董龍禹 劉冰 孫玉明
[摘要] 目的 探討右美托咪定加單次小劑量肌松全身麻醉在鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)ERAS中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 選擇2018年5月~2019年4月本院收治的擬擇期行鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)患者30例,男16例,女14例,隨機(jī)分為兩組,每組各15例。觀察組麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg緩慢靜注、丙泊酚2 mg/kg,羅庫溴銨0.8 mg/kg、芬太尼1 μg/kg,全麻插管控制呼吸。麻醉維持:丙泊酚50~60 μg/(kg·min),瑞芬太尼0.3 μg/(kg·min)行麻醉維持,不再使用右美托咪定及肌松劑。對照組采用常規(guī)麻醉方法,手術(shù)結(jié)束麻醉停藥后,待患者意識清醒,TOF≥0.9時(shí),拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,10 min內(nèi)MAS≥9分,送入外科病房,達(dá)不到出室條件患者送入PACU。術(shù)中監(jiān)護(hù)HR、MAP,術(shù)畢停藥后,記錄患者命令反應(yīng)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、MAS≥9時(shí)間、有無EA。 結(jié)果 兩組HR、MAP改變比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),觀察組術(shù)后各項(xiàng)蘇醒指標(biāo)分別為命令反應(yīng)時(shí)間為(2.5±1.1)min、拔管時(shí)間為(2.8±1.0)min、MAS≥9時(shí)間為(4.5±2.1)min,與對照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。無EA發(fā)生,全部患者術(shù)后5 min內(nèi)達(dá)到出室條件。對照組患者10 min內(nèi)全部沒有達(dá)到MAS≥9,送入PACU,7例(46.7%)發(fā)生EA。兩組無其他麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)論 右美托咪定加單次小劑量肌松全麻在鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)ERAS中應(yīng)用與常規(guī)全麻比較,效果明顯,無須進(jìn)入PACU,無EA發(fā)生,有臨床推廣價(jià)值。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù);ERAS;全麻;氣管插管
[中圖分類號] R614.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)31-0118-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with single and low dose of muscle relaxant for general anesthesia in ERAS of nasal endoscopic surgery. Methods A total of 30 patients(16 males and 14 females were included) who were scheduled to undergo nasal endoscopic surgery and admitted to our hospital from May 2018 to April 2019 were randomLy divided into the observation group(n=15) and the control group(n=15). In the observation group, 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, 2 mg/kg propofol, 0.8 mg/kg rocuronium and 1 ug/kg fentanyl were used for anesthesia induction, and general anesthesia intubation was used to control breathing. In the anesthesia maintenance, 50-60 μg/(kg·min) propofol and 0.3 μg/(kg·min) remifentanil were used, while dexmedetomidine and muscle relaxant were no longer used. On the other hand, the conventional anesthesia was used in the control group. After the anesthesia was stopped after the operation, when the patient was conscious and TOF≥0.9, the endotracheal tube was removed. Within 10 minutes, when MAS≥9 points, the patient was sent to the surgical ward, and if he could not meet the condition of discharge, he would be sent to PACU. HR and MAP were monitored during operation. After stopping the drug after operation, the patient′s reaction time on command, extubating time, MAS ≥9 time and with or without EA were recorded. Results There were no significant differences in HR and MAP changes between the two groups. The wake-up indexes in the observation group were(2.5±1.1)min after operation,(2.8±1.0)min after extubating, and(4.5±2.1)min after MAS ≥9. Compared with the control group, there was statistically significant difference(P<0.01).No EA occurred, and all patients reached the discharge condition within 5 min after operation. None of the patients in the control group reached MAS≥9 within 10 minutes. And after they were sent to PACU, EA occurred in 7 patients(46.7%). There was no other anesthesia related complications in the two groups. Conclusion Compared with conventional general anesthesia, dexmedetomidine combined with a single and low dose of muscle relaxant for general anesthesia has obvious efficacy. There is no need to enter PACU, no EA occurs. Therefore, it is worthy of clinical promotion.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Endoscopic surgery; ERAS; General anesthesia; Tracheal intubation
