wèn)題上,本條款下的各項(xiàng)服務(wù)將視同是救助行為。

      2.Invoking the SCOPIC Clause

      The Contractor shall have the option to invoke by written notice to the owners of the vessel the SCOPIC clause set out hereafter at any time of his choosing regardless of the circumstances and, in particular, regardless of whether or not there is a “threat of damage to the environment”. The assessment of SCOPIC remuneration shall commence from the time the written notice is given to the owners of the vessel and services rendered before the said written notice shall not be remunerated under this SCOPIC clause at all but in accordance with Convention Article 13 as incorporated into the Main Agreement (“Article 13”).

      援用SCOPIC條款

      救助方有權(quán)在其選擇的任何時(shí)間內(nèi)書(shū)面通知船舶所有人援用SCOPIC條款,而無(wú)須考慮當(dāng)時(shí)的情形,尤其無(wú)須考慮是否存在“對(duì)環(huán)境構(gòu)成污染的威脅”。SCOPIC酬金自書(shū)面通知到達(dá)船舶所有人時(shí)起算。在上述書(shū)面通知到達(dá)船舶所有人之前所提供的服務(wù),不得依據(jù)本條款計(jì)算特別補(bǔ)償,但可以根據(jù)并入主協(xié)議的公約第13條之規(guī)定獲得報(bào)酬。

      3.Security for SCOPIC Remuneration

      (i) The owners of the vessel shall provide to the Contractor within 2 working days (excluding Saturdays and Sundays and holidays usually observed at Lloyds) after receiving written notice from the contractor invoking the SCOPIC clause, a bank guarantee or P&I Club letter (hereinafter called “the Initial Security”) in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Contractor providing security for his claim for SCOPIC remuneration in the sum of US$3 million, inclusive of interest and costs.

      (ii) If, at any time after the provision of the Initial Security the owners of the vessel reasonably assess the SCOPIC remuneration plus interest and costs due hereunder to be less than the security in place, the owners of the vessel shall be entitled to require the Contractor to reduce the security to a reasonable sum and the Contractor shall be obliged to do so once a reasonable sum has been agreed.

      (iii) If at any time after the provision of the Initial Security the Contractor reasonably assesses the SCOPIC remuneration plus interest and costs due hereunder to be greater than the security in place, the Contractor shall be entitled to require the owners of the vessel to increase the security to a reasonable sum and the owners of the vessel shall be obliged to do so once a reasonable sum has been agreed.

      (iv) In the absence of agreement, any dispute concerning the proposed Guarantor, the form of the security or the amount of any reduction or increase in the security in place shall be resolved by the Arbitrator.

      SCOPIC酬金的擔(dān)保

      (1)船舶所有人應(yīng)在收到救助方選擇援用SCOPIC條款的書(shū)面通知后的兩個(gè)工作日內(nèi)(星期六、星期日及勞合社通常認(rèn)可的節(jié)假日除外),向救助方提供令其滿意的銀行保函或協(xié)會(huì)擔(dān)保(簡(jiǎn)稱初步擔(dān)保),作為救助方SCOPIC酬金的擔(dān)保,金額總計(jì)300萬(wàn)美元,包含利息和其他費(fèi)用。

      (2)在提供了初步擔(dān)保后的任何時(shí)間內(nèi),如果經(jīng)船舶所有人合理計(jì)算,SCOPIC酬金加上利息和費(fèi)用將少于已提供的擔(dān)保,船舶所有人有權(quán)要求救助方合理降低擔(dān)保金額。一旦商定了合理的數(shù)額,救助方就有義務(wù)按船舶所有人要求行事。

      (3)在提供了初步擔(dān)保后的任何時(shí)間內(nèi),如果經(jīng)救助方合理計(jì)算,SCOPIC酬金加上利息和費(fèi)用將高于已提供的擔(dān)保,救助方有權(quán)要求船舶所有人合理增加擔(dān)保金額。一旦商定了合理的數(shù)額,船舶所有人就有義務(wù)按救助方的要求行事。

      (4)如未能協(xié)商一致,任何與擔(dān)保人、擔(dān)保形式、擔(dān)保金額的增減有關(guān)的爭(zhēng)議應(yīng)以仲裁的方式解決。

      4.Withdrawal

      If the owners of the vessel do not provide the Initial Security within the said 2 working days, the Contractor, at his option, and on giving notice to the owners of the vessel, shall be entitled to withdraw from all the provisions of the SCOPIC clause and revert to his rights under the Main Agreement including Article 14 which shall apply as if the SCOPIC clause had not existed. PROVIDED THAT this right of withdrawal may only be exercised if, at the time of giving the said notice of withdrawal the owners of the vessel have still not provided the Initial Security or any alternative security which the owners of the vessel and the Contractor may agree will be sufficient.

