徐琪 付佳 韓睿
[摘要] 鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白-2(SGLT-2)在糖尿病患者中表達(dá)上調(diào),介導(dǎo)近端腎小管約90%尿糖重吸收。SGLT-2抑制劑是一種新型降糖藥,可減少缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1蛋白和腎損傷分子-1表達(dá),改善腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)的激活,降低氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生。還可通過降低血糖、血壓、尿酸及改善血脂代謝等機(jī)制保護(hù)腎臟。此外,SGLT-2抑制劑聯(lián)合血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑能夠治療2型糖尿病合并慢性腎臟病的患者。SGLT-2抑制劑在糖尿病腎病患者中安全性良好,但需關(guān)注達(dá)格列凈的尿路感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,同時(shí)需警惕卡格列凈、達(dá)格列凈的急性腎損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文從SGLT-2抑制劑對(duì)腎臟的作用機(jī)制及治療糖尿病腎病的臨床應(yīng)用等方面進(jìn)行綜述,以期為糖尿病腎病提供新的治療選擇。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白-2抑制劑;糖尿病腎病;機(jī)制;臨床應(yīng)用
[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)03(b)-0021-04
[Abstract] Sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) is upregulated in patients with diabetes, and it is responsible for approximately 90% of the reabsorption of urine glucose in the proximal tubules. SGLT-2 inhibitor is a new type of hypoglycemic agent which can reduce the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 protein and kidney injury molecule-1, and improve the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, while reduce the generation of oxidative stress. It can also protect the kidneys by reducing blood sugar, blood pressure, uric acid and improving lipid metabolism. In addition, SGLT-2 inhibitors combined with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor are used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes combined with chronic kidney disease. SGLT-2 inhibitors have good safety in patients with diabetic nephropathy, but we need to pay attention to the increased risk of urinary tract infections of Dapagliflozin, and at the same time be alert to the risk of acute kidney injury of Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin. This article reviews the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors on the kidney and its clinical application in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in order to provide new treatment options for diabetic nephropathy.
[Key words] Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; Diabetic kidney disease; Mechanism; Clinical application
糖尿病腎?。―KD)作為糖尿病的常見微血管并發(fā)癥,不僅嚴(yán)重影響糖尿病患者的生活質(zhì)量,同時(shí)也帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。根據(jù)美國腎臟數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)2018年數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告[1],慢性腎臟病和終末期腎?。‥SRD)患者2016年醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)總支出超過1140億美元,其中糖尿病腎病患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)支出明顯增加。鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白-2(SGLT-2)抑制劑除有效控制血糖外,還有降低血壓、降低尿酸、減輕體重等作用,且大量研究證實(shí)SGLT-2抑制劑具有腎臟保護(hù)作用。本文針對(duì)SGLT-2抑制劑治療DKD的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1 DKD概述
