莫湘濤, 張依山, 李勇軍
基于IL-33/ST2信號通路探討蛋白酶抑制劑硼替佐米治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎的作用機(jī)制*
莫湘濤1△, 張依山2, 李勇軍3
(河南省洛陽正骨醫(yī)院/河南省骨科醫(yī)院1髖部疾病研究治療中心,2風(fēng)濕科,3檢驗(yàn)科,河南 鄭州 450046)
基于白細(xì)胞介素33 (IL-33)/基質(zhì)裂解素2 (ST2)信號通路探討蛋白酶抑制劑硼替佐米治療類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(RA)的作用機(jī)制。將40只Wistar大鼠隨機(jī)分為4組:對照組、模型組和硼替佐米低、高劑量組,每組各10只。除對照組外,其余組大鼠構(gòu)建RA模型。硼替佐米低、高劑量組分別腹腔注射0.2 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg硼替佐米,對照組和模型組腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,每天1次,連續(xù)給藥21 d。觀察各組大鼠一般情況,計(jì)算足跖腫脹度,并進(jìn)行炎癥評分; HE染色觀察各組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織病理變化;全自動生化分析儀檢測血紅蛋白含量、血小板(PLT)總數(shù)、血清肌酐(SCr)水平和血尿素氮(BUN)水平; ELISA法檢測各組大鼠血清中IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子α (TNF-α)、IL-33和ST2水平; Western blot法檢測各組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)水平。在造模后7、14和21 d,與對照組相比,模型組大鼠足跖腫脹度顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠足跖腫脹度依次降低(<0.05)。給藥結(jié)束后,與對照組相比,模型組滑膜細(xì)胞增多,排列紊亂,關(guān)節(jié)腔中存在大量炎性滲出物,大鼠炎癥評分、血PLT總數(shù)、SCr水平和BUN水平顯著升高,血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-33和ST2水平及踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)水平亦顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠關(guān)節(jié)腔炎性滲出物減少,炎癥評分、血PLT總數(shù)、SCr水平和BUN水平依次降低,血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-33和ST2水平及踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)水平亦依次降低(<0.05)。硼替佐米可能通過調(diào)控IL-33/ST2信號通路,減輕RA大鼠關(guān)節(jié)炎癥和腫脹。
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎;硼替佐米;IL-33/ST2信號通路;炎癥
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)是一種常見的系統(tǒng)性炎癥性關(guān)節(jié)炎,其主要病理特征是發(fā)生持續(xù)性滑膜炎和全身性炎癥。研究報道RA主要患病人群是婦女和老人,全球成年人患病率為0.5~1.0%。RA會導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)損傷,嚴(yán)重者致殘,嚴(yán)重影響患者身體健康和生活質(zhì)量[1-2]。RA的發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,其具體發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明了,有研究顯示,機(jī)體免疫異常在RA發(fā)病機(jī)理中起著重要作用[3]。白細(xì)胞介素33(interleukin-33, IL-33)在炎癥、感染的自身免疫性疾病中發(fā)揮重要作用[4-5]?;|(zhì)裂解素2(suppression of tumorigenicity 2, ST2)是IL-33的主要受體,在Th2細(xì)胞的子集上選擇性表達(dá),且IL-33/ST2信號通路與哮喘、RA、纖維增生性疾病的自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病機(jī)理有關(guān)[6-8]。研究報道,IL-33與RA的治療有關(guān),是RA的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)[9]。因此尋找靶向IL-33或IL-33受體的治療藥物或方法,對RA治療有重要意義。硼替佐米是一種選擇性和可逆性26S蛋白酶抑制劑,在免疫介導(dǎo)的血小板減少癥、復(fù)發(fā)/難治免疫性血液病等疾病治療中發(fā)揮重要作用[10-11],研究顯示,硼替佐米可以有效治療RA,改善RA患者關(guān)節(jié)表現(xiàn)[12]。然而關(guān)于硼替佐米在RA中的研究報道較少,本研究通過觀察硼替佐米對RA模型大鼠的影響,初步探討其可能作用機(jī)制。
SPF級Wistar雄性大鼠40只, 8周齡,體重為200~220 g,由北京實(shí)驗(yàn)動物研究中心提供,合格證號為SYXK(京)2015-0046,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)1周后,進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。本研究經(jīng)本院動物倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)同意。
