張啟成
摘? 要:花葉海棠歷史悠久,是千年古茶,也是藏族同胞的主要生活飲品,藏茶又稱(chēng)為藏族同胞的民生之茶。天然的花葉海棠在班瑪縣主要分布于瑪可河林區(qū),是瑪可河林區(qū)原生樹(shù)種,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),喜溫潤(rùn)的環(huán)境,在瑪可河林區(qū)主要分布于溝谷兩側(cè)山坡灌叢中,宜栽植在陽(yáng)光充足、降雨量大的地方。其葉可以制成藏茶,制成的野生藏茶屬“黑茶”系列,有四絕:湯色透紅,茶味地道,年代久遠(yuǎn),滑潤(rùn)甘甜,謂之“紅、濃、陳、醇”,是純天然、無(wú)污染的綠色食品。花葉海棠既是綠化樹(shù)種,又是經(jīng)濟(jì)樹(shù)種,將新葉加工制成的茶品(即藏茶)具有保健功效的綠色健康飲品,極受消費(fèi)者青睞,市場(chǎng)前景可觀開(kāi)發(fā)和利用已成為班瑪?shù)貐^(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的重點(diǎn)之一,也為地區(qū)脫貧致富助力領(lǐng)航。目前花葉海棠產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢,存在一些問(wèn)題,會(huì)對(duì)花葉海棠產(chǎn)業(yè)效益造成一定的影響。該文將對(duì)班瑪?shù)貐^(qū)花葉海棠產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析,探討產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方向,為相關(guān)工作或研究提供有價(jià)值的參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:花葉海棠? 產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀? 問(wèn)題? 發(fā)展建議
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):TU986 ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1672-3791(2020)08(b)-0064-03
Current Situation and Development Direction of Begonia Industry
ZHANG Qicheng
(Qinghai Makehe Forestry Bureau, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, 814301 China)
Abstract: Begonia hands has a long history. It is a thousand year old tea and the main drink for Tibetan people. Tibetan tea is also called tea for the people's livelihood of Tibetan people. In Bama County, the natural Begonia is mainly distributed in the makohe forest area, which is the original tree species in the makohe forest area, with strong adaptability and warm and moist environment. In the makohe forest area, it is mainly distributed in the hillside shrub on both sides of the valley, and it is suitable to be planted in a place with sufficient sunshine and rainfall. Its leaves can be made into Tibetan tea, and the wild Tibetan tea is a series of "black tea", which has four unique features: the soup is transparent red, the tea taste is authentic, long-standing, smooth and sweet, which is called "red, thick, aged and mellow", and it is a pure natural and pollution-free green food. Flowering Begonia is not only a green tree species, but also an economic tree species. The green and healthy drink made of new leaves (i.e. Tibetan tea) with health care effects is very popular with consumers. The considerable development and utilization of market prospects has become one of the key points in the economic development of Bama region, and also helps the region to get rid of poverty and become rich. At present, the development of the Malus floribunda industry is slow, there are some problems, which will have a certain impact on the industrial benefits of Malus. This paper will analyze the current situation of Begonia flower and leaf industry in Bama, discuss the direction of industrial development, and provide valuable reference for related work or research.
Key Words: Malus transitoria; Industry situation; Problem; Development suggestions
2012年中國(guó)科學(xué)院西北生物研究所分析測(cè)試中心檢測(cè),班瑪野生藏茶茶多酚含量為3.37%,具有抗癌、防治心血管疾病、提高綜合免疫力的作用,對(duì)高血壓、高血糖、高血脂有很好的預(yù)防功能,能舒緩腸胃緊張、抗皮膚過(guò)敏反應(yīng),防止壞血病。
班瑪縣是以畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)為主的貧困縣,當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民對(duì)藏茶產(chǎn)業(yè)了解不充分。種植花葉海棠、建設(shè)花葉海棠茶園,將藏茶的種植和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)引入班瑪縣,是為當(dāng)?shù)啬撩耖_(kāi)辟的致富新途徑,對(duì)整個(gè)藏茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)牧民增收脫貧起到積極的促進(jìn)作用。