正常情況下,原尿中幾乎所有的葡萄糖通過近端小管重吸收入血,當(dāng)近端小管重吸收達(dá)到上限即腎糖閾時(shí),多余的葡萄糖則經(jīng)尿液排出。近端小管上皮細(xì)胞在頂膜表達(dá)SGLT-2,在基底外側(cè)膜上表達(dá)葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白-2(GLUT-2),濾液中的葡萄糖和鈉在近端小管以2∶1比例通過SGLT跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)后,葡萄糖可通過GLUT-2被動(dòng)向血漿轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、重吸收入血,從而導(dǎo)致血糖升高[2]。
在DKD發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,高血糖可刺激腎小球中細(xì)胞色素C及半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白酶9在線粒體的釋放,細(xì)胞色素C在線粒體釋放并形成凋亡體,引起間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的應(yīng)激和損傷,導(dǎo)致腎小球系膜細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。腎臟缺氧時(shí),人類腎臟近腸管狀細(xì)胞中缺氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(HIF-1)和腎損傷分子-1(KIM-1)的表達(dá)顯著增加,可引起糖尿病腎纖維化[4-5]。此外,代謝紊亂、炎癥、缺氧、氧化應(yīng)激等可直接或間接導(dǎo)致腎臟損傷。
2 SGLT-2抑制劑對(duì)腎臟的作用
在高血糖狀態(tài)下,腎小球過濾的尿葡萄糖增加,SGLT-2在近端腎小管的表達(dá)增加,導(dǎo)致葡萄糖和鈉重吸收增加,引起血糖升高和體液增加。SGLT-2抑制劑可通過降低腎臟葡萄糖重吸收的閾值,使尿葡萄糖排泄(UGE)增加,從而降低血漿葡萄糖水平[6]。
研究顯示[5],伊格列凈可降低小鼠尿中KIM-1的排泄,減少中性粒細(xì)胞明膠酶相關(guān)脂質(zhì)運(yùn)載蛋白(NGAL)的表達(dá),大劑量伊格列凈還可通過減少8-羥基-2′-脫氧鳥苷的尿排泄改善氧自由基引起的DNA損傷。血管緊張素Ⅱ受體1(AT1R)依賴性激活可增強(qiáng)環(huán)磷腺苷效應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(CREB)磷酸化,介導(dǎo)葡萄糖誘導(dǎo)的上游刺激因子2(USF2)在腎臟中的表達(dá),而USF2的過度表達(dá)參與糖尿病狀態(tài)下腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化的過程[7]。SGLT-2抑制劑可使AT1R表達(dá)下調(diào),改善腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAS)的激活,顯著增加抗氧化酶的表達(dá)水平,降低氧化應(yīng)激產(chǎn)生,減少腎間質(zhì)纖維化[8]。SGLT-2抑制劑還可增加腎小球體積,同時(shí)可顯著改善腎小球系膜擴(kuò)張、減少遠(yuǎn)端腎小管中的糖原積累,從而減輕腎小管損傷、減少蛋白尿[9]。
然而另一部分研究則顯示,SGLT-2抑制劑不能改善腎損傷甚至?xí)又啬I損傷。研究顯示[10],恩格列凈使腎小管損傷標(biāo)志物KIM-1和NGAL的尿排泄顯著增加,通過減少炎性因子的表達(dá)來減少部分促腎纖維化基因的上調(diào),但不能改善白蛋白尿、腎小管損傷及腎小球硬化。SGLT-2抑制劑可導(dǎo)致腎小球旁器缺氧,顯著增加低密度的鄰腎小球細(xì)胞中囊泡的數(shù)量,刺激細(xì)胞分泌腎素,并可能參與RAS的激活。且SGLT-2抑制劑可通過減少巨蛋白表達(dá)來減少近端小管中的白蛋白重吸收,增加尿白蛋白排泄,導(dǎo)致白蛋白尿[5,9]。磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶1(PEPCK1)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pase)是糖異生過程的關(guān)鍵限速酶,達(dá)格列凈可增加PEPCK1、G6Pase的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致肝糖原增加、血糖升高,高血糖通過細(xì)胞凋亡途徑引起腎小球基底膜增厚、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞融合及線粒體的腫脹、壞死,加重腎小管損傷[11]。
3 SGLT-2抑制劑的腎臟外作用
3.1 降糖作用
SGLT-2抑制劑通過降低腎糖閾UGE,UGE與基線葡萄糖濃度呈正相關(guān)。因此,SGLT-2抑制劑的降糖效果取決于基線血漿葡萄糖水平,且對(duì)UGE的作用呈劑量依賴性增加[6]。在不增加胰島素濃度的情況下,SGLT-2抑制劑通過增加UGE來降低血糖,SGLT-2抑制劑抑制葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的作用與腎功能水平無關(guān)[12-13]。對(duì)于飲食/運(yùn)動(dòng)及利拉魯肽單藥治療血糖控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者,加用魯格列凈治療52周時(shí)糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)較基線下降0.68%,空腹血糖下降32.1 mg/dL,餐后2 h血糖下降56.5 mg/dL[14]。
