金敏 陳平鈺 李洪超 馬愛霞
中圖分類號 R978.7 文獻標志碼 A 文章編號 1001-0408(2021)10-1262-10
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2021.10.18
摘 要 目的:比較格卡瑞韋(GLE)/哌侖他韋(PIB)、來迪派韋(LDV)/索磷布韋(SOF)、SOF/維帕他韋(VEL)、艾爾巴韋(EBR)/格拉瑞韋(GZR)復合制劑和達諾瑞韋(DNV)+聚乙二醇干擾素聯(lián)合利巴韋林(P/R)等5種直接抗病毒藥物方案治療慢性丙型病毒性肝炎的有效性與安全性。方法:計算機檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane圖書館、Web of Science、中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)等數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時間均為建庫起至2020年6月,收集5種直接抗病毒藥物方案治療慢性丙型病毒性肝炎的隨機對照試驗(RCT)。篩選文獻、提取數(shù)據(jù)后,采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價員手冊5.1.0推薦的偏倚風險評估工具對納入文獻質量進行評價,采用Stata 15.0軟件進行Meta分析。結果:共納入48項RCT,試驗組患者共計12 227例。Meta分析結果顯示,獲得持續(xù)病毒學應答(SVR)率由高到低依次為GLE/PIB>LDV/SOF>SOF/VEL>EBR/GZR>DNV+P/R,其中GLE/PIB、LDV/SOF、SOF/VEL、EBR/GZR的加權SVR率均在95%以上。任何嚴重的不良事件發(fā)生率、任何不良事件發(fā)生率由低到高依次均為EBR/GZR 關鍵詞 慢性丙型病毒性肝炎;直接抗病毒藥物;有效性;安全性;Meta分析 Meta-analysis of Efficacy and Safety of 5 Direct Antiviral Agents in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection JIN Min1,CHEN Pingyu1,2,LI Hongchao1,2,MA Aixia1,2(1. School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; 2. Center for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China) ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of 5 direct antiviral agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection as glecaprevir (GLE)/pibrentasvir (PIB), ledipasvir (LDV)/sofosbuvir (SOF), SOF/velpatasvir (VEL), elbasvir (EBR)/grazoprevir (GZR) compound preparation and danoprevir (DNV)+peginterferon combined with ribavirin (P/R). METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang database and other databases, RCTs about 5 direct antiviral agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection were collected during the inception to Jun. 2020. After literature screening and data extraction, the quality of included literatures were evaluated with bias risk evaluation tool recommended by Cochrane system evaluator manual 5.1.0. Meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 15.