1? 花葉海棠產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)狀
天然的花葉海棠分布于班瑪縣瑪可河林區(qū),分布較少,加之連年人工采摘,樹(shù)體受損嚴(yán)重,林間更新較慢,不能滿足當(dāng)今市場(chǎng)需求。近兩年,地方政府為藏茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展出臺(tái)了一系列政策,引進(jìn)技術(shù)和人才,積極推進(jìn)“公司+基地+農(nóng)戶”的模式。在上級(jí)相關(guān)部門(mén)的支持下,班瑪藏茶(花葉海棠)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展較快,人工種植已達(dá)萬(wàn)畝以上,按照青海省西部枸杞,東部沙棘,河湟雜果,南部藏茶的發(fā)展理念和部署,班瑪?shù)貐^(qū)積極開(kāi)展藏茶種植和加工產(chǎn)業(yè)。
2? 花葉海棠的前景分析
2.1 生態(tài)效益
藏茶栽植可改變因放牧對(duì)林地的損害,減少林牧矛盾,改善林區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境,增加林草植被的覆蓋度,降低水土流失能力。同時(shí)改善土壤的理化性質(zhì)、提高土壤肥力,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)植物的生長(zhǎng)量保護(hù)原生種質(zhì)資源,促進(jìn)野生動(dòng)植物繁殖,由此可增加生物多樣性,使局部地區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境得到良性循環(huán)。
2.2 社會(huì)效益
林業(yè)與人類(lèi)的生存和發(fā)展密切聯(lián)系,推動(dòng)藏茶產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展是響應(yīng)國(guó)家精準(zhǔn)扶貧的號(hào)召,為林區(qū)貧困戶提供就業(yè)崗位,增加貧困戶經(jīng)濟(jì)收入;花葉海棠可進(jìn)一步加快高效農(nóng)業(yè)科技推廣與實(shí)踐,提高農(nóng)牧民科技水平和生產(chǎn)技能,拓寬農(nóng)牧民發(fā)家致富的門(mén)路,助力貧困戶脫貧致富。
2.3 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
自班瑪?shù)貐^(qū)種植花葉海棠以來(lái),不僅為當(dāng)?shù)厝罕妿?lái)勞務(wù)收入,種植達(dá)到收益產(chǎn)期后,鮮葉和自制成品經(jīng)濟(jì)收益相當(dāng)可觀,并且收益期較長(zhǎng),具有可持續(xù)性,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益明顯。
3? 花葉海棠發(fā)展存在的問(wèn)題及建議
3.1 花葉海棠茶園建植問(wèn)題
原有的藏茶栽植模式未建立在理論依據(jù)或?qū)<覍W(xué)者的指導(dǎo)基礎(chǔ)上,采用的是傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)造林模式,氣候影響和苗木生長(zhǎng)區(qū)間內(nèi)水含量較低,再加上管理粗放、看護(hù)不足,不具科學(xué)性,在栽植后苗木生長(zhǎng)緩慢,苗木當(dāng)年成活率85%,3年后的保存率僅為75%,影響后期采摘收益。因此,自2018年以來(lái),根據(jù)《花葉海棠、變?nèi)~海棠茶園建植技術(shù)規(guī)范》,對(duì)原有藏茶種植模式進(jìn)行改造,協(xié)助班瑪縣林業(yè)局,在瑪可河林區(qū)以“茶園建植技術(shù)規(guī)范”,建植2行1帶,改造建設(shè)花葉海棠(即藏茶)茶園。
3.2 撫育管理不足,藏茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展緩慢
花葉海棠苗木栽植后撫育管理粗放,致使苗木死亡率高,加之后期補(bǔ)苗、松土除草、施肥灌溉以及修剪等工作落實(shí)不足,導(dǎo)致藏茶生長(zhǎng)緩慢,未能達(dá)到預(yù)期的生長(zhǎng)目標(biāo)。加之當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民以畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)為主,牲畜及野生動(dòng)物對(duì)苗木的踐踏、啃食較為嚴(yán)重,但對(duì)苗木的看護(hù)不夠完善,導(dǎo)致苗木保存率不高。
3.3 野生花葉海棠破壞嚴(yán)重
人工栽植的花葉海棠正處于生長(zhǎng)期,分枝較少,故新葉較少,不能達(dá)到采摘的條件。到采摘季,收購(gòu)商高昂的收購(gòu)價(jià)格,誘使當(dāng)?shù)厝罕妼?duì)野生花葉海棠大肆采摘,野生花葉海棠無(wú)人看管,不存在權(quán)屬等問(wèn)題,所以人為破壞較為嚴(yán)重。
3.4 花葉海棠產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展建議
首先,花葉海棠(藏茶)屬叢生灌木,單株栽植影響苗木生長(zhǎng),依據(jù)《花葉海棠、變?nèi)~海棠茶園建植技術(shù)規(guī)范》,建植2行1帶,改造建設(shè)花葉海棠(藏茶)茶園,提高苗木成活率。其次,科學(xué)撫育管理,包括澆灌、除草、施肥、管護(hù)、病蟲(chóng)害防治等,為苗木生長(zhǎng)提供良好生境,促進(jìn)苗木健康生長(zhǎng)。最后,要加強(qiáng)資源保護(hù)宣傳,加大對(duì)農(nóng)牧民的技術(shù)培訓(xùn),改變當(dāng)?shù)厝罕娝枷胗^念,為培育資源及產(chǎn)品加工培養(yǎng)技術(shù)力量,同時(shí)制定藏茶生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)化采摘和管理,較少人為破壞造成的損失。
4? 結(jié)語(yǔ)
總而言之,花葉海棠的發(fā)展可進(jìn)一步加快高效農(nóng)業(yè)科技的推廣與實(shí)踐,提高農(nóng)牧民科技水平和生產(chǎn)技能,拓寬農(nóng)牧民發(fā)家致富的門(mén)路,對(duì)促進(jìn)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起到積極的示范帶動(dòng)作用。發(fā)展林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)是解決當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)牧民經(jīng)濟(jì)貧困、增加收入的首選項(xiàng)目,更是班瑪?shù)貐^(qū)發(fā)展的必然選擇。依托當(dāng)?shù)卦参?,挖掘?jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,發(fā)展林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)具有可行性。
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