3.2 降低血壓
Na+/H+交換異構(gòu)體3(NHE3)是H+葡萄糖調(diào)節(jié)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,在腎近端小管中與SGLT-2共位點(diǎn),SGLT-2受抑制時(shí)NHE3活性也被抑制[15]。SGLT-2抑制劑降低血壓過程中,早期可顯著增加尿葡萄糖排泄,導(dǎo)致滲透性利尿,尿鈉排泄增加引起的血漿容量減少均可降低收縮壓。后期則主要通過抑制NHE3減少近端小管中的鈉重吸收,增加尿鈉排泄,引起滲透性利尿、血漿容量減少,從而降低收縮壓及舒張壓[16]。
3.3 降低尿酸
2型糖尿病患者中常合并高尿酸血癥,升高的血尿酸水平可能加速腎病的發(fā)展。SGLT-2抑制劑不直接影響腎臟對(duì)尿酸的排泄,而是通過作用于近端小管的葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白-9(GLUT9)異構(gòu)體2或其他轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白增加尿糖排泄,抑制集合管對(duì)尿酸的重吸收,尿酸排泄率增加從而降低血尿酸水平[17]。
3.4 減輕體重
在Look AHEAD(糖尿病健康行動(dòng))多中心隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)中[18],減輕體重有利于降低腎病相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。恩格列凈可增加脫鉤蛋白1的表達(dá)及棕色脂肪選擇性基因的mRNA水平,提高在骨骼肌中腺苷活性蛋白激酶和乙酰-CoA曲霉素磷酸化,促進(jìn)脂肪褐化[19]。SGLT-2抑制劑可減少脂肪含量及內(nèi)臟脂肪面積,且治療前內(nèi)臟脂肪面積越大,治療后內(nèi)臟脂肪面積的減少越顯著[20]。與安慰劑比較,SGLT2抑制劑可減輕體重,其中卡格列凈體重減輕最為顯著[21]。
4 SGLT-2抑制劑治療DKD的臨床應(yīng)用
研究顯示[22-23],西格列汀可有效降低2型糖尿病伴CKD3期患者的HbA1c、空腹血糖、體重等結(jié)局指標(biāo)。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于伊格列凈對(duì)糖尿病腎病和血壓長期影響的研究中顯示,隨訪期間伊格列凈可顯著降低2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄,而不會(huì)降低腎小球?yàn)V過率估值(eGFR),在真實(shí)環(huán)境中對(duì)血糖控制、體重、血壓和糖尿病腎病發(fā)揮多效作用[24]。
SGLT-2抑制劑與血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑(ACEI)類藥物作為靶點(diǎn)不同,且具有降糖、降壓、保護(hù)腎臟作用。因此,SGLT-2抑制劑可協(xié)同ACEI治療糖尿病腎病。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示[25],ACEI聯(lián)合SGLT-2抑制劑在增加尿葡萄糖排泄、降低血壓、減少蛋白尿及減少腎臟損傷程度等方面優(yōu)于SGLT-2抑制劑或ACEI單藥治療。我國一項(xiàng)關(guān)于ACEI藥物聯(lián)合SGLT-2抑制劑治療糖尿病腎病患者的研究顯示[26],二者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可有效降低尿微量白蛋白、尿蛋白及肌酐等水平,并能改善患者的社會(huì)功能、認(rèn)知功能。
目前已有多例關(guān)于血糖正常糖尿病酮癥酸中毒的病案報(bào)道[27],偽膜性結(jié)腸炎分解代謝狀態(tài)和SGLT-2抑制劑對(duì)胰腺細(xì)胞的直接作用可能協(xié)同誘導(dǎo)血糖正常的嚴(yán)重酮癥酸中毒。雖然SGLT-2抑制劑與尿路感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間沒有劑量相關(guān)性,但達(dá)格列凈(劑量≥10 mg)與尿路感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有相關(guān)性,提示在臨床使用中需注意達(dá)格列凈的尿路感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這與一項(xiàng)SGLT-2抑制劑與感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的meta分析結(jié)果一致[28-29]。此外,2016年美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)提出了對(duì)2型糖尿病藥物卡格列凈和達(dá)格列凈急性腎損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的警告[30]。
5 小結(jié)
總之,SGLT-2抑制劑能夠有效控制血糖,并能通過降壓、降尿酸、減輕體重等多方面發(fā)揮腎臟保護(hù)作用,成為糖尿病腎病治療的新選擇。但在臨床應(yīng)用中,SGLT-2抑制劑在糖尿病腎病患者中的有效性及安全性需更多研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? Saran R,Robinson B,Abbott KC,et al. US Renal Data System 2018 Annual Data Report:Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States [J]. Am J Kidney Dis,2019, 73(3S1):A7-A8.