      撤銷

      如果船舶所有人在前述的兩個(gè)工作日內(nèi)未能提交初步擔(dān)保,救助方可以選擇在通知船舶所有人后撤銷援用SCOPIC的所有條款,此時(shí)如同SCOPIC從未存在,公約第14條恢復(fù)適用,同時(shí)恢復(fù)救助方在并入了公約第14條的主協(xié)議下的各項(xiàng)權(quán)利。但要行使此項(xiàng)撤銷權(quán),只能是在發(fā)出撤銷通知時(shí),船舶所有人仍然沒(méi)有提供初步擔(dān)保或其他船舶所有人和救助方一致認(rèn)可的充分擔(dān)保形式。

      5.Tariff Rates

      (i) SCOPIC remuneration shall mean the total of the tariff rates of personnel; tugs and other craft; portable salvage equipment; out of pocket expenses; and bonus due.

      (ii) SCOPIC remuneration in respect of all personnel; tugs and other craft; and portable salvage equipment shall be assessed on a time and materials basis in accordance with the Tariff set out in Appendix “A”. This tariff will apply until reviewed and amended by the SCR Committee in accordance with Appendix B(1)(b). The tariff rates which will be used to calculate SCOPIC remuneration are those in force at the time the salvage services take place.

      (iii) “Out of pocket” expenses shall mean all those monies reasonably paid by or for and on behalf of the Contractor to any third party and in particular includes the hire of men, tugs, other craft and equipment used and other expenses reasonably necessary for the operation. They will be agreed at cost, PROVIDED THAT: (a) If the expenses relate to the hire of men, tugs, other craft and equipment from another ISU member or their affiliate(s), the amount due will be calculated on the tariff rates set out in Appendix “A” regardless of the actual cost. (b) If men, tugs, other craft and equipment are hired from any party who is not an ISU member and the hire rate is greater than the tariff rates referred to in Appendix “A” the actual cost will be allowed in full, subject to the Special Casualty Representative (“SCR”) being satisfied that in the particular circumstances of the case, it was reasonable for the Contractor to hire such items at that cost. If an SCR is not appointed or if there is a dispute, then the Arbitrator shall decide whether the expense was reasonable in all in the circumstances. (c) Any out of pocket expense incurred during the course of the service in a currency other than US dollars shall for the purpose of the SCOPIC clause be converted to US dollars at the rate prevailing at the termination of the services.

      (iv) In addition to the rates set out above and any out of pocket expenses, the Contractor shall be entitled to a standard bonus of 25% of those rates except that if the out of pocket expenses described in sub-paragraph 5(iii)(b) exceed the applicable tariff rates in Appendix “A” the Contractor shall be entitled to a bonus such that he shall receive in total

      (a) The actual cost of such men, tugs, other craft and equipment plus 10% of the cost, or (b) The tariff rate for such men, tugs, other craft and equipment plus 25% of the tariff rate whichever is the greater.

      費(fèi)率

      (1)SCOPIC酬金是指按費(fèi)率計(jì)算出的人工費(fèi)、拖輪和其他船艇費(fèi)、便攜式救助設(shè)備費(fèi),以及實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用和應(yīng)得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的總和。

      (2)所有與SCOPIC酬金有關(guān)的人工費(fèi)、拖輪和其他船艇費(fèi)、便攜式救助設(shè)備費(fèi),應(yīng)按附錄A所列的費(fèi)率表,根據(jù)使用的時(shí)間和耗費(fèi)的材料進(jìn)行計(jì)算。該費(fèi)率表將適用直至特別事故代表(SCR)委員會(huì)根據(jù)附錄B第1條b款對(duì)其進(jìn)行審查和作出修訂。用于計(jì)算SCOPIC酬金的費(fèi)率應(yīng)是在救助服務(wù)進(jìn)行時(shí)有效的費(fèi)率。

