王堯堯 郝松莉
[摘要] 在患有多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)且沒有其他不孕因素的克羅米芬抵抗無排卵患者中,二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬或促性腺激素均可作為二線治療藥物,盡管促性腺激素更有效。促性腺激素還可用于有PCOS且克羅米芬失敗的無排卵患者的二線藥物治療。腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)也可用于克羅米芬抵抗PCOS而無其他不孕癥因素的無排卵患者的排卵誘導(dǎo)的二線治療。來曲唑作為克羅米芬抵抗PCOS患者促排卵的二線藥物治療的有效性需要進(jìn)一步研究。在提高生育率方面,減肥藥和減肥手術(shù)被認(rèn)為是一種對(duì)PCOS而無其他不孕因素患者的實(shí)驗(yàn)性治療方法。在一線或二線排卵誘導(dǎo)治療失敗的情況下,體外受精(IVF)/卵胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射(ICSI)可作為PCOS患者的三線治療,但缺乏IVF/ICSI的絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證。對(duì)于接受IVF/ICSI治療的PCOS患者,首選促性腺激素釋放激素拮抗劑方案,并可考慮選擇性冷凍胚胎移植策略。在具有足夠?qū)I(yè)知識(shí)的輔助受孕單位中,可以向PCOS患者提供卵母細(xì)胞的體外成熟。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 多囊卵巢綜合征;不孕癥;治療;證據(jù)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R71 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)04(a)-0046-04
The second- and third-line treatments and supporting evidence of polycystic ovary syndrome-related infertility
WANG Yaoyao1 ? HAO Songli2▲
1.Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Yellow River Hospital, Yellow River Shandong Bureau, Shandong Province, Ji′nan ? 250032, China; 2.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang Province, Harbin ? 150040, China
[Abstract] In Clomiphene resistant anovulatory patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and no other infertility factors, either Metformin combined with Clomiphene citrate or Gonadotrophins could be used as a second-line pharmacological therapy, although Gonadotrophins are more effective. Gonadotrophins could also be used as a second-line pharmacological therapy in anovulatory patients with PCOS and Clomiphene failure. Laparoscopic ovarian surgery can also be used as a second-line therapy for ovulation induction in anovulatory patients with Clomiphene resistant PCOS and no other infertility factors. The usefulness of Letrozole as a second-line pharmacological treatment for ovulation induction in Clomiphene resistant women with PCOS requires further research. In terms of improving fertility, both pharmacological anti-obesity agents and bariatric surgery should be considered an experimental therapy in anovulatory women with PCOS and no other infertility factors. First-or second-line ovulation induction therapies have failed, in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic single sperm injection (ICSI) could be offered as a third-line therapy in patients with PCOS in the absence of an absolute indication for IVF/ICSI. However, absolute indications for IVF/ICSI are lacking. For patients with PCOS undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol is preferred and an elective frozen embryo transfer strategy could be considered. In assisted conception units with sufficient expertise, in-vitro maturation of oocytes could be offered to women with PCOS.