[2]? Ghezzi C,Loo DDF,Wright EM. Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1,SGLT2 and GLUT2 [J]. Diabetologia,2018,61(10):2087-2097.
[3]? Mishra R,Emancipator SN,Kern T,et al. High glucose evokes an intrinsic proapoptotic signaling pathway in mesangial cells [J]. Kidney Int,2005,67(1):82-93.
[4]? Bessho R,Takiyama Y,Takiyama T,et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is the therapeutic target of the SGLT2 inhibitor for diabetic nephropathy [J]. Sci Rep,2019,9(1):14754.
[5]? Kamezaki M,Kusaba T,Komaki K,et al. Comprehensive renoprotective effects of ipragliflozin on early diabetic nephropathy in mice [J]. Sci Rep,2018,8(1):4029.
[6]? Sasaki T,Seino Y,F(xiàn)ukatsu A,et al. Pharmacokinetics,Pharmacodynamics,and Safety of Luseogliflozin in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:A Randomized,Single-blind,Placebo-controlled Trial [J]. Adv Ther,2015, 32(4):319-340.
[7]? Visavadiya NP,Li Y,Wang S. High Glucose Upregulates Upstream Stimulatory Factor 2 in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Cells through Angiotensin Ⅱ-Dependent Activation of CREB [J]. Nephron Exp Nephrol,2011,117(3):e62-e70.
[8]? Shin SJ,Chung S,Kim SJ,et al. Effect of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor,Dapagliflozin,on Renal Renin-Angiotensin System in an Animal Model of Type 2 Diabetes [J]. PLoS One,2016,11(11):e0165703.
[9]? Takiyama Y,Sera T,Nakamura M,et al. Impacts of Diabetes and an SGLT2 Inhibitor on the Glomerular Number and Volume in db/db Mice,as Estimated by Synchrotron Radiation Micro-CT at SPring-8 [J]. E Bio Medicine,2018,36:329-346.
[10]? Gallo LA,Ward MS,F(xiàn)otheringham AK,et al. Once daily administration of the SGLT2 inhibitor,empagliflozin,attenuates markers of renal fibrosis without improving albuminuria in diabetic db/db mice [J]. Sci Rep,2016,6:26428.
[11]? Jia Y,He J,Wang L,et al. Dapagliflozin Aggravates Renal Injury via Promoting Gluconeogenesis in db/db Mice [J]. Cell Physiol Biochem,2018,45(5):1747-1758.
[12]? Nishimura R,Osonoi T,Kanada S,et al. Effects of luse-ogliflozin,a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor,on 24-h glucose variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,crossover study [J]. Diabetes Obes Metab,2015,17(8):800-804.
[13]? Sahasrabudhe V,Terra SG,Hickman A,et al. The Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ertugliflozin in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [J]. J Clin Pharmacol,2017,57(11):1432-1443.