      (3)“實(shí)際支出”費(fèi)用是指已由救助方或代表救助方合理支付給第三方的費(fèi)用,具體而言,包括雇傭人力、拖輪、其他船艇和設(shè)備的租金,以及救助作業(yè)所必需的其他合理費(fèi)用。該費(fèi)用按實(shí)際支付金額計(jì)算,但:①如果該費(fèi)用是與租用國(guó)際救助聯(lián)盟(ISU)成員或其附屬機(jī)構(gòu)所有的人力、拖輪、其他船艇和設(shè)備有關(guān)的,則應(yīng)付金額按附錄A列出的費(fèi)率計(jì)算而不考慮實(shí)際花費(fèi)的數(shù)額。②如果是從其他任何非屬于國(guó)際救助聯(lián)盟(ISU)的成員那里租用人力、拖輪、其他船艇和設(shè)備,且租金率高于附錄A所列出的費(fèi)率,則實(shí)際花費(fèi)允許全額計(jì)入,但以特別事故代表(SCR)在特定個(gè)案中認(rèn)定救助方以那樣的費(fèi)用租賃這些項(xiàng)目是合理的為前提。如果尚未任命特別事故代表(SCR)或存在爭(zhēng)議,由仲裁員裁決該實(shí)際花費(fèi)在此種情形下是否合理。③在救助期間發(fā)生的任何實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用如果是以美元以外的貨幣單位支付的,在SCOPIC條款下,應(yīng)按救助結(jié)束時(shí)的匯率兌換成美元。

      (4)除了上述所列費(fèi)率計(jì)算的費(fèi)用和實(shí)際支出的費(fèi)用,救助方還有權(quán)獲得相當(dāng)于這些費(fèi)用總和的25%的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),但如果第5條(3)款②項(xiàng)所述的實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用超過(guò)了按附錄A中費(fèi)率計(jì)算的費(fèi)用,救助方有權(quán)獲得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),將使其獲取的總數(shù)額達(dá)到以下兩種情況中的較高者:①人力、拖輪、其他船艇或設(shè)備的實(shí)際支出費(fèi)用外加這些費(fèi)用的10%,或②按費(fèi)率計(jì)算的人力、拖輪、其他船艇或設(shè)備費(fèi)用總和外加這些費(fèi)用的25%。

      6.Article 13 Award

      (i) The salvage services under the Main Agreement shall continue to be assessed in accordance with Article 13, even if the Contractor has invoked the SCOPIC clause. SCOPIC remuneration as assessed under sub-clause 5 above will be payable only by the owners of the vessel and only to the extent that it exceeds the total Article 13 Award (or, if none, any potential Article 13 Award) payable by all salved interests (including cargo, bunkers, lubricating oil and stores) before currency adjustment and before interest and costs even if the Article 13 Award or any part of it is not recovered.

      (ii) In the event of the Article 13 Award or settlement being in a currency other than United States dollars it shall, for the purposes of the SCOPIC clause, be exchanged at the rate of exchange prevailing at the termination of the services under the Main Agreement.

      (iii) The salvage Award under Article 13 shall not be diminished by reason of the exception to the principle of “No Cure-No Pay” in the form of SCOPIC remuneration.

      公約第13條報(bào)酬

      SCOPIC酬金的支付

      (1)任何SCOPIC酬金的支付期限視實(shí)際情況而有所不同:

      ①如果不存在并入主協(xié)議的公約第13條意義上的救助報(bào)酬,除附錄B中第5條c款iv項(xiàng)另有規(guī)定,船舶所有人應(yīng)在特別補(bǔ)償支付請(qǐng)求提出后的一個(gè)月內(nèi),支付無(wú)爭(zhēng)議的SCOPIC酬金。利息按美國(guó)基準(zhǔn)利率再加1%,自救助服務(wù)結(jié)束時(shí)起計(jì)算至實(shí)際付款日為止。

      ②如果既存在公約第13條下的救助報(bào)酬請(qǐng)求權(quán),又有SCOPIC酬金請(qǐng)求權(quán),除附錄B中第5條c款iv項(xiàng)另有規(guī)定外,船舶所有人應(yīng)在一個(gè)月內(nèi)支付估算的SCOPIC酬金超出船貨雙方按公約第13條要求所提供的擔(dān)保部分的75%,剩余部分若無(wú)爭(zhēng)議,于公約第13條的報(bào)酬確定并到期應(yīng)付時(shí)予以支付。利息按美國(guó)基準(zhǔn)利率再加1%,自救助服務(wù)結(jié)束時(shí)起計(jì)算至實(shí)際付款日為止。

