顧玉海 石雪峰 牛迪 解友邦
[摘要] 目的 探究血清表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)和表面活性蛋白D(SP-D)在慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)患者合并呼吸衰竭中的意義及其對預(yù)后的評估價值。 方法 選取2015年9月~2018年8月青海省人民醫(yī)院呼吸科住院的COPD患者70例,根據(jù)有無合并呼吸衰竭分為COPD組(20例),合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組(25例)和合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組(25例),分析各組實驗室指標(biāo)及血氣指標(biāo)。根據(jù)COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者結(jié)局指標(biāo)分為死亡組(13例)和非死亡組(37例),分析預(yù)后危險因素。 結(jié)果 合并Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組C-反應(yīng)蛋白低于COPD組,SP-A和SP-D高于COPD組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組pH低于COPD組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組氧分壓低于COPD組,合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組高于合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組二氧化碳分壓高于COPD組和合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。死亡組與非死亡組吸煙、pH、SP-A和SP-D比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。logistic回歸分析顯示,pH是COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后的危險因素(OR > 1,P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者SP-A和SP-D增高,但對COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者預(yù)后的評估價值不大,而pH對COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后的評估價值較大。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 慢性阻塞性肺病;呼吸衰竭;表面活性蛋白A;預(yù)后;危險因素
[中圖分類號] R563? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)05(b)-0135-05
Analysis of prognostic risk factors and the prognostic assessed value of SP-A and SP-D in COPD with respiratory failure patients
GU Yuhai1? ?SHI Xuefengu1? ?NIU Di2? ?XIE Youbang3
1.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People′s Hospital, Qinghai Province, Xi′ning? ?810007, China; 2.College of Graduate, Qinghai University, Qinghai Province, Xi′ning? ?810000, China; 3.Department of Hematology, Qinghai Provincial People′s Hospital, Qinghai Province, Xi′ning? ?810007, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the significance of serum surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) complicated with respiratory failure and their prognostic value. Methods A total of 70 COPD patients hospitalized in the Department of Respiratory Medicine of Qinghai Provincial People′s Hospital from September 2015 to August 2018 were selected. They were divided into COPD group (20 cases), combined with type Ⅰ respiratory failure group (25 cases) and combined with type Ⅱ respiratory failure group (25 cases), according to the presence or absence of respiratory failure. The laboratory indicators and blood gas indicators of each group were analyzed. According to the outcome indexes of COPD patients with respiratory failure, they were divided into death group (13 cases) and non-death group (37 cases), while the prognostic risk factors were analyzed. Results The C-reactive protein of the combined type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ respiratory failure groups were lower than that of the COPD group, while SP-A and SP-D were higher than those of the COPD group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The pH of the combined type Ⅱ respiratory failure group was lower than that of the COPD group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The partial pressure of oxygen in the combined type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ respiratory failure group were lower than that in the COPD group, while combined type Ⅱ respiratory failure group was higher than combined type Ⅰ respiratory failure group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the combined with type Ⅱ respiratory failure group was higher than those in the COPD group and the combined typeⅠrespiratory failure group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the death group and non-death group in smoking, pH, SP-A and SP-D (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that pH was a risk factor for the prognosis of COPD combined with respiratory failure (OR > 1, P < 0.05). Conclusion In COPD patients with respiratory failure, SP-A and SP-D increased, and of little assessed value in the prognosis of COPD combined with respiratory failure, while pH has a greater assessed value of COPD combined with respiratory failure.