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 48 RCTs with 12 227 patients in trial group were included. Results of Meta-analysis showed that the descending order of sustained virological response (SVR) rate was GLE/PIB>LDV/SOF>SOF/VEL>EBR/GZR>DNV+P/R; weighted SVR rates of GLE/PIB, LDV/SOF, SOF/VEL and EBR/GZ were more than 95%. The incidence of any severe adverse event and adverse event in ascending order was EBR/GZR
KEYWORDS? ?Chronic hepatitis C infection; Direct antiviral agent; Efficacy; Safety; Meta-analysis
丙型病毒性肝炎是由丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染引起的傳染病,普通人群感染HCV后可能發(fā)展為慢性丙型病毒性肝炎(以下簡稱“慢性丙肝”)[1]。2015年,全球約有7 100萬人感染HCV,且每年的新增病例約300萬[2]。HCV可分為6種基因分型,我國的慢性丙肝類型包含HCV1、HCV2、HCV3和HCV6型,且以HCV1b型感染居多[3-4]。基于慢性丙肝引起的不良后果及其傳染性對公共衛(wèi)生的巨大威脅,同時基于直接抗病毒藥物(DAAs)顯著的療效,世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)提出了“2030丙肝消除計劃”,旨在實現(xiàn)2030年消除病毒性肝炎對公共衛(wèi)生威脅這一目標[1,5]。慢性丙肝的抗病毒治療以患者獲得持續(xù)病毒學應答(SVR)為目標,且經(jīng)治療后獲得SVR的患者視為達到病毒學治愈的標準[1]。
傳統(tǒng)的慢性丙肝治療方案為聚乙二醇干擾素聯(lián)合利巴韋林(以下簡稱“P/R”),雖然該方案的價格較低,但患者的SVR率也較低[6]。2010年后,安全高效的DAAs成為慢性丙肝的主要推薦治療方案,主要包括來迪派韋(LDV)/索磷布韋(SOF)、SOF/維帕他韋(VEL)、格卡瑞韋(GLE)/哌侖他韋(PIB)、艾爾巴韋(EBR)/格拉瑞韋(GZR)的復合制劑以及達諾瑞韋(DNV)聯(lián)合P/R方案[1]。同時,上述藥物也是我國醫(yī)保支付重點關注的藥物。這些DAAs主要靶向HCV的非結構蛋白,抑制HCV RNA的轉錄,從而發(fā)揮治療HCV感染的作用[7]。根據(jù)作用靶蛋白的不同,DAAs分為NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制劑(如GLE、GZR)、NS5B抑制劑(如SOF)和NS5A抑制劑(如PIB、LDV、VEL、EBR、DNV)[7]。經(jīng)DAAs治療后,患者的SVR率較傳統(tǒng)P/R方案有所提高,同時藥物相互作用和不良事件也較少[1]。目前,國內外已有關于DAAs治療慢性丙肝的研究,但這些研究多數(shù)為單一用藥方案,且結論尚未統(tǒng)一[8-55]。同時,由于DAAs藥物眾多、療效接近,尚無針對多種DAAs治療不同基因型、治療史及肝硬化狀態(tài)的綜合評價?;诖?,本研究采用Meta分析的方法比較了GLE/PIB、LDV/SOF、SOF/VEL、EBR/GZR復合制劑和DNV+P/R等5種直接抗病毒藥物方案治療慢性丙肝的有效性與安全性,旨在為臨床用藥提供循證參考。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標準
根據(jù)PICOS(P表示研究對象,I表示干預措施,C表示對照措施,O表示干預措施的診療效果,S表示研究設計方案)原則[56]設定本研究文獻的納入與排除標準。
1.1.1 研究類型 國內外公開發(fā)表的隨機對照試驗(RCT);語種限定為中文和英文。
1.1.2 研究對象 年齡≥18歲;HCV感染超過 6 個月或感染日期不明;抗HCV 及 HCV RNA陽性,即HCV RNA載量≥1×104 IU/mL,肝臟組織病理學檢查符合《丙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)》中的相關診斷標準[1];HCV基因型和肝硬化狀態(tài)不限。
1.1.3 干預措施 試驗組以GLE/PIB、LDV/SOF、SOF/VEL、EBR/GZR復合制劑和DNV+P/R方案等為干預措施,劑量和用法用量不限。本研究未具體限定對照組的干預措施,其措施包括安慰劑、延遲治療或其他等。
