何蘇琴 劉永剛 李廣闊 李風(fēng)慶
摘要:毛殼核腔菌[Pyrenophora chaetomioides(synonym:Drechslera avenae)]是一種廣泛分布于世界各燕麥產(chǎn)區(qū)的病原真菌,可為害燕麥的葉片和小穗,降低燕麥產(chǎn)量和飼草品質(zhì)。采用含藥平板法測定了8種殺菌劑(15%三唑酮可濕性粉劑、75%百菌清可濕性粉劑、50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑、70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑、50%速克靈可濕性粉劑、10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑、430 g/L戊唑醇懸浮劑和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油)對毛殼核腔菌(菌株ASA-11 和 ASA-13)的抑菌效果。結(jié)果表明,在試驗濃度下,8種供試殺菌劑對毛殼核腔菌菌絲生長均具有不同程度的抑制效果,其中70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑500倍液,10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑1 000倍液、5 000倍液和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油5 000倍液、10 000倍液的抑菌效果最好,均達100%;50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑500倍液的抑菌效果最差,僅為40.77%。
關(guān)鍵詞:毛殼核腔菌;殺菌劑;燕麥
中圖分類號:S512.6? ? ?文獻標志碼:A? ? ?文章編號:1001-1463(2021)12-0056-04
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2021.12.013
Inhibition of Fungicides to Pyrenophora chaetomioides
HE Suqin 1, 2, LIU Yonggong 1, 2, LI Guangkuo 3, 4, LI Fengqing 5
(1. Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou Gansu 730070, China; 2. Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Tianshui, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, Gangu Gansu 741200, China; 3. Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi Xinjiang 830091, China; 4. Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of P. R. China, Urumqi Xinjiang 830091, China; 5. Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Gannan Area, Hezuo Gansu 747000, China)
Abstract:Pyrenophora chaetomioides(synonym: Drechslera avenae) is a cosmopolitan pathogen of Avena spp., and infects leaves and spikelets, reducing grain yield and forage quality. Fungicide sensitivity of P. chaetomioides isolates(ASA-11 and ASA-13) was assessed by amendment plate method: autoclaved PDA media were amended prior to pouring with 8 different fungicides(triadimefon 15% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP, carbendazim 50% WP, mancozeb 70% WP, procymidone 50% WP, difenoconazole 10% WDG, tebuconazole 430 g/L SC and flusilazole 400 g/L EC). The results showed that under test concentrations, all eight fungicides could inhibit the mycelial growth of P. chaetomioides, of which mancozeb 70% WP(500 times), difenoconazole 10% WDG (1 000 times, 5 000 times) and flusilazole 400 g/L EC (5 000 times, 10 000 times), inhibitory effects were up to 100%;carbendazim 50% WP (500 times) exhibited the worst inhibitory effect, only to 40.77%.
Key words:Pyrenophora chaetomioides;Fungicides;Oats
燕麥(Avena spp.)是一類重要的農(nóng)作物,具有耐瘠薄、耐鹽堿、耐干旱、耐嚴寒等特性,并且產(chǎn)草量大、營養(yǎng)價值高,是目前廣泛被認可和推廣的優(yōu)良禾本科牧草,也是生態(tài)條件脆弱地區(qū)不可替代的特色糧飼兼用作物[1 - 4 ]。
