王玉玲 姚亞妮 高華
[摘要] 目的 通過(guò)檢測(cè)帕金森?。≒D)患者外周血中各淋巴細(xì)胞亞型的百分率差異,探討神經(jīng)免疫機(jī)制與PD發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。 方法 應(yīng)用熒光染色法測(cè)定新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)2014年6月—2017年7月收治的原發(fā)性PD患者(病例組,83例)及同期我院健康體檢者(對(duì)照組,100名)外周血中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD19+、CD56+、Fas、Tregs細(xì)胞百分率差異,并進(jìn)一步分析病例組患者是否服用藥物復(fù)方左旋多巴、Hoehn-Yahr(HY)分級(jí)差異與各淋巴細(xì)胞亞群變化相關(guān)性。 結(jié)果 病例組CD3+、CD4+、CD8+低于對(duì)照組,CD56+細(xì)胞、Fas和Tregs陽(yáng)性亞群高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。服藥組Fas和Tregs細(xì)胞亞群低于未服用組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。相關(guān)性分析顯示,F(xiàn)as和Tregs陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)與HY分級(jí)呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.620、0.761,P < 0.05)。結(jié)論 PD患者外周血各淋巴細(xì)胞亞群存在比例紊亂,其中Fas及Tregs細(xì)胞比例與PD患者病情嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),對(duì)于未口服復(fù)方左旋多巴治療的PD患者該比例會(huì)進(jìn)一步升高。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 帕金森病;死亡受體;T淋巴細(xì)胞;B淋巴細(xì)胞;Tregs細(xì)胞
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749.1 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)09(b)-0049-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the correlation between neural immune mechanisms and the occurrence of Parkinson′s disease (PD) by detecting the percentage differences of lymphocyte subtypes in peripheral blood of patients with PD. Methods Fluorescence staining method was used to determine the periphery of primary PD patients (case group, 83 cases) admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (“our hospital” for short) from June 2014 to July 2017 and healthy physical examination patients (control group, 100 cases) in our hospital during the same period, while the differences in the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD56+, Fas and Tregs cells in the blood were measured, and the correlation between whether the patients in the case group took the drug Compound Levodopa, Hoehn-Yahr (HY) grade difference and the changes of lymphocyte subsets were analyzed. Results CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ in the case group were lower than those in the control group, while the positive subsets of CD56+ cells, Fas and Tregs were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). Fas and Tregs cell subsets in the medication group were lower than those in the non-administration group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the number of Fas and Tregs positive cells were positively correlated with HY grade (r = 0.620, 0.761, P < 0.05). Conclusion Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of PD patients have a disorder in the proportions. The the proportion of Fas and Tregs cells are related to the severity of the disease in PD patients. For PD patients who are not treated with oral Compound Levodopa, the proportion will further increase.
[Key words] Parkinson′s disease; Death receptor; T lymphocyte; B lymphocyte; Tregs cell
帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease,PD)的病理改變主要以多巴胺(dopamine,DA)能神經(jīng)元變性壞死為基礎(chǔ)導(dǎo)致的錐體外系功能障礙[1]。尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毛細(xì)血管壁基底膜增厚并伴有CD4+、CD8+等T淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)[2]。研究顯示[3-4],免疫系統(tǒng)激活后,可以通過(guò)Fas陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞與配體結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)包括神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在內(nèi)的多種細(xì)胞凋亡,與乳腺癌、阿爾茲海默病等多種疾病發(fā)生有關(guān)。當(dāng)大量炎癥因子如白細(xì)胞介素2(interleukin 2,IL-2)釋放入血時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regular T cell,Treg)通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性消耗IL-2,下調(diào)CD4+T細(xì)胞IL-2R鏈的轉(zhuǎn)錄與表達(dá),從而抑制靶細(xì)胞的增殖,同時(shí)Treg細(xì)胞分泌轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β(transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)等進(jìn)一步抑制CD4+T細(xì)胞的活化,發(fā)揮其免疫負(fù)調(diào)控功能[5-7]。鑒于PD發(fā)生過(guò)程中存在復(fù)雜的神經(jīng)免疫紊亂。因此,本研究擬抽取PD患者及健康體檢者外周血,測(cè)定并分析外周血各淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的變化,探討其與PD發(fā)生機(jī)制的相關(guān)性。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年6月—2017年7月新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)收治的原發(fā)性PD患者83例為病例組,年齡(61.30±7.15)歲;所有患者均符合英國(guó)PD協(xié)會(huì)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):腦外傷、腦炎、錐體束受損、腦腫瘤等繼發(fā)性PD患者。選擇我院同期與病例組年齡和性別相匹配的體檢者100名作為對(duì)照組,年齡(59.59±6.82)歲。收集兩組人群體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、文化程度、既往病史等一般臨床數(shù)據(jù)。