      (2)如果最終確定的SCOPIC酬金被證明少于已實(shí)際支付金額的,救助方同意就船舶所有人超額支付的部分以其能夠接受的形式給予補(bǔ)償。

      9.Termination

      (i) The Contractor shall be entitled to terminate the services under the SCOPIC clause and the Main Agreement by written notice to owners of the vessel with a copy to the SCR (if any) and any Special Representative appointed if the total cost of his services to date and the services that will be needed to fulfil his obligations hereunder to the property (calculated by means of the tariff rate but before the bonus conferred by sub-clause 5(iii) hereof) will exceed the sum of:

      (a) The value of the property capable of being salved; and

      (b) All sums to which he will be entitled as SCOPIC remuneration

      (ii) The owners of the vessel may at any time terminate the obligation to pay SCOPIC remuneration after the SCOPIC clause has been invoked under sub-clause 2 hereof provided that the Contractor shall be entitled to at least 5 clear days notice of such termination. In the event of such termination the assessment of SCOPIC remuneration shall take into account all monies due under the tariff rates set out in Appendix A hereof including time for demobilisation to the extent that such time did reasonably exceed the 5 days notice of termination.

      (iii) The termination provisions contained in sub-clause 9(i) and 9(ii) above shall only apply if the Contractor is not restrained from demobilising his equipment by Government, Local or Port Authorities or any other officially recognised body having jurisdiction over the area where the services are being rendered.

      終止

      (1)如果救助方迄今為止所提供的服務(wù),以及為繼續(xù)履行其在本合同項(xiàng)下對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)的救助義務(wù)的總成本[根據(jù)費(fèi)率計(jì)算,并不包括本條款第5條(3)款規(guī)定的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)]將超過(guò)①能夠獲救的財(cái)產(chǎn)價(jià)值,及②其有權(quán)獲得的全部SCOPIC酬金,則救助方有權(quán)向船舶所有人發(fā)出書(shū)面通知并抄送特別事故代表(如果有的話)或其他指定的特別代表,以終止SCOIPC條款和主協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的救助服務(wù)。

      (2)在SCOPIC條款依據(jù)其第2條之規(guī)定被援用后,船舶所有人可以隨時(shí)終止其支付SCOPIC酬金的義務(wù),但應(yīng)至少提前5個(gè)完整工作日通知救助方。此時(shí),對(duì) SCOPIC酬金評(píng)定應(yīng)考慮按附錄A中列出的費(fèi)率計(jì)算的所有應(yīng)付款項(xiàng),為遣散救助方所耗費(fèi)的超出5天通知期限的合理時(shí)間,也應(yīng)計(jì)算SCOPIC酬金。

      (3)前述第9條(1)款和(2)款中有關(guān)終止條款的規(guī)定,僅在政府、地方、港口當(dāng)局或其他官方承認(rèn)的在提供救助服務(wù)的地區(qū)有管轄權(quán)的機(jī)構(gòu)不限制救助方遣散救助設(shè)備時(shí)方可適用。

      10.Duties of Contractor

      The duties and liabilities of the Contractor shall remain the same as under the Main Agreement, namely to use his best endeavours to salve the vessel and property thereon and in so doing to prevent or minimise damage to the environment.

      救助方的義務(wù)

      救助方的義務(wù)和責(zé)任與主協(xié)議的規(guī)定一致,即應(yīng)盡其最大努力救助船舶及船上的財(cái)產(chǎn),以防止或減輕對(duì)環(huán)境的損害。

      11.Article18 — 1989 Salvage Convention

      The Contractor may be deprived of the whole or part of the payment due under the SCOPIC clause to the extent that the salvage operations thereunder have become necessary or more difficult or more prolonged or the salved fund has been reduced or extinguished because of fault or neglect on its part or if the Contractor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

      《89年救助公約》第18條

      如果救助方因自身的過(guò)失或疏忽而使救助作業(yè)變得更加必要、更為困難、更為持久,救助價(jià)值減少甚至喪失,或有欺詐以及其他不誠(chéng)信的行為,救助方可能被剝奪SCOPIC條款下全部或部分的應(yīng)得款項(xiàng)。

      12.Special Casualty Representative(“SCR”)

      Once this SCOPIC clause has been invoked in accordance with sub-clause 2 hereof the owners of the vessel may at their sole option appoint an SCR to attend the salvage operation in accordance with the terms and conditions set out in Appendix B. Any SCR so appointed shall not be called upon by any of the parties hereto to give evidence relating to non-salvage issues.

