胡成誠(chéng)

在英語(yǔ)中，我們常用“It is/was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who/whom+ 句子其他部分”這一句型結(jié)構(gòu)來突出強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一成分，但是在教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是“學(xué)起來容易但真正掌握卻很難”，出現(xiàn)很多各種各樣的使用錯(cuò)誤。下面就對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的重難點(diǎn)和易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)作一個(gè)歸納和點(diǎn)撥：

1. 誤選強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)詞

由于受從句等影響，學(xué)生在使用it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型時(shí)往往在選擇結(jié)構(gòu)詞時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。那么如何才能正確選擇結(jié)構(gòu)詞呢？記住這規(guī)則：不管被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是什么，都可以用that來構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，但當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，可以用who（m）來代替that，whom作賓語(yǔ)。

（1）被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或者原因狀語(yǔ)等情況時(shí)不能誤用when、where或why等，只能用that。

It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

（2）被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who（m）。

It was the good teachers and the latest equipment that we talked about yesterday.

正確選擇結(jié)構(gòu)詞的關(guān)鍵還在于要能夠正確判斷“it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型”，可采用“還原法”判斷：若去掉“It is/was——that”剩下的可以重組成一個(gè)句子時(shí)是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。試比較：

It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.（it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）

It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.（when時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句）

2. 萬能化強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的功能很強(qiáng)大但它不是萬能的，不可以強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的任何成分。強(qiáng)調(diào)句型通常用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。下面列舉不適宜用it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的常見情形：

（1）it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型不能強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的謂語(yǔ)部分

英語(yǔ)中可用“助動(dòng)詞do、does、did+原形動(dòng)詞”來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)。

He did go to the airport yesterday， but he didnt find you.

（2）某些狀語(yǔ)從句不適宜使用it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)

① 不能強(qiáng)調(diào)條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

It is if it rains that we wont go out. （ⅹ）

It is though we are short of money that well try to do it well. （ⅹ）

② 可強(qiáng)調(diào)because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，但通常不能強(qiáng)調(diào)由since或as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

It was because he loved my money that he married me. （√）

It is since he can walk around without my help that he is better today. （ⅹ）

③ 可強(qiáng)調(diào)so that引起的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，但不能強(qiáng)調(diào)so that 引起的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：He didnt plan his time well， so that he didnt do well in his subjects.這一句子中so that引導(dǎo)的從句表示結(jié)果，不可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)。

3. 不清楚強(qiáng)調(diào)until時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（從句）的特別點(diǎn)

強(qiáng)調(diào)“not...until...”結(jié)構(gòu)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is not until...that...（直到……才……）”，即在強(qiáng)調(diào)until時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（從句）時(shí)要注意否定前移：若主句為否定句要把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定詞not提到until之前，主句由否定句改為肯定句。例如：He didnt go to bed until his father came back. 變?yōu)閺?qiáng)調(diào)句型為：It was not until his father came back that he went to bed.

4. 錯(cuò)用被強(qiáng)調(diào)的人稱代詞的格

被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分為主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)且其為人稱代詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意其格的形式仍用主格或賓格形式。

【錯(cuò)誤】It was her that told me the news.

→改正：It was she that told me the news. （“她”作主語(yǔ)）

【錯(cuò)誤】It is I who the teacher has criticized.

→改正：It is me whom the teacher has criticized. （“我”作賓語(yǔ)）

5. 混淆強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的主謂一致

（1）it后的be動(dòng)詞有兩種時(shí)態(tài)變化，沒有數(shù)的變化，不管被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)只能用單數(shù)形式is 或was：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型原句的謂語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的各種形式，就用it is—，是過去時(shí)的各種形式，則用it was—。

I studied at this school three years ago.

→It was at this school that I studied three years ago.

Tomorrow were going to have a party.

→It is tomorrow that were going to have a party.

（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，who 或that后面的謂語(yǔ)形式須與被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語(yǔ)保持一致。

【錯(cuò)誤】It is you who is wrong.

→【正確】It is you who are wrong. （are與you保持一致）

【錯(cuò)誤】It is my friends that helps me with English.

→【正確】It is my friends that help me with English.（help與my friends保持一致）

6. 總結(jié)

以上是對(duì)it強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的重難點(diǎn)和易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)的總結(jié)和分析點(diǎn)撥。雖然這些“很好懂”，但還是非常需要多多練習(xí)、不斷使用，才能全面正確掌握。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]張道真. 實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M]. 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社， 2002.

[2]薄冰. 高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M]. 商務(wù)印書館， 2018.

（作者單位：山東省無棣第一中學(xué)）