1.2 方法
病例組根據(jù)是否口服復(fù)方左旋多巴(每片250 mg,上海羅氏制藥有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字:H10930198),分為服藥組(63例)與非服藥組(23例)。服藥方法:首次0.5片,2~3次/d,以后每周日服量增加1/2片,直至控制癥狀(最多不超過(guò)5片)。另根據(jù)Hoehn-Yahr(HY)分級(jí)[9]不同,將病例組進(jìn)一步分為HY 1~5級(jí)。
1.3 淋巴細(xì)胞及自然殺傷細(xì)胞(NK)檢測(cè)
空腹抽取靜脈血2 mL于抗凝管中。各取血100 μL置于7個(gè)試管中,分別加入CD3、CD4、CD8、CD19、CD56、Fas、Tregs抗體(美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology公司和美國(guó)BD公司)各5 μL。保留1個(gè)空白對(duì)照試管,放置于20℃避光孵育20 min。后加入2 mL紅細(xì)胞裂解液,震蕩后避光孵育10 min。最后加入1 mL的磷酸緩沖鹽溶液進(jìn)行稀釋后,低速2000 r/min離心5 min(離心半徑6 cm),使用流式細(xì)胞儀(美國(guó)BD公司)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
運(yùn)用SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)量資料以例數(shù)或百分比表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。相關(guān)性采用Spearman秩相關(guān)性分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料及各細(xì)胞亞群比較
兩組患者年齡、性別、BMI、文化程度及合并癥比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。病例組CD3+、CD4+、CD8+低于對(duì)照組,CD56+細(xì)胞、Fas和Tregs陽(yáng)性亞群高于對(duì)照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 不同服藥方式患者各細(xì)胞亞群比較
服藥組Fas和Tregs細(xì)胞亞群低于未服用組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.3 各細(xì)胞亞群不同HY分級(jí)差異及相關(guān)性分析
CD56+細(xì)胞亞群在不同HY分級(jí)中比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),進(jìn)一步兩兩比較,HY 3級(jí)CD56+細(xì)胞亞群顯著高于HY 1級(jí)患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),其他細(xì)胞亞群在不同HY分級(jí)中比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。相關(guān)性分析顯示,F(xiàn)as和Tregs陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)與HY分級(jí)呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.620、0.761,P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討論
PD最主要的病理特征即DA神經(jīng)元退行性變,其機(jī)制尚未闡明[10]。近年來(lái),神經(jīng)免疫機(jī)制學(xué)說(shuō)逐漸得到人們的重視。研究顯示[11-13],全身免疫體統(tǒng)的激活可導(dǎo)致外周血大量促炎性因子釋放、外周T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群進(jìn)入神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,引起大量毒性分子分泌,進(jìn)一步加速了DA細(xì)胞凋亡及進(jìn)程。在本研究中,與對(duì)照組比較,病例組PD患者外周血CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T低于對(duì)照組;相反,F(xiàn)as和Tregs陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量卻高于對(duì)照組。分析相關(guān)原因,CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T亞群通常被稱為輔助性T細(xì)胞,在MTPT誘導(dǎo)的PD大鼠模型中,輔助性T細(xì)胞可通過(guò)Fas陽(yáng)性T細(xì)胞與配體FasL結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)DA細(xì)胞的凋亡[14-15]。但免疫應(yīng)答與免疫耐受的平衡是維持人體內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的關(guān)鍵,在輔助性T細(xì)胞大量活化的同時(shí),IL-2信號(hào)通過(guò)刺激Treg細(xì)胞,使Treg細(xì)胞中AKT的磷酸化路徑明顯受到抑制,AKT磷酸化促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的作用被減弱,間接抑制上述輔助性T細(xì)胞的增殖,減少機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答[16-19]。
在對(duì)藥物的分層研究中,服藥組Fas及Tregs細(xì)胞低于未服用組。研究顯示,在PD患者及時(shí)補(bǔ)充DA后,放射性示蹤顯影提示PD患者神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)DA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體受體及DA轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體較未服藥組增加,提示DA對(duì)PD患者神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用可能與促進(jìn)上述轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體和受體途徑有關(guān),而免疫損傷作用之一就是輔助性T細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)下游Fas+T細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)DA神經(jīng)元凋亡[20],故口服左旋多巴的患者Fas+T數(shù)量減低可能與DA對(duì)于神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)機(jī)制有關(guān)。在免疫應(yīng)答相對(duì)減弱的同時(shí),Treg細(xì)胞下降可能涉及PD患者口服左旋多巴后神經(jīng)保護(hù)效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[21],具體機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步深入研究。
對(duì)各細(xì)胞亞群與PD患者HY分級(jí)的相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)as和Treg增加與HY分級(jí)程度呈正相關(guān)性,提示Fas和Tregs各自在機(jī)體整個(gè)免疫細(xì)胞中的比例紊亂與PD的病情進(jìn)展有關(guān)[22]。隨著病程的進(jìn)展,免疫應(yīng)答涉及的Fas+T細(xì)胞增殖介導(dǎo)的凋亡路徑活化,而Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加可能是免疫耐受緩解炎癥反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)的一種保護(hù)性調(diào)節(jié),故PD患者外周血免疫細(xì)胞亞群比例紊亂涉及免疫損傷及免疫耐受相關(guān)的多個(gè)機(jī)制。
綜上所述,淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的失衡與PD存在密切的相關(guān)性,其中涉及到了諸多免疫損傷及免疫耐受相關(guān)的改變,故對(duì)于淋巴細(xì)胞亞群與PD的聯(lián)系還需要進(jìn)一步從分子學(xué)角度深入探索。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-14)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2020年26期