[Key words] Polycystic ovary syndrome; Infertility; Treatments; Evidence
多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)是一種具有生殖、代謝和心理特征的復(fù)雜疾病[1],也是育齡期女性最常見的內(nèi)分泌疾病。具有無排卵和/或排卵過少、臨床或生化高雄激素血癥和多囊樣卵巢PCOS診斷的3個(gè)特征[2]。
不孕癥是PCOS的普遍表現(xiàn),75%的不孕癥是由于無排卵引起的,因此PCOS是無排卵性不孕癥最常見的原因[3]。PCOS不孕癥的治療包括改變生活方式、藥物治療、手術(shù)治療或體外受精(IVF)[4]。體外成熟(IVM)有望替代傳統(tǒng)的IVF[5]。PCOS不孕癥一線治療藥物包括來曲唑、克羅米芬、二甲雙胍、克羅米芬聯(lián)合二甲雙胍和促性腺激素,其中來曲唑被認(rèn)為是首選治療藥物[6-7]。本文對(duì)PCOS相關(guān)不孕癥的二、三線治療和PCOS國際循證指南中關(guān)于不孕癥評(píng)估和治療部分建議進(jìn)行總結(jié)[6-7]。
1 來曲唑
近期發(fā)表的PCOS國際循證指南報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT),比較來曲唑與安慰劑或定時(shí)性交、不治療對(duì)PCOS不孕癥的效果[8]。該RCT顯示,沒有充分證據(jù)顯示來曲唑和安慰劑對(duì)活產(chǎn)率和臨床妊娠率有差異,但對(duì)有克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS患者使用來曲唑排卵率較高。RCT中沒有流產(chǎn)或多胎妊娠的病例。
對(duì)有克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS且沒有其他不孕因素的無排卵患者,使用來曲唑作為二線藥物治療,已被證實(shí)可以改善排卵率。若要正確評(píng)價(jià)來曲唑作為二線藥物治療有克羅米芬抵抗或失敗的PCOS無排卵不孕癥,仍需要進(jìn)一步的RCT予以證明。
2 二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬
研究顯示,對(duì)克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS患者,比較二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬與單用克羅米芬的效果,二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬的活產(chǎn)率、妊娠率和排卵率更高[9-10],可用作PCOS無排卵且沒有其他不孕因素患者的二線治療藥物。
Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和RCT的配對(duì)meta分析還對(duì)二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬與來曲唑進(jìn)行比較[11],未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種治療方法在活產(chǎn)、臨床妊娠、多胎妊娠和流產(chǎn)率方面的不同;由于置信區(qū)間較寬,結(jié)果并不確定[12]。
3 促性腺激素
大量觀察證據(jù)支持對(duì)有克羅米芬抵抗或克羅米芬失敗的PCOS患者使用促性腺激素促排卵[13]。在一線藥物治療PCOS且沒有其他不孕因素的無排卵患者失敗的情況下,促性腺激素可作為二線治療藥物,比安慰劑/不治療[14]、單獨(dú)使用克羅米芬[15]、二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬[16]的方法更有效。
另外,將二甲雙胍與促性腺激素聯(lián)合使用再加上定時(shí)性交或子宮內(nèi)授精,被顯示可以提高活產(chǎn)率、持續(xù)妊娠和臨床妊娠率,但對(duì)有克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS無排卵性不孕患者的研究中,沒有證據(jù)顯示在流產(chǎn)、多胎妊娠或卵巢過度刺激綜合征(OHSS)率方面有差異[17]。臨床工作中可以考慮二甲雙胍聯(lián)合促性腺激素治療有克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS患者,可能比單獨(dú)使用促性腺激素更有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
4 腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)
腹腔鏡卵巢燒灼術(shù)等多種手術(shù)方法已在臨床中使用,但這些方法在卵巢穿孔的數(shù)量/深度或維持卵巢能量來源的劑量/持續(xù)時(shí)間方面沒有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的最優(yōu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[18-19]。
腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)是克羅米芬抵抗PCOS患者的二線治療方法,與促性腺激素3~6個(gè)周期的促排卵治療比較,活產(chǎn)率、妊娠率、排卵率、流產(chǎn)率和OHSS比率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),但多胎妊娠風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用較低[19]。而一些關(guān)于腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)與克羅米芬、來曲唑或二甲雙胍等藥物對(duì)克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS患者的治療效果比較研究中,都顯示腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)在排卵率、活產(chǎn)率或妊娠率等方面沒有優(yōu)勢(shì),反而相較于口服克羅米芬,腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)的流產(chǎn)率卻有所上升[20]。
腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)可以作為克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS且無其他不孕因素的無排卵患者促排卵的二線療法,但由于其沒有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),而且手術(shù)對(duì)卵巢穿孔的數(shù)量、深度等尚無統(tǒng)一的最優(yōu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可能造成卵巢損傷等原因,目前并不建議使用手術(shù)治療。二甲雙胍也不被提倡作為二線治療,因?yàn)槟壳爸纹湓谏撤矫鎯?yōu)于腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)的證據(jù)不足。
5 抗肥胖藥
主要包括芬特明和奧利司他。近期發(fā)表的PCOS國際循證指南未發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)于PCOS的藥理學(xué)抗肥胖藥物(奧利司他,芬特明)的RCT[6]。在缺乏此類證據(jù)的情況下,指南建議,目前減肥藥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益比不確定,不提倡將其作為生育的治療方法。因此,對(duì)PCOS且無其他不孕因素的無排卵患者而言,減肥藥物應(yīng)該被視為實(shí)驗(yàn)性療法。
6 減肥手術(shù)
減肥手術(shù)通過限制或吸收不良來減輕體重,通常適用于體重指數(shù)(BMI)≥40 kg/m2的患者或BMI≥35 kg/m2,且至少有一項(xiàng)肥胖并發(fā)癥并保守治療失敗的患者[21]。
近期發(fā)表的PCOS國際循證指南未發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)于PCOS減肥手術(shù)的RCT[6]。因此,在缺乏此類證據(jù)的情況下,與減肥藥物一樣,指南建議減肥手術(shù)應(yīng)被視為實(shí)驗(yàn)性治療,不能提倡其作為提高生育能力的治療方法。
7 IVF/ICSI療法
近期發(fā)表的PCOS國際循證指南未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何針對(duì)PCOS,把IVF與促排卵或安慰劑/不治療相比較的RCT[6]。在缺乏此類證據(jù)的情況下,指南建議在沒有IVF/ICSI絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證,且在一、二線排卵誘導(dǎo)都失敗的情況下,IVF/ICSI應(yīng)作為患有PCOS無排卵不孕癥患者的第三線療法。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在接受IVF/CSI治療的PCOS患者中,促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)拮抗劑方案優(yōu)于GnRH激動(dòng)劑長方案[22],可以使用人絕經(jīng)期促性腺激素或重組FSH[23],也可以考慮選擇性冷凍胚胎移植策略[24]。如果使用GnRH激動(dòng)劑長方案,輔助二甲雙胍治療可用于改善臨床[25-26]。
8 體外成熟療法
對(duì)PCOS采用IVF時(shí),促性腺激素刺激會(huì)增加OHSS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。卵母細(xì)胞IVM在取卵前限制卵巢刺激,取卵后體外培養(yǎng)成熟,避免了OHSS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[5]。
近期發(fā)表的國際循證指南未發(fā)現(xiàn)IVM治療與IVF/ICSI或促排卵治療或安慰劑/不治療PCOS患者的RCT[6]。因此,在缺乏此類證據(jù)的情況下,指南報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)臨床共識(shí),建議對(duì)PCOS的患者,具有足夠?qū)I(yè)知識(shí)的輔助生殖單位可以向其提供IVM,以實(shí)現(xiàn)妊娠和活產(chǎn)率接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)IVF/ICSI治療的水平,而不存在OHSS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
9 結(jié)論
本文為無排卵且無其他不孕因素的PCOS患者提供了二線和三線的促排卵方案。來曲唑作為二線藥物,對(duì)有克羅米芬抵抗的PCOS患者的促排有效性仍需進(jìn)一步研究。盡管促性腺激素更有效,但二甲雙胍聯(lián)合克羅米芬可以作為二線藥物治療具有克羅米芬抵抗的患者。促性腺激素還可以作為克羅米芬治療失敗患者的二線藥物治療方法。腹腔鏡卵巢手術(shù)也可作為克羅米芬抵抗患者進(jìn)行促排卵的二線療法。以提高生育能力為目的,抗肥胖藥物和減肥手術(shù)都應(yīng)被視為一種實(shí)驗(yàn)性療法。在缺乏IVF/ICSI絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證,一線或二線促排卵治療失敗的情況下,IVF/ICSI可作為PCOS患者的三線治療。對(duì)于接受IVF/ICSI治療的PCOS患者,首選GnRH拮抗劑方案,可考慮選擇性冷凍胚胎移植策略。具有足夠?qū)I(yè)知識(shí)的輔助生殖單位可以將IVM提供給PCOS患者。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] ?Teede H,Deeks A,Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome:A complex condition with psychological,reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan [J]. BMC Med,2010,8:41.
[2] ?REA-SPCW Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [J]. Hum Reprod,2004,19(1):41-47.
[3] ?Homburg R. Management of infertility and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Best Pr Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2004,18(5):773-788.
[4] ?Costello MF,Misso ML,Wong J,et al. The treatment of infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome:A brief update [J]. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol,2012,52(4):400-403.