硼替佐米(貨號:IB0720)和弗氏完全佐劑(貨號:F5881)購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;天然牛Ⅱ型膠原(貨號:1220-02S)購自SouthernBiotech; IL-6酶聯(lián)免疫吸附檢測(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)試劑盒(貨號:ml102828)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)ELISA試劑盒(貨號:ml059784)、IL-33 ELISA試劑盒(貨號:ml037355)和ST2 ELISA試劑盒(貨號:ml026170)購自上海酶聯(lián)生物科技有限公司;總RNA提取試劑盒(Trizol法)(貨號:RN0401)購自北京艾德萊生物科技公司;兔源單克隆IL-33抗體(貨號:MA5-15773)和兔源多克隆ST2抗體(貨號:PA5-23316)購自中國賽默飛世爾科技有限公司;兔源單克隆抗β-actin抗體(貨號:3700S)購自CST;辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔免疫球蛋白G(IgG)II抗(貨號:YB-19442)購自美國R&D/Prosci/NovusBiologicals。游標(biāo)卡尺(貨號:530-312)購自上海嶼洋五金工具有限公司;顯微鏡(型號:XDS-10)購自上海炳宇光學(xué)儀器有限公司;化學(xué)發(fā)光成像系統(tǒng)(型號:ChemiDocXRS)購自Bio-Rad。
3.1大鼠模型構(gòu)建及分組將40只Wistar大鼠隨機(jī)分4組:對照(control)組、模型(model)組和硼替佐米低、高劑量組,每組各10只。除對照組外,其余組大鼠構(gòu)建RA模型,參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[13-14]在大鼠背部脊柱兩側(cè)和尾根部皮下注射天然牛Ⅱ型膠原和弗氏完全佐劑乳化混合液(1∶1) 0.3 mL,造模第14天強(qiáng)化免疫,在大鼠左后足跖皮內(nèi)注射乳化混合液0.1 mL,觀察各組大鼠一般情況,大鼠左后足跖出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重腫脹,體積增長幅度≥0.8 cm3即大鼠模型構(gòu)建成功。造模成功后每組給予相應(yīng)藥物,硼替佐米低、高劑量組分別腹腔注射0.2 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg硼替佐米,對照組和模型組腹腔注射等量生理鹽水,每天1次,連續(xù)給藥21 d。
3.2各組大鼠足跖腫脹度檢測用游標(biāo)卡尺分別測量造模前和造模后各組大鼠左后足跖中央的厚度(D),每7 d記錄一次,計(jì)算其腫脹度。腫脹度(%)=(D造模后-D造模前)/D造模前×100%。
3.3各組大鼠炎癥評分檢測末次給藥24 h后,參考文獻(xiàn)[13]進(jìn)行炎癥評分:足趾關(guān)節(jié)無紅腫, 0分;足趾關(guān)節(jié)輕度紅或腫脹, 1分;足趾或踝關(guān)節(jié)中度腫脹, 2分;踝關(guān)節(jié)重度腫脹或踝關(guān)節(jié)以下全部腫脹, 3分;足爪整體腫脹或關(guān)節(jié)嚴(yán)重變形, 4分。
3.4各組大鼠血常規(guī)、炎癥因子和腎功能相關(guān)因子水平檢測方法同3.3,取腹腔主動脈血10 mL離心取上清,一部分用全自動生化分析儀檢測血紅蛋白(hemoglobin, Hgb)含量、血小板(platelet, PLT)總數(shù)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr)水平和血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)水平,剩余的用ELISA試劑盒分別檢測炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-33和ST2水平,具體操作步驟參考其說明書。
3.5HE染色法觀察各組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織病理變化各組大鼠取完血后處死,分離左后肢踝關(guān)節(jié),取1.0 g組織儲存于-80℃冰箱備用,剩余組織用4%甲醛溶液固定,做常規(guī)石蠟切片,脫蠟至水化, HE染色,在顯微鏡下觀察各組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織病理變化。
3.6各組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白水平檢測提取踝關(guān)節(jié)組織蛋白,二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid, BCA)法檢測蛋白濃度;調(diào)整上樣蛋白至50 μg,進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE;轉(zhuǎn)膜,封閉后加Ⅰ抗(IL-33、ST2和β-actin抗體, 1∶1 000), 4℃孵育過夜;次日,加Ⅱ抗(1∶5 000)室溫孵育2 h,洗膜,加電化學(xué)發(fā)光(electrochemiluminescence, ECL)液,用Bio-Rad成像系統(tǒng)檢測蛋白灰度信號;以β-actin為內(nèi)參照,用ImageJ軟件定量分析蛋白表達(dá)情況。
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS 22.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,多組間比較行單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用檢驗(yàn)。以<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
在造模后7、14和21 d(即給藥7、14和21 d),與對照組相比,模型組大鼠足跖腫脹度顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠足跖腫脹度依次降低(<0.05),見表1。
表1 硼替佐米對大鼠足跖腫脹度的影響
*<0.05control group;#<0.05model group;△<0.05low-dose bortezomib group.