毛殼核腔菌[Pyrenophora chaetomioides Speg.(synonym:Drechslera avenae)]是一種廣泛分布于世界各燕麥產(chǎn)區(qū)的病原真菌,條件適宜時可引起嚴重的燕麥葉斑和苗萎,降低燕麥籽粒產(chǎn)量和飼草品質(zhì)[5 - 11 ]。在不同環(huán)境條件下,可以引起不同的病害癥狀,除了形成分散的梭形、橢圓形、不規(guī)則形病斑外,還可形成條斑[6, 12 ];除葉片外,病菌還可侵染小穗[13 ];病斑的顏色可以是褐色、黃褐色、紅褐色、黑色和紫色等[6 - 8, 10, 13 - 14 ]。天氣條件對病害發(fā)生程度影響很大,降水和高濕度有利于病菌侵染[15 ]?;瘜W(xué)肥料的施用對病害發(fā)生程度也有影響,中高劑量的氮磷鉀復(fù)合肥用作基肥可增加病害嚴重度[16 ]。除了存活于病殘體中的病菌,種子帶菌是病害重要的初侵染源[17 - 21 ];不同地區(qū)和田塊種子的帶菌率不同(范圍0~52%,平均7%) [19 ]。我們通過室內(nèi)藥劑篩選試驗,篩選出對毛殼核腔菌有明顯抑菌效果的殺菌劑種類,旨在為病害科學(xué)防控提供依據(jù)。
1? ?材料與方法
1.1? ?試驗材料
1.1.1? 菌株? ?供試毛殼核腔菌(P. chaetomioides)2個,其中菌株ASA-11,2013年7月分離自定西市安定區(qū)燕麥褐色葉斑;ASA-13,2013年8月分離自定西市通渭縣燕麥紫色葉斑[13 ]。
1.1.2? ?培養(yǎng)基? ?采用PDA培養(yǎng)基,配方為馬鈴薯200 g,葡萄糖20 g,瓊脂粉12 g,自來水1 000 mL。
1.1.3? ?殺菌劑? ?殺菌劑種類及使用濃度(商品推薦使用濃度):15%三唑酮可濕性粉劑(江蘇劍牌農(nóng)化股份有限公司)600倍液;75%百菌清可濕性粉劑(江陰蘇利化學(xué)股份有限公司)500倍液;50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑(河北冠龍農(nóng)化有限公司)500倍液;70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑(天津市東方農(nóng)藥有限公司)500倍液;50%速克靈可濕性粉劑(宜賓川安高科農(nóng)藥有限責(zé)任公司)1 000倍液、? 2 000倍液;10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑(永農(nóng)生物科學(xué)有限公司)1 000倍液、5 000倍液;430 g/L戊唑醇懸浮劑(上海禾本藥業(yè)有限公司)5 000倍液、8 000倍液;400 g/L氟硅唑乳油 [興農(nóng)藥業(yè)(中國)公司] 5 000倍液、10 000倍液。
1.2? ?試驗方法
采用含藥平板法進行藥劑篩選[22 ]。倒皿前,培養(yǎng)基溫度降至55 ℃時,在PDA培養(yǎng)基中分別加入8種供試藥劑,配制成不同濃度的含藥平板,以不加藥劑的PDA培養(yǎng)基為對照。試驗菌株ASA-11和ASA-13在PDA平板上25 ℃培養(yǎng)5 d,在菌落邊緣取直徑5 mm菌餅,接種到含藥平板中央。每處理重復(fù)3皿,置25 ℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),4 d后采用十字交叉法測量菌落直徑,計算抑菌效果。
抑菌效果=[(對照菌落直徑-處理菌落直徑)/對照菌落直徑]×100%
2? ?結(jié)果與分析
從表1可以看出,8種殺菌劑對毛殼核腔菌菌絲生長的抑菌效果(以2個菌株的平均值計)以70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑500倍液,10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑1 000倍液、5 000倍液和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油5 000倍液、10 000倍液最好,均達100%,與其他殺菌劑的差異均極顯著;其次是430 g/L戊唑醇懸浮劑5 000倍液、8 000 倍液,50%速克靈可濕性粉劑1 000倍液、2 000 倍液,15%三唑酮可濕性粉劑600倍液,75%百菌清可濕性粉劑500倍液,為82.85%~89.92%;50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑500倍液最差,僅為40.77%,與其他殺菌劑的差異均達極顯著水平。
3? ?結(jié)論與討論
研究結(jié)果表明,在試驗濃度(商品推薦使用濃度)下,供試8種殺菌劑對毛殼核腔菌的菌絲生長具有不同程度的抑制作用。其中70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑500倍液,10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑1 000倍液、5 000倍液,400 g/L氟硅唑乳油5 000倍液、10 000倍液的抑菌效果均達100%;其次為430 g/L戊唑醇懸浮劑、50%速克靈可濕性粉劑、15%三唑酮可濕性粉劑、75%百菌清可濕性粉劑和50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑;50%多菌靈可濕性粉劑500倍液的抑菌效果最差,僅為40.77%。依據(jù)以上結(jié)果,70%代森錳鋅可濕性粉劑、10%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑和400 g/L氟硅唑乳油可作為毛殼核腔菌引起的燕麥葉斑和穗部病害田間防治的試驗藥劑。
除了毛殼核腔菌引起的葉斑和穗部病害外,燕麥生產(chǎn)中的常見病害還有堅黑穗病、紅葉病、白粉病、鞘腐病和冠銹病等。在防治中,應(yīng)充分利用農(nóng)業(yè)措施對病害防控的積極作用,與非寄主作物輪作倒茬,種植抗病品種,合理密植,選擇合適的施肥水平,科學(xué)進行農(nóng)藥復(fù)配或使用商品化的復(fù)配農(nóng)藥,實行種子包衣或藥劑拌種,加強病蟲害兼防兼治。
參考文獻:
[1] 曲祥春,何中國,郝文媛,等.? 我國燕麥生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展對策[J].? 雜糧作物,2006,26(3):233-235.