[Key words] Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Respiratory failure; Surfactant Protein; Prognosis; Risk factors
慢性阻塞性肺疾?。–OPD)患者的合并癥較多,生活質(zhì)量、健康狀況和預(yù)后、共病癥狀對患者生活產(chǎn)生負面影很大[1]。血清表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)和表面活性蛋白D(SP-D)水平在纖維化存在或共存時表達更高,且與疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),提示血清SP與纖維化肺中的肺泡損傷有關(guān),可能局部過度產(chǎn)生或過度滲漏[2]。COPD患者肺組織標(biāo)本每個高倍視野中Ⅱ型肺細胞數(shù)增加,SP-A陽性Ⅱ型肺細胞與總Ⅱ型肺細胞比例下降,而巨噬細胞數(shù)顯著增加,同時SP-A陽性肺泡巨噬細胞比例增加,且和氣道阻塞有關(guān)[3]。吸煙和COPD均與SP-D水平有關(guān),但具體仍有爭議[4]。故本研究探討SP-A和SP-D在呼吸衰竭中的意義以及COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后的危險因素。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年9月~2018年8月青海省人民醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)呼吸科住院的70例COPD患者,嚴(yán)格按照COPD指南作為入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5],分為COPD組、合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組及合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):急慢性高原肺水腫、支氣管擴張、肺結(jié)核、支氣管高反應(yīng)性、肺間質(zhì)纖維化、哮喘或肺栓塞。COPD組共20例,男14例,女6例;死亡0例;平均年齡(66.7±9.4)歲。合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組共25例,男15例,女10例;死亡6例,死亡率為24%;平均年齡(71.0±6.0)歲。合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組共25例,男14例,女11例;死亡7例,死亡率為28%;平均年齡(67.7±8.0)歲。將合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組患者根據(jù)結(jié)局分為死亡組和非死亡組,其中死亡組13例,男8例,女5例,平均年齡(69.0±8.2)歲;非死亡組37例,男21例,女16例,平均年齡(69.4±7.0)歲。三組患者性別、年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會通過,并取得研究對象知情同意。
1.2 方法
患者入院第2天晨起促凝管空腹采靜脈血標(biāo)本4 mL靜置1 h后常溫下3000 g離心8 min,收集血清置于-80℃冰箱保存,SP-A(HM10552,201812)和SP-D(HM10549,201804)水平采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測試劑盒,購自武漢貝茵萊生物科技有限公司。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分析納入患者實驗室檢測資料:C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、SP-A、SP-D、白細胞計數(shù)(WBC)、降鈣素原(PCT)和pH、氧分壓(PO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PCO2)。同時收集合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組患者年齡、性別、民族、COPD病史、每年急性加重的次數(shù)、職業(yè)、吸煙指數(shù)、居住海拔、死亡人數(shù)等。合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組根據(jù)結(jié)局分析COPD合并呼吸衰竭死亡預(yù)后相關(guān)的危險因素。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示(x±s),組間比較采用方差分析,進一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗。采用二元logistic回歸分析危險因素。繪制ROC曲線分析相關(guān)指標(biāo)對COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后的評估價值。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組患者實驗室檢查比較
合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組CRP低于COPD組,SP-A和SP-D高于COPD組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2三組患者血氣指標(biāo)比較
合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組pH值低于COPD組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。合并Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組PO2低于COPD組,合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組高于合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭組PCO2高于COPD組和合并Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者各項指標(biāo)單因素及二元logistic回歸多因素分析