與對照組相比,模型組大鼠炎癥評分顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠炎癥評分依次降低(<0.05),見表2。
表2 硼替佐米對大鼠炎癥評分的影響
*<0.05control group;#<0.05model group;△<0.05low-dose bortezomib group.
與對照組相比,模型組大鼠血清中PLT總數(shù)及SCr和BUN水平顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠血清中PLT總數(shù)及SCr和BUN水平依次降低(<0.05),見表3。
表3 硼替佐米對大鼠Hgb、PLT、SCr和BUN水平的影響
*<0.05control group;#<0.05model group;△<0.05low-dose bortezomib group.
與對照組相比,模型組大鼠血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-33和ST2水平顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠血清中IL-6、TNF-α、IL-33和ST2水平依次降低(<0.05),見表4。
*<0.05control group;#<0.05model group;△<0.05low-dose bortezomib group.
對照組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中細(xì)胞排列整齊,關(guān)節(jié)腔軟骨表面光滑無明顯病理變化;與對照組相比,模型組滑膜細(xì)胞增多,排列紊亂,關(guān)節(jié)腔中存在大量炎性滲出物;與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組大鼠關(guān)節(jié)腔炎性滲出物減少。見圖1。
與對照組相比,模型組大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高(<0.05);與模型組相比,硼替佐米低、高劑量組踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)依次降低(<0.05),見圖2、表5。
Figure 2. Expression of IL-33 and ST2 proteins in ankle tissues of rats in each group. A: control group; B: model group; C: low-dose bortezomib group; D: high-dose bortezomib group.
表5 硼替佐米對大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)的影響
*<0.05control group;#<0.05model group;△<0.05low-dose bortezomib group.
RA的主要病理特征是慢性炎癥及各種全身癥狀,如疲勞、關(guān)節(jié)腫脹、肌肉無力和臟器受累等。本研究顯示,與對照組相比,模型組大鼠足跖腫脹度顯著升高,滑膜細(xì)胞增多,排列紊亂,關(guān)節(jié)腔中存在大量炎性滲出物,大鼠血清中PLT總數(shù)、SCr、BUN水平顯著升高與前人研究結(jié)果一致[15-16],提示RA大鼠模型構(gòu)建成功。持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng)打破成骨/破骨系統(tǒng)平衡,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)變形或致殘,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生存質(zhì)量[17]。因此,尋找有效緩解慢性炎癥的藥物對RA治療有重要意義。蛋白酶抑制劑可以改變蛋白酶體的活性,在機(jī)體免疫和炎癥反應(yīng)中起重要作用,硼替佐米可有效降低多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者炎癥反應(yīng),改善患者機(jī)體免疫功能及腎功能[18]。本研究顯示,硼替佐米干預(yù)組較模型組大鼠上述病理癥狀明顯減輕,大鼠血清中PLT、SCr和BUN水平下降,提示硼替佐米可以有效緩解RA大鼠關(guān)節(jié)腫脹,改善腎功能。
RA的慢性炎癥是由促炎癥和抗炎癥細(xì)胞因子與自身免疫誘導(dǎo)之間的不平衡引起的。TNF-α是由活化的巨噬細(xì)胞和T細(xì)胞分泌的,通過與其受體結(jié)合可以發(fā)揮促炎作用,誘發(fā)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生慢性炎癥;IL-6是一種多效性細(xì)胞因子,機(jī)體中與TNF-α是協(xié)同作用[19-20]。TNF-α和IL-6具有促炎作用,在RA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[21]。本研究顯示,與對照組相比,模型組大鼠炎癥評分、血清中炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α顯著升高,與展俊平等[22]研究結(jié)果一致,提示RA發(fā)生引起機(jī)體炎癥因子分泌紊亂,引起炎癥反應(yīng)。李宏亮等[23]研究顯示,降低血清中炎癥因子的含量可有效減緩RA大鼠模型局部和整體炎癥反應(yīng)水平。本研究顯示,硼替佐米干預(yù)組較大模型組鼠炎癥評分、血清中炎癥因子IL-6和TNF-α水平依次降低,提示硼替佐米可以通過降低IL-6和TNF-α水平有效緩解RA大鼠體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng),但其作用機(jī)制需進(jìn)一步探討。
IL-33屬于白細(xì)胞介素1細(xì)胞因子家族成員,在免疫應(yīng)答的調(diào)節(jié)中起著核心作用。IL-33通過其受體ST2結(jié)合,可在關(guān)節(jié)炎中通過激活巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生趨化因子和細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)促炎性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生和釋放[24]。研究顯示,IL-33與RA疾病的發(fā)生有關(guān),可作為新型生物標(biāo)志物和過敏性、免疫性疾病的未來治療靶標(biāo)[25]。本研究顯示,模型組較對照組大鼠血清中IL-33和ST2水平及踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33、ST2蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高,提示IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá)與RA的發(fā)生有關(guān)。Chen等[8]研究顯示,抑制IL-33/ST2信號通路,可減少促炎因子分泌,減緩RA進(jìn)程。Verri等[26]研究顯示,抑制中性粒細(xì)胞中ST2表達(dá),可以防止IL-33誘導(dǎo)的中性粒細(xì)胞遷移,是抗TNF-α治療炎癥的重要機(jī)制。本研究顯示,硼替佐米干預(yù)組較模型組大鼠血清中IL-33、ST2水平及踝關(guān)節(jié)組織中IL-33、ST2蛋白表達(dá)依次降低,提示硼替佐米可以降低IL-33和ST2蛋白表達(dá),推測硼替佐米可能通過調(diào)節(jié)IL-33/ST2通路抑制促炎癥因子TNF-α和IL-6分泌,緩解RA大鼠炎癥反應(yīng)。