      特別事故代表

      一旦SCOPIC條款依據(jù)第2款之規(guī)定被援用,船舶所有人可以依照附錄B中列出的條款和條件自行選擇指定一位特別事故代表參與到救助作業(yè)中。任何當(dāng)事方不得要求任何指定的特別事故代表提供與救助事項(xiàng)無(wú)關(guān)的證明材料。

      13.Special Representatives

      At any time after the SCOPIC clause has been invoked the Hull and Machinery underwriter (or, if more than one, the lead underwriter) and one owner or underwriter of all or part of any cargo on board the vessel may each appoint one special representative (hereinafter called respectively the “Special Hull Representative” and the “Special Cargo Representative” and collectively called the “Special Representatives”) at the sole expense of the appointor to attend the casualty to observe and report upon the salvage operation on the terms and conditions set out in Appendix C hereof. Such Special Representatives shall be technical men and not practising lawyers.

      特別代表

      在SCOPIC援用后的任何時(shí)間內(nèi),船舶和機(jī)械設(shè)備的承保人(如果有多個(gè),則為主承保人),以及船上全部或部分貨物的所有人或保險(xiǎn)人都可以各自指定一名特別代表(分別簡(jiǎn)稱船方特別代表和貨方特別代表,并合稱為特別代表),根據(jù)附錄C中列出的條款和條件參與事故的處理,觀察并匯報(bào)救助作業(yè)開(kāi)展的情況。該特別代表應(yīng)為技術(shù)人員而非執(zhí)業(yè)律師。

      14.Pollution Prevention

      The assessment of SCOPIC remuneration shall include the prevention of pollution as well as the removal of pollution in the immediate vicinity of the vessel insofar as this is necessary for the proper execution of the salvage but not otherwise.

      污染預(yù)防

      SCOPIC酬金的計(jì)算應(yīng)包含污染預(yù)防以及清除船舶附近污染物的費(fèi)用,但限于是為了妥善完成救助所必需,而非出于其他目的。

      15.General Average

      SCOPIC remuneration shall not be a General Average expense to the extent that it exceeds the Article 13 Award; any liability to pay such SCOPIC remuneration shall be that of the Shipowner alone and no claim whether direct, indirect, by way of indemnity or recourse or otherwise relating to SCOPIC remuneration in excess of the Article 13 Award shall be made in General Average or under the vessels Hull and Machinery Policy by the owners of the vessel.

      共同海損

      SCOPIC酬金高出公約第13條報(bào)酬的部分不得列入共同海損費(fèi)用,支付SCOPIC酬金的責(zé)任應(yīng)由船舶所有人單獨(dú)承擔(dān)。船舶所有人不得通過(guò)補(bǔ)償、追償或其他方式,直接或間接地將SCOPIC酬金高出公約第13條報(bào)酬的部分列入共同海損或依據(jù)船舶保險(xiǎn)單提出理賠。

      16. [WTBZ][STBZ]Any dispute arising out of this SCOPIC clause or the operations thereunder shall be referred to Arbitration as provided for under the Main Agreement.

      因本條款或本條款項(xiàng)下的救助作業(yè)而產(chǎn)生的任何爭(zhēng)議,應(yīng)根據(jù)主協(xié)議的規(guī)定以仲裁的方式解決。

      參考文獻(xiàn):

      [1]HILL C.Maritime law\[M\].London:LLP Professional Publishing,1998:346.

      [2]“天利”輪救助報(bào)酬?duì)幾h案\[EB/OL\].(2018-07-19)\[2020-04-05\].http://www.cmla.org.cn/zl/al/2018/0719/2262.html.

      收稿日期:2020-05-04

      作者簡(jiǎn)介:張勇(1974-),男,山東日照人,青島海事法院日照法庭副庭長(zhǎng),四級(jí)高級(jí)法官,E-mail:18105320699@163.com;匡浩(1986-),男,山東青島人,青島海事法院煙臺(tái)法庭審判員,一級(jí)法官,E-mail:khaobest@sina.com。

      永丰县| 耒阳市| 铜梁县| 康马县| 安化县| 理塘县| 韶关市| 锡林浩特市| 桓台县| 甘谷县| 思南县| 耒阳市| 永春县| 古浪县| 漳浦县| 扎囊县| 东光县| 商水县| 甘洛县| 垣曲县| 巴林左旗| 平南县| 客服| 大化| 工布江达县| 泗洪县| 张家界市| 白银市| 昭苏县| 天长市| 南岸区| 宜章县| 西乡县| 冕宁县| 岳池县| 获嘉县| 哈尔滨市| 河池市| 公安县| 九台市| 四平市|