1.1.4 結局指標 有效性指標:①SVR率。安全性指標:②任何嚴重的不良事件,③任何不良事件以及經(jīng)調研后認為需要處理的不良反應(包括④惡心/嘔吐、⑤皮疹、⑥失眠)。SVR率=SVR的患者例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%[1]。
1.1.5 排除標準 ①未報告所需結局指標的文獻;②病例報告和觀察性研究;③摘要;④綜述;⑤描述性報告和述評;⑥重復發(fā)表的文獻;⑦會議論文。
1.2 文獻檢索策略
計算機檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane圖書館、Web of Science、中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)等數(shù)據(jù)庫。英文檢索詞為“HCV”“Hepatitis? C”“Ledipasvir”“Sofosbuvir”“Velpatasvir”“Glecaprevir”“Pibrentasvir”“Elbasvir”“Grazoprevir”“Danoprevir”;中文檢索詞為“丙型肝炎”“丙肝”“來迪派韋”“索磷布韋”“維帕他韋”“格卡瑞韋” “哌侖他韋”“艾爾巴韋”“格拉瑞韋”“達諾瑞韋”等,采用主題詞與檢索詞結合的檢索方式。檢索時限均為各數(shù)據(jù)庫建庫起至2020年6月。同時向各藥企咨詢,由藥企醫(yī)學部提供其他途徑的補充文獻。
1.3 文獻篩選與資料提取
由兩名研究者根據(jù)納入與排除標準獨立篩選文獻、提取資料并交叉核對;如遇分歧,則由第3名研究者協(xié)助判斷。根據(jù)事先設計好的數(shù)據(jù)提取表格提取相關信息,包括第一作者及發(fā)表年份、例數(shù)、性別、年齡、干預措施和結局指標等。
1.4 文獻質量評價
采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價員手冊5.1.0推薦的偏倚風險評估工具對納入文獻質量進行評價,包括隨機方法、分配隱藏、對受試者和研究者施盲、結局評估的盲法、結果數(shù)據(jù)完整性、選擇性報告結果和其他偏倚來源,每個方面均分為低偏倚風險、不清楚和高偏倚風險[57]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用Stata 15.0軟件進行Meta分析。對于不同干預措施的有效性指標,計算其合并的加權SVR率、加權不良事件發(fā)生率和相應的效應量(ES)及95%置信區(qū)間(CI);計數(shù)資料采用相對危險度(RR)及其95%CI表示;計量資料則采用加權均數(shù)差(WMD)及其95%CI表示;連續(xù)型變量的結局指標采用WMD進行統(tǒng)計合并。各研究間異質性采用χ2檢驗和I 2檢驗,若各研究間無統(tǒng)計學異質性(P>0.1,I 2≤50%),采用固定效應模型分析;反之,則采用隨機效應模型分析。采用倒漏斗圖進行發(fā)表偏倚分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 文獻檢索結果與納入研究基本信息
初檢各數(shù)據(jù)庫共獲得相關文獻8 465篇,其他途徑獲得文獻4篇。經(jīng)閱讀標題、摘要及全文后,最終納入文獻48篇[8-55],試驗組患者共計12 227例。其中,GLE/PIB有8篇[11,15,27,45-46,51,53-54]、LDV/SOF有15篇[8-10,14,24,26,31-32,37,39-40,42-43,47,50]、SOF/VEL有9篇[12,16,18-20,22,29,43-44]、EBR/GZR有12篇[13,17,23,28,34-36,38,48-49,52,55]、DNV+P/R有5篇[21,25,30,33,41]。文獻篩選流程見圖1;納入研究基本信息(試驗組)見表1(表中,除明確說明用藥頻次外,其余用藥頻次均為每天1次;RBV表示利巴韋林,若無特殊說明,其劑量為按患者體質量給藥,即<75 kg者每天1 000 mg,≥75 kg者每天1 200 mg;RTV表示利托那韋;GLE/PIB、LDV/SOF、SOF/VEL、EBR/GZR、RTV均為片劑,口服給藥;P/R為注射劑,靜脈注射給藥,由于本研究對照組的干預措施未作具體限定,故表中未列出對照組信息)。
2.2 納入文獻質量評價結果
36項研究提及隨機序列產生的方法[9-10,12,14-15,17,19,21,23-29,31-42,44-46,48-52,54],19項研究采用分配隱藏[12-13,17,20-21,23,25-26,28,33,35,37,39,41,44,48-49,52,54];7項研究使用盲法[11-12,20,28,34,52,54];40項研究結果數(shù)據(jù)完整[8-10,12-30,32-35,37,39,41,44-49,51-55];所有研究均未選擇性報告,均不清楚是否存在其他偏倚來源,詳見圖2、圖3。
