何小波 周俊俊 李潔
[摘要] 目的 研究回收式自體輸血對剖宮產(chǎn)術中產(chǎn)后出血的臨床療效評價。 方法 選取2014年1月~2016年12月在我院行剖宮產(chǎn)術,以回收式自體輸血211例作為研究組,未輸血或異體輸血292例為對照組,比較兩組患者術中、術后24 h出血量,術后發(fā)熱,術后24h及48h血常規(guī)、血紅蛋白、血漿白蛋白等指標變化,及切口愈合情況、住院天數(shù)比較。 結(jié)果 研究組的年齡(31.74±5.00)歲大于對照組(30.58±4.91)歲(P<0.05),研究組術中出血量(1389±362)mL、術后24 h再出血量(294±81)mL明顯多于對照組(P<0.05),且術后發(fā)熱、術后24 h白細胞數(shù)及中性粒細胞的差值均少于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。在血液輸注過程中,研究組出現(xiàn)過敏現(xiàn)象10例與對照組6例比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 自體血回輸技術保留術中失血、減少異體輸血的輸注,其操作簡單,處理迅速,可安全有效地應用于剖宮產(chǎn)術中血液保護。
[關鍵詞] 回收式自體輸血;異體輸血;產(chǎn)后出血;剖宮產(chǎn)
[中圖分類號] R457.1;R719.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)09-0067-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical effect of autotransfusion salvage on bleeding after cesarean section. Methods Patients undergoing cesarean section in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 were taken as the study subjects. 211 cases who applied autotransfusion salvage were enrolled into the study group, while 292 cases who applied allogeneic transfusion or had no transfusion as the control group. The changes of bleeding volume during and after operation, postoperative fever, blood routine after 24 and 48 h of operation, hemoglobin, plasma albumin and other indexes, wound healing and hospitalization stay were compared between the two groups. Results The age of the study group was(31.74±5.00) years old, which was higher than that of the control group(30.58±4.91) years old(P<0.05). The bleeding volume during operation and 24 h after operation in the study group was(1389±362) mL and (294±81) mL respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). Postoperative fever, the amount of white blood cells and neutrophil differential value in the study group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). In the course of blood transfusion, 10 cases developed allergy in the study group, which was more than that in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Conclusion Autotransfusion savage is a simple, rapid and safe technique for preserving intraoperative blood loss and reducing transfusion of allogeneic transfusion.
[Key words] Autotransfusion salvage; Allogeneic transfusion; Postpartum hemorrhage; Cesarean section
由于我國剖宮產(chǎn)率居高不下,加之“二孩生育政策”的實行,合并兇險型前置胎盤、多胎、高齡產(chǎn)婦等高危因素的孕婦明顯增加,現(xiàn)產(chǎn)后出血明顯增多,圍術期輸血,特別是術中、術后輸血的需求量明顯增加,據(jù)統(tǒng)計婦產(chǎn)科臨產(chǎn)用血量名列第3名,約占全部輸血量的5%~6%,但臨床上輸注同種異體血可能引起輸血感染、過敏、免疫抑制和肺損傷等[1];鑒于輸血可能帶來的風險及血源日益緊張,尤其在產(chǎn)科方面,血液保護技術越來越引起重視。目前常用的血液保護措施包括:術前自體血貯存、急性等容量血液稀釋、術中血液回收(Intra-operative cell salvage,IOCS)技術[2]。上述血液保護措施中以血液回收技術在普外科、移植外科和心血管外科等科室發(fā)展迅速[3-10]。鑒于產(chǎn)科特殊性,雖然術中血液回收技術一直未在產(chǎn)科領域得到較好的發(fā)展,然而我院已于2010年開展術中回收式自體輸血技術?,F(xiàn)對我院自2014年1月因產(chǎn)后出血,行術中血液回收技術的病例進行分析研究,現(xiàn)報道如下。
回收式自體血回輸未在產(chǎn)科得到良好的進展原因之一,多考慮為自體輸血后引起的羊水栓塞的風險。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在行擇期剖宮產(chǎn)的健康產(chǎn)婦的血液循環(huán)中全都證實有羊水的存在,因此羊水可能常規(guī)進入母體血液循環(huán)中,但大部分不會造成危害[15-17]。自體血回輸,即使有少量羊水污染,對于有羊水暴露的孕婦來說沒有額外的危險。Haley Goucher等[18]發(fā)表的文章中統(tǒng)計出,對接受自體血回輸?shù)?99個產(chǎn)婦經(jīng)過詳細的調(diào)查,并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴重的并發(fā)癥,故自體血回輸?shù)娘L險和異體血回輸?shù)娘L險相平行,與我院503例的研究對象相符,其中對照組有6例在輸血過程中出現(xiàn)過敏反應,研究組有10例,均表現(xiàn)為皮疹,予對癥治療后好轉(zhuǎn)。我院術中自體血液回收多開始于胎盤娩出、宮腔清理干凈后,且并未發(fā)現(xiàn)羊水栓塞的病例。術前充分的評估,使用雙管吸引系統(tǒng),一根吸引管吸引母體血液,另一根吸引羊水,待羊水吸盡、胎盤娩出后吸引母體血液,即可最大程度減少羊水吸入血液回輸中。并且只要沒有羊水污染,也應充分血液回收[20-21]。故剖宮產(chǎn)時應用IOCS應注意下列事項:確定母嬰血型;盡量避免吸引臍帶血;在胎盤分離后開始收集失血;充分的生理鹽水洗滌;除去回收血中血沉棕黃層(胎兒細胞存在部位)。此外。在產(chǎn)科應用IOCS推薦將血液回收機與白細胞過濾器聯(lián)合使用以增加安全性。最后,使用雙套吸引裝置可能對妊娠婦女有益[22-23]。
另外結(jié)合國外的文獻和我院實際使用中的情況,血液回收機容易安裝,大部分麻醉醫(yī)師可在5 min內(nèi)安裝并使用,其操作完全自動化,使用簡單,特別適合產(chǎn)科大出血;故每個手術間應常規(guī)備有一次性吸收罐、吸引管和肝素化生理鹽水以備急需時能及時收集創(chuàng)口出血[24-26]。
術中自體血回輸技術保留術中失血、減少異體輸血的一種安全方法。在異體血液供應有限、輸血需求量大的情況下,其操作簡單,處理迅速,可安全有效的用于剖宮產(chǎn)術中血液保護。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-30)