1997年,丹麥外科教授Kehlet等[1]提出的術(shù)后快速康復(fù)(Enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念,可有效提高病床使用率,減少住院時(shí)間[2],患者術(shù)后的功能狀態(tài)更快恢復(fù)。2006年,黎介壽院士首次將ERAS理念引入中國,在我國ERAS積極推廣,特別是普外科及腹腔手術(shù)應(yīng)用ERAS[2-6],其他外科手術(shù)也相繼推廣了ERAS,骨科、婦科、創(chuàng)傷外科也有臨床報(bào)道[7-10],麻醉科對ERAS報(bào)道較少[11],作為麻醉科,麻醉醫(yī)師應(yīng)當(dāng)在麻醉及手術(shù)期間精確使用麻醉劑,維持生命體征穩(wěn)定,使患者手術(shù)后快速蘇醒,降低麻醉及手術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,并且減少麻醉后監(jiān)護(hù)病房(Post anesthesia care unit,PACU)滯留時(shí)間。本研究探討右美托咪定加小劑量肌松全身麻醉在鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)在ERAS中應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2018年5月~2019年4月本院耳鼻喉科收治的擬擇期行鼻內(nèi)窺鏡手術(shù)患者30例,男16例,女14例,年齡20~55歲,隨機(jī)數(shù)字法分為兩組,每組各15例。對照組中,男8例,女7例,年齡20~54歲,平均(32.81±7.15)歲,體重(60.51±4.5)kg;觀察組中,男8例,女7例,年齡20~55歲,平均(33.58±6.91)歲,體重(61.03±3.97)kg。兩組患者男女比例、年齡分布、體重比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患者均簽署知情同意書,本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審核批準(zhǔn)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:美國麻醉學(xué)會麻醉分級(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;體重50~70 kg;無心腦血管疾病;無高血壓及心律失常;無肝腎功能損害;無呼吸道及肺疾病。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]:神經(jīng)精神病史;吸毒史;酒精依賴;藥物依賴;認(rèn)知功能障礙;體質(zhì)量過高或過低者。
1.2 方法
兩組患者均不使用術(shù)前藥物,觀察組麻醉誘導(dǎo)采用右美托咪定(四川國瑞藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20110097,2 mL∶0.2 mg)0.5 μg/kg緩慢靜注,丙泊酚(廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20051843, 10 mL∶100 mg)2 mg/kg,芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H42022076,2 mL∶0.1 mg)1 μg/kg、羅庫溴銨(浙江仙琚制藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字 H2009 3186,5 mL∶50 mg)0.8 mg/kg靜脈注射,麻醉誘導(dǎo)后氣管插入加強(qiáng)氣管導(dǎo)管,機(jī)械通氣。麻醉維持:丙泊酚50~60 μg/(kg·min),瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20030197,粉針劑:1 mg)0.3 μg/(kg·min)連續(xù)靜脈注射麻醉維持,不再使用右美托咪定及肌松劑。對照組使用普通誘導(dǎo)方法,靜脈注射丙泊酚2 mg/kg、羅庫溴銨1 mg/kg、芬太尼1 μg/kg,麻醉誘導(dǎo)后插入加強(qiáng)氣管導(dǎo)管,機(jī)器控制通氣。丙泊酚60~70 μg/(kg·min),瑞芬太尼0.3 μg/(kg·min)行麻醉維持,術(shù)中根據(jù)肌松監(jiān)測結(jié)果,四個成串刺激(TOF)≥0.5時(shí),羅庫溴銨0.5 mg/kg靜注維持肌松,兩組控制通氣頻率8~12次/min,機(jī)械控制通氣潮氣量8~12 mL/kg,維持呼氣末CO2濃度4.5~5.5 Kpa。手術(shù)結(jié)束麻醉停藥后,待患者意識清醒,達(dá)到拔管條件TOF≥0.9時(shí),拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,10 min內(nèi)修正的Aldrete 評分(Modfied aldrete score,MAS)[3]達(dá)到≥9分,送入外科病房,10 min內(nèi)達(dá)不到MAS≥9分患者送入PACU。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
兩組患者入室后連接邁瑞T5監(jiān)護(hù)儀,記錄麻醉前(T0)、麻醉后5 min(T1)、手術(shù)結(jié)束(T2)時(shí)的心率(HR)和平均動脈壓(MAP)。術(shù)畢從停止麻醉用藥開始,觀察患者命令反應(yīng)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、MAS≥9時(shí)間、有無術(shù)后躁動(Emergence agitation,EA)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS21.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),三組以上正態(tài)計(jì)量資料比較采用方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組不同時(shí)間MAP、HR比較
手術(shù)時(shí)間為40~60 min,觀察組平均為(47.5±5.8)min,對照組平均為(45.5±6.8)min,兩組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=0.451,P>0.05)。兩組不同時(shí)間MAP、HR比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者蘇醒時(shí)間比較
觀察組術(shù)后各項(xiàng)蘇醒指標(biāo)與對照組比較,顯著加快(P<0.01)。見表2。觀察組無術(shù)后EA,全部患者術(shù)后5 min內(nèi)達(dá)到出室條件,送入病房。對照組10 min內(nèi)皆沒有達(dá)到MAS≥9分,需要進(jìn)入PACU,7例(46.7%)發(fā)生EA。兩組無其他麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
3 討論
ERAS的核心要求呈微創(chuàng)手術(shù)、目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向圍術(shù)期處理、術(shù)后快速恢復(fù)等,ERAS理念用于胃癌手術(shù)[2-5]、結(jié)腸癌手術(shù)[6]、髖膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)[7-8]、產(chǎn)科手術(shù)[9]、創(chuàng)傷外科手術(shù)[10]等,效果良好。麻醉科是所有外科手術(shù)患者最重要關(guān)鍵的環(huán)節(jié),ERAS強(qiáng)調(diào)多學(xué)科團(tuán)隊(duì)合作的重要性,麻醉學(xué)科貫穿ERAS始終[13],沒有麻醉學(xué)科參與ERAS難以實(shí)現(xiàn),麻醉科與外科一同聯(lián)手,規(guī)范化、系統(tǒng)化地進(jìn)行ERAS,才能順利開展。加快術(shù)后康復(fù)是患者和醫(yī)師的共同愿望,ERAS應(yīng)當(dāng)在麻醉后使患者的功能狀態(tài)更快恢復(fù),麻醉管理應(yīng)當(dāng)維持麻醉期間HR、MAP平穩(wěn),降低麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,減少PACU滯留時(shí)間。