兩組患者吸煙、pH、SP-A和SP-D比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
將單因素分析P < 0.05的因素納入經(jīng)二元logistic分析顯示,pH是COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后的危險因素(OR > 1,P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.4 pH、SP-A和SP-D檢測對COPD合并呼吸衰竭預(yù)后比較
pH敏感度高于SP-A和SP-D。見表5、圖1。
3 討論
在全球范圍內(nèi),COPD占所有疾病導(dǎo)致死亡率以及發(fā)病率的第4位,預(yù)計在10年內(nèi)會上升到第3位,主要在預(yù)防、識別、診斷和治療的上不足而致[6]。根據(jù)入院年份2004~2010年組和2013~2017年組首次病房使用無創(chuàng)通氣(NIV)治療住院COPD患者回顧性研究提示[7],兩組患者院內(nèi)死亡率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。盡管COPD患者首次接受病房NIV治療后合并癥更嚴(yán)重,急性高碳酸血癥性呼吸衰竭(AHRF)更明顯,但更高的最大吸氣氣道正壓和更短的NIV持續(xù)時間縮短了患者的住院時間。有報道顯示[8],非COPD患者呼出氣冷凝物中SP-A和SP-D的表達顯著升高,SP-A的表達水平與第1秒用力呼氣容積(FEV1)呈正相關(guān),而與SP-D無關(guān)。COPD患者呼出氣冷凝物中SP-A含量顯著較低,可能導(dǎo)致氣道中表面活性物質(zhì)的宿主防御功能受損,COPD急性加重期易感性增加[9]。本研究提示,COPD合并呼吸衰竭時SP-A和SP-D增高,但不能對預(yù)后做出判斷。
SP-A具有分子的親水性糖蛋白,參與表面活性劑肺內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)和宿主防御。健康吸煙者和COPD惡化者血漿SP-A的水平明顯增高[10],SP-A陽性Ⅱ型肺細胞的減少與SP-A的表達相關(guān)[11]。COPD-哮喘重疊患者血漿SP-A顯著升高[12],而COPD患者誘導(dǎo)痰中SP-A、SP-D和KL-6也高于持續(xù)咳嗽患者[13],慢性支氣管炎吸煙者的血清SP-A水平顯著高于非吸煙者,血清SP-A水平與吸煙者年齡相關(guān)[14]。SP-D定位于肺和非肺組織,對維持無菌環(huán)境至關(guān)重要,是肺表面活性物質(zhì)脂質(zhì)水平的調(diào)節(jié)劑。而吸煙可導(dǎo)致SP-D水平的高度增加,但循環(huán)中高SP-D似乎還與疾病死亡率相關(guān),心血管疾病的存在是誘導(dǎo)COPD中循環(huán)SP-D水平的重要原因[15]。本研究顯示,SP-D在COPD合并呼吸衰竭時明顯增加,而對預(yù)后參考價值不大,可能與所選疾病無心血管疾病有關(guān)。然而,COPD惡化或吸煙均可導(dǎo)致SP-A和SP-D的增高。
mMRC≥2和急性呼吸性酸中毒,可增加急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾?。ˋECOPD)住院時間的風(fēng)險,表現(xiàn)為更高呼吸困難評分、長期氧療率更高和充血性心臟病發(fā)病率更高[16]。雖然NIV的AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的患者靜脈血氣pH和HCO3與動脈的一致的,但靜脈PCO2在評估AECOPD患者中有更高價值[17]。在NIV使用前高碳酸氫鹽、高吸氣壓力、焦慮癥狀以及穩(wěn)定期使用NIV比較,惡化后開始NIV與PaCO2的降低幅度相關(guān)。高體重指數(shù)(BMI)、高FEV1、在NIV開始前較低HCO3、低年齡和NIV起始治療與存活獨立相關(guān),而高碳酸血癥的改善似乎與生存率的改善無關(guān)[18]。雖然給予類固醇和無創(chuàng)機械通氣(NIMV)ICU患者有支持首選抗生素治療的有力證據(jù),然而缺乏關(guān)于非ICU患者優(yōu)選藥物和最佳治療持續(xù)時間的證據(jù)[19]。故高碳酸血癥的急性呼吸衰竭和呼吸性酸中毒導(dǎo)致住院時間的延長,治療上應(yīng)盡早使用無創(chuàng)呼吸機治療,減少死亡的預(yù)后因素。低腎小球濾過率、短6MWT和升主動脈鈣化評分≥2分是COPD死亡率的獨立預(yù)測因子,而較低的腎小球濾過率、較高的CAT評分和較低的FEV1/用力肺活量與COPD住院治療相關(guān),年齡、FEV1%預(yù)測值較低、外周血管疾病均和慢性心力衰竭相關(guān)[20]。綜上所述,pH對影響住院時間、呼吸機治療、預(yù)后判斷等方面有重要意義,是影響合并呼吸衰竭的COPD預(yù)后的獨立因素,這和本觀察結(jié)果一致。本研究中AECOPD無法及時行肺功能的檢查,未納入肺功能的指標(biāo)。COPD首次發(fā)生AHRF需要NIV患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重呼吸性酸中毒、慢性呼吸衰竭和較低BMI的現(xiàn)象,提示與較短的生存期[21]報道是一致的。
總之,SP-A和SP-D在COPD合并呼吸衰竭時明顯增高,但對預(yù)后的判斷價值不大,而pH對COPD伴呼吸衰竭的預(yù)后方面參考價值比較大,動態(tài)檢測比單次檢測更能預(yù)測患者的轉(zhuǎn)歸。本研究局限在于小樣本單中心的回顧性研究,缺乏系統(tǒng)化的研究,尚有較多因素干擾,并且這些變化可能一系列的呼吸力學(xué)[22]的變化有關(guān)。故無創(chuàng)呼吸機治療的參數(shù)調(diào)節(jié)改善呼吸衰竭和糾正酸堿紊亂可能對預(yù)后起到關(guān)鍵的作用。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-23? 本文編輯:王曉曄)