綜上所述,硼替佐米可能通過抑制IL-33/ST2通路,抑制RA大鼠體內(nèi)炎癥因子分泌,減輕大鼠炎癥反應(yīng),緩解大鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)病理癥狀,但其在RA中的作用是否具有劑量依賴性及其機(jī)制參與仍需要進(jìn)一步研究。
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Effect of protease inhibitor bortezomib on treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by affecting IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway
MO Xiang-tao1, ZHANG Yi-shan2, LI Yong-jun3
(1,2,3,,450046,)
To investigate the effect of bortezomib, a protease inhibitor, on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it mechanism, based on interleukin-33 (IL-33)/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) signaling pathway.A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, model group, and low- and high-dose bortezomib groups, with 10 rats in each group. In addition to control group, the rats in other groups were used to construct RA model. Bortezomib was given intraperitoneally at 0.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in low- and high-dose bortezomib groups, respectively, while the rats in control group and model group were injected with the same amount of saline, once a day for 21 d. The general situation of the rats in each group was observed, the swelling degree of the foot was calculated, and the inflammation score was evaluated. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of ankle joint. The automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect blood hemoglobin content, the total number of platelets (PLT), serum creatinine (SCr) level and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level. The serum levels of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-33 and ST2 were measured by ELISA. The protein expression of IL-33 and ST2 in ankle tissues of each group was determined by Western blot.On the 7th, 14th and 21th days after modeling, compared with control group, the degree of paw swelling in model group was significantly increased (<0.05). Compared with model group, the swelling degree of paw in low- and high-dose groups was decreased (<0.05). At the end of administration, compared with control group, the synovial cells in model group were increased and in disorder, with a lot of inflammatory exudates in the articular cavity, and the inflammatory score, the levels of PLT, SCr and BUN, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-33 and ST2, and the protein expression of IL-33 and ST2 in ankle tissues were significantly increased (<0.05). Compared with model group, the inflammatory exudates in the articular cavity of the rats in low- and high-dose bortezomib groups were decreased, and the inflammatory score, the levels of PLT, SCr and BUN, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-33 and ST2, and the protein expression of IL-33 and ST2 in ankle tissues were decreased (<0.05).Bortezomib may reduce the inflammation and swelling of the joints in RA rats by regulating the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway.
Rheumatoid arthritis; Bortezomib; IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway; Inflammation
R684.3; R363.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2020.11.020
1000-4718(2020)11-2062-06
2020-06-04
2020-08-01
河南省中醫(yī)藥科學(xué)研究專項(xiàng)課題(No.2015ZY03140; No.2015ZY01007);河南省科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 162102310368)
Tel: 13783108311; E-mail: moxiangtao1969@163.com
(責(zé)任編輯:林白霜,羅森)