2.3 Meta分析結果
2.3.1 SVR率 GLE/PIB等5種藥物方案治療SVR率的Meta分析結果如表2所示。
①GLE/PIB——有8項研究報道了GLE/PIB治療的SVR率[11,15,27,45-46,51,53-54]。Meta分析結果顯示,GLE/PIB治療的加權SVR率為99%[95%CI(0.98,0.99),P<0.001]。
②LDV/SOF——有15項研究報道了LDV/SOF 治療的SVR率[8-10,14,24,26,31-32,37,39-40,42-43,47,50]。Meta分析結果顯示,LDV/SOF治療的加權SVR率為97%[95%CI(0.96,0.97),P<0.001]。
③SOF/VEL——有9項研究報道了SOF/VEL治療的SVR率[12,16,18-20,22,29,43-44]。Meta分析結果顯示,SOF/VEL治療的加權SVR率為96%[95%CI(0.95,0.97),P<0.001]。
④EBR/GZR——有12項研究報道了EBR/GZR 治療的SVR率[13,17,23,28,34-36,38,48-49,52,55]。Meta分析結果顯示,EBR/GZR治療的加權SVR率為95%[95%CI(0.93,0.96),P<0.001]。
⑤DNV+P/R——有5項研究報道了DNV+P/R治療的SVR率[21,25,30,33,41]。Meta分析結果顯示,DNV+P/R治療的加權SVR率為69%[95%CI(0.60,0.77),P<0.001]。
亞組分析結果如表3所示(表中P值均小于0.05)。
①HCV基因型的不同——分別有25項[8-9,12,14,19,21,25-27,29-34,36-39,41-42,44-45,49,54]、8項[10-11,13,19,22,29,42,51]、11項[18-19,22-24,27,38,42,44,53-54]、4項[40,42,47,50]和3項[15,24,43]研究報道了HCV 1、2、3、4、6型患者的SVR率。結果,GLE/PIB治療HCV 1、2型的加權SVR率較高,分別為100%[95%CI(0.99,1.00),P<0.05]、99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05];EBR/GZR治療HCV 3型的加權SVR率較高,為99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05];SOF/VEL治療HCV 6型的加權SVR率較高,為100%[95%CI(0.99,1.00),P<0.05]。
②肝硬化——分別有16項[12,14-16,18,26-27,30,34,36,38-40,44,50,54]、23項[11-15,19,21,25-26,30,32,34,37-38,40-41,43-45,49-51,53]研究報道了伴或不伴肝硬化患者的SVR率。結果,對于伴或不伴肝硬化的患者,GLE/PIB治療的加權SVR率均較高,分別為100%[95%CI(0.99,1.00),P<0.05]、99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05]。
③治療史——分別有22項[9,13,17,19,23-26,30,32,35-38,41-43,47-49,52-53]、24項[8,12-13,15,17,21,23-24,26-27,29,31,34-37,42,44-47,50-51,53]研究報道了初治和經(jīng)治患者的SVR率。結果,GLE/PIB初治患者的加權SVR率較高,為99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05];LDV/SOF經(jīng)治患者的加權SVR率較高,為99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05]。
④ 療程——分別有1項[26]、9項[15,19,32,37,39,43,47,51,54]、28項[8-12,14-16,18-20,22,24,26-27,29,31,37,40,42-47,50,53-54]、2項[46,53]和7項[8-9,14,16,29,40,50]研究報道了治療6、8、12、16、24周的SVR率。結果,當療程為8周和12周時,均以GLE/PIB治療的加權SVR率較高,分別為98%[95%CI(0.97,0.99),P<0.05]、99%[95%CI(0.98,1.00),P<0.05];當療程為24周時,LDV/SOF治療的加權SVR率較高,為98%[95%CI(0.97,0.99),P<0.05]。