[5] ?Walls ML,Hunter T,Ryan JP,et al. In vitro maturation as an alternative to standard in vitro fertilization for patients diagnosed with polycystic ovaries:A comparative analysis of fresh,frozen and cumulative cycle outcomes [J]. Hum Reprod,2015,30(1):88-96.
[6] ?Teede H,Misso M,Costello M,et al. International PCOS Network. The International evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) 2018 [M]. Monash University:Victoria,Australia,2018.
[7] ?Costello MF,Misso ML,Balen A,et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome:Assessment and treatment of infertility [J]. Hum Reprod Open,2019,2019(1):hoy021.
[8] ?Kamath MS,Aleyamma T,Chandy A,et al. Aromatase inhibitors in women with clomiphene citrate resistance:A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial [J]. Fertil Steril,2010,94(7):2857-2859.
[9] ?Tang T,Lord JM,Norman RJ,et al. Insulin-sensitising drugs(metformin,rosiglitazone,pioglitazone,d-chiro-inositol)for women with polycystic ovary syndrome,oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2010(1):CD003053.
[10] ?Creanga AA,Bradley MH,McCormick TC,et al. Use of Metformin in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome:A Meta-Analysis [J]. Obstet Gynecol,2008,111(4):959-968.
[11] ?Franik S,Eltrop SM,Kremer JA,et al. Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole) for subfertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2018,5:CD010287.
[12] ?Abu Hashim H,Shokeir T,Badawy A. Letrozole versus combined metformin and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome:A randomized controlled trial [J]. Fertil Steril,2010,94(4):1405-1409.
[13] ?Teede HJ,Misso ML,Deeks AA,et al. Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome:Summary of an evidence-based guideline [J]. Med J Aust,2011,195(6):S65-S112.
[14] ?Wang R,Kim BV,Van Wely M,et al. Treatment strategies for women with WHO group Ⅱ anovulation:Systematic review and network meta-analysis [J]. BMJ,2017, 356:j138.
[15] ?Weiss NS,Nahuis MJ,Bordewijk E,et al. Gonadotrophins Versus Clomifene Citrate with or Without Intrauterine Insemination in Women with Normogonadotropic Anovulation and Clomifene Failure(M-OVIN):A Randomized,Two-by-Two Factorial Trial [J]. Lancet,2018,391(10122):758-765.
[16] ?Abu Hashim H,F(xiàn)oda O,Ghayaty E. Combined metformin-clomiphene in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome:A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand,2015,94(9):921-930.
[17] ?Bordewijk EM,Nahuis M,Costello MF,et al. Metformin during ovulation induction with gonadotrophins followed by timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination for subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2017,1:CD009090.
[18] ?Flyckt RL,Goldberg JM. Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [J]. Semin Reprod Med,2011,29(2):138-146.
[19] ?Farquhar C,Brown J,Marjoribanks J. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2012(6):CD001122.
[20] ?Abu Hashim H,F(xiàn)oda O,Ghayaty E,et al. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy after clomiphene failure in polycystic ovary syndrome:Is it worthwhile? A randomized controlled trial [J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2011,284(5):1303-1309.
[21] ?Kahan S,Winston G. Addressing Obesity in Clinical Gynecology Practice [J]. Clin Obstet Gynecol,2018,61(1):10-26.
[22] ?Lambalk C,Banga F,Huirne J,et al. GnRH antagonist versus long agonist protocols in IVF:A systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for patient type [J]. Hum Reprod Update,2017,23(5):560-579.
[23] ?Turkcapar AF,Seckin B,Onalan G,et al. Human Menopausal Gonadotropin versus Recombinant FSH in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization [J]. Int J Fertil Steril,2013,6(4):238-243.
[24] ?Cao Y,Tian L,Yang D,et al. Fresh versus Frozen Embryos for Infertility in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [J]. New Engl J Med,2016,375(6):523-533.
[25] ?Costello MF,Albuquerque LET,Andriolo RB,et al. Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome [J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2014(11):CD006105.
[26] ?Tso LO,Costello MF,Albuquerque LET,et al. Metformin treatment before and during in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome:Summary of a Cochrane review [J]. Fertil Steril,2015,104(3):542-544.
(收稿日期:2019-11-29 ?本文編輯:封 ? 華)