[2] 侯龍魚,朱澤義,楊? ?杰,等.? 我國飼草用燕麥現(xiàn)狀、問題和潛力[J].? 西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(自然科學(xué)版),2019,45(3):248-253.
[3] 任生蘭,劉彥明,景? ?芳,等.? 12 個裸燕麥品種(系)在定西半干旱區(qū)的試驗初報[J].? 甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)科技,2020(8):55- 60.
[4] 田福平. 燕麥新品系中燕1號高產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)[J].? 甘肅農(nóng)業(yè)科技,2021,52(3):90-92.
[5] NISIKADO Y.? Studies on the Helminthosporium diseases of Gramineae in Japan[J]. Berichte Des Ohara Institute Landwirth schaftliche Forschungen,1929,4:111-126
[6] O'BRIEN D G,PRENTICE E G. Leaf stripe or yellow leaf of oats[J].? Scottish Journal of Agriculture,1930,13(3):272-284.
[7] 姜廣正.? 中國禾本科植物上的蠕形菌(Hel-minthosporium) [J].? 植物病理學(xué)報,1959,
5(1):21-37.
[8] 戚佩坤,白金鎧,朱桂香.? 吉林省栽培植物真菌病害志[M]. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,1966.
[9] PETROVA O S,AFANASENKO O S,LOSKUTOV I G. Oat resistance to Ppyrenophora avenae Ito et Kurib[EB/OL].? Oat Newsletter, 2006,Volume 50. http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/
ggpages/oatnewsletter/v50/Helmintosp_artic.html.
[10] PAL?魣GYI A,BAKONYI J,TAR M,et al. Isolation and identification of Pyrenophora chaetomioides from winter oat in Hungary[J].? Cereal Research Communications,2020,48:57-63.
[11] MAY W E,BRANDT S,HUTT-TAYLOR K. Response of oat grain yield and quality to nitrogen fertilizer and fungicides[J].? Agronomy Journal,2020,112(2):1021-1034.
[12] TURNER D M,MILLARD W A. Leaf-spot of oats,Helminthosporium avenae(Bri. and Cav.) Eid.[J].? Annals of Applied Biology,1931,18(4):535-558.
[13] 何蘇琴,文朝慧,白? ?濱,等.? 燕麥紫斑病的病原[J].? 菌物學(xué)報,2021,40(7):1627-1638.
[14] MEHTA Y R.? Molecular and pathogenic variability of Drechslera isolates from oats[J]. Fitopatologia Brasileira,2001,26:590-596.
[15] SOOV?魧LI P,KOPPEL M. Timing of fungicide application for profitable disease management in oat(Avena sativa L.)[J].? ?譕emdirbyst■.(Agriculture),2011,98(2):167-174.
[16] SOOV?魧LI P,KANGOR T,TAMM I.? The incidence of fungal diseases in oat leaves and yields as affected by fertilizer and chemical inputs in Estonia[J].? Agronomy Research,2010,
8(Special Issue II):475-480.
[17] SHERIDAN J E.? The incidence and control of mercury-resistant strains of Pyrenophora avenae in British and New Zealand seed oats[J].? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1971,14(2):469-480.
[18] MALONE J P,LORIMER R.? The incidence of pathogenic fungi in Northern Ireland barley and oat seed samples[J].? Plant Pathology,1975,24(3):140-143.
[19] SHERIDAN J E.? Drechslern spp. and other seed-borne pathogenic fungi in New Zealand cereals[J].? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1977,20(1):91-93.
[20] HAMPTON J G,MATTHEWS D.? Drechslera spp. on New Zealand certified cereal seed[J].? New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,1978,21(3):539-542.
[21] CARMONA M,ZWEEGMAN J,REIS E M.? Detection and transmission of Drechslera avenae from oat seed[J].? Fitopatologia Brasileira,2004,29(3):319-321.
[22] 王三喜,何蘇琴,荊卓瓊,等.? 禾生指葡孢霉生物學(xué)特性及室內(nèi)藥劑篩選[J].? 麥類作物學(xué)報,2017,37(2):281-286.
(本文責(zé)編:楊? ? 杰)