[14]? Seino Y,Yabe D,Sasaki T,et al. SGLT2 inhibitor luseog-liflozin added to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide improves glycemic control with bodyweight and fat mass reductions in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes:a 52-week,open-label,single-arm study [J]. J Diabetes Investig,2018,9(2):332-340.
[15]? Pessoa TD,Campos LC,Carraro-Lacroix L,et al. Functional Role of Glucose Metabolism,Osmotic Stress,and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Isoform-Mediated Transport on Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoform 3 Activity in the Renal Proximal Tubule [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,25(9):2028-2039.
[16]? Kawasoe S,Maruguchi Y,Kajiya S,et al. Mechanism of the blood pressure-lowering effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in obese patients with type 2 diabetes [J]. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol,2017,18(1):23.
[17]? Chino Y,Samukawa Y,Sakai S,et al. SGLT2 inhibitor lowers serum uric acid through alteration of uric acid transport activity in renal tubule by increased glycosuria [J]. Biopharm Drug Dispos,2014,35(7):391-404.
[18]? Look AHEAD Research Group. Effect of a long-term behavioural weight loss intervention on nephropathy in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes:a secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial [J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol,2014,2(10):801-809.
[19]? Xu L,Nagata N,Nagashimada M,et al. SGLT2 Inhibition by Empagliflozin Promotes Fat Utilization and Browning and Attenuates Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by Polarizing M2 Macrophages in Diet-induced Obese Mice [J]. EBioMedicine,2017,20:137-149.
[20]? Tosaki T,Kamiya H,Himeno T,et al. Sodium-glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors Reduce the Abdominal Visceral Fat Area and May Influence the Renal Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes [J]. Intern Med,2017,56(6):597-604.
[21]? Storgaard H,Gluud LL,Bennett C,et al. Benefits and Harms of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [J]. PLoS One,2016,11(11):e0166125.
[22]? Grunberger G,Camp S,Johnson J,et al. Ertugliflozin in Patients with Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:The VERTIS RENAL Randomized Study [J]. Diabetes Ther,2018,9(1):49-66.
[23]? Kashiwagi A,Takahashi H,Ishikawa H,et al. A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study on long-term efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment:results of the Long-Term ASP1941 Safety Evaluation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes with Renal Impairment(LANTERN)study [J]. Diabetes Obes Metab,2015,17(2):152-160.
[24]? Ito D,Inoue K,Sumita T,et al. Long-Term Effects of Ipragliflozin on Diabetic Nephropathy and Blood Pressure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes:104-Week Follow-up of an Open-Label Study [J]. J Clin Med Res,2018, 10(9):679-687.
[25]? Kojima N,Williams JM,Takahashi T,et al. Effects of a New SGLT2 Inhibitor,Luseogliflozin,on Diabetic Nephr-opathy in T2DN Rats [J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2013, 345(3):464-472.
[26]? 隋超,陳亞鎮(zhèn),賴貽旺.血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑聯(lián)合SGLT-2抑制劑治療糖尿病腎病效果研究[J].臨床軍醫(yī)雜志,2018,46(12):1437-1438,1440.
[27]? Yeo SM,Park H,Paek JH,et al. Ketoacidosis with euglycemia in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking dapagliflozin:A case report [J]. Medicine(Baltimore),2019,98(3):e14150.
[28]? Donnan JR,Grandy CA,Chibrikov E,et al. Dose response of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in relation to urinary tract infections:a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. CMAJ Open,2018,6(4):E594-E602.
[29]? Puckrin R,Saltiel MP,Reynier P,et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors and the risk of infections:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Acta Diabetol,2018,55(5):503-514.
[30]? The U.S. Food and drug administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication:FDA strengthens kidney warnings for diabetes medicines canagliflozin(Invokana,Invokamet)and dapagliflozin(Farxiga,Xigduo XR)[EB/OL].(2016-06-17)https://www.fda.gov/media/98683/download
(收稿日期:2019-11-26? 本文編輯:王曉曄)