⑤聯(lián)合用藥——分別有25項[8-9,13-14,16-19,23-24,26-27,29,32,35,37-40,42,44-45,47,49-50]、37項[8-13,15-16,18-20,22-24,26-28,31-32,34-35,38-39,42-55] 、2項[17,36]、2項[17,23]研究報道了聯(lián)合RBV或不聯(lián)合RBV、聯(lián)合SOF或不聯(lián)合SOF治療的SVR率。結果,LDV/SOF聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率,為98%[95%CI(0.97,0.99),P<0.05],高于LDV/SOF不聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率93%[95%CI(0.91,0.96),P<0.05];SOF/VEL不聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率為97%[95%CI(0.96,0.98),P<0.05],高于SOF/VEL聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率94%[95%CI(0.91,0.97),P<0.05];EBR/GZR不聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率為96%[95%CI(0.94,0.97),P<0.05],高于EBR/GZR聯(lián)合RBV治療的加權SVR率91%[95%CI(0.88,0.95),P<0.05]。
2.3.2 安全性 分別有46項[8-30,32-41,43-55]、43項[8-16,18-20,22-30,32-40,43-55]、29項[8-9,11-13,16,19-27,29,32-33,35,37,39,41,43-45,49-51,54]、22項[8-9,12,16,18-22,24,26-27,30,32-33,35,37,40-41,44-45,50]、18項[8-9,15,19,23-26,29,32-33,35,37,40-41,44,50-51]研究報道了患者任何嚴重的不良事件、任何不良事件、惡心/嘔吐、皮疹、失眠發(fā)生率。任何嚴重的不良事件和任何不良事件發(fā)生率從低到高依次均為EBR/GZR 2.4 發(fā)表偏倚分析 以GLE/PIB治療的SVR率為指標繪制倒漏斗圖,結果見圖4。由圖4可知,有3個研究散點在倒漏斗圖外,其余各研究散點均分布于倒漏斗圖范圍內,且倒漏斗圖兩側分布不對稱,提示本研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大(其余指標所得結果相似,圖略)。 3 討論 直接抗病毒藥物是治療HCV的靶向特異性小分子化合物[58]。近年來,隨著抗HCV感染DAAs的出現(xiàn),慢性丙肝治療的新時代也隨之開啟。但DAAs在我國上市時間嚴重晚于他國,且價格普遍較昂貴,患者因無法負擔而導致病情惡化,這使得我國慢性丙肝患者的治療率較低,給我國乃至全球“丙肝消除計劃”的實現(xiàn)造成了阻礙[59]。在真實世界的臨床實踐中,本研究納入的5種慢性丙肝治療方案的療效顯著[60-64]。目前,我國用于治療慢性丙肝的藥物較多,但缺乏DAAs治療方案之間的比較研究,加之DAAs對于不同基因型、肝硬化狀態(tài)、治療史患者的有效性也存在未知性。為此,本研究對5種DAAs治療慢性丙肝的有效性與安全性進行比較。 本研究結果顯示,5種藥物方案治療慢性丙肝的加權SVR率由高到低為GLE/PIB>LDV/SOF>SOF/VEL> EBR/GZR>DNV+ P/R。亞組分析結果顯示,對于HCV 1、2型患者,以GLE/PIB治療的SVR率較高,HCV 3、6型患者分別以EBR/GZR、SOF/VEL治療的SVR率較高;無論是否伴有肝硬化,均以GLE/PIB治療的SVR率較高;對于初治患者,GLE/PIB的SVR率較高,而對于經(jīng)治患者,則LDV/SOF的SVR率較高;療程方面,8周和12周療法均以GLE/PIB治療的SVR率較高;聯(lián)合和不聯(lián)合RBV時,分別以LDV/SOF和SOF/VEL治療的SVR率較高。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DNV+P/R治療的SVR率均顯著低于其他4種藥物方案,筆者分析其原因可能為DNV為我國首個研發(fā)的小分子直接抗病毒藥物[65],目前的RCT較少,且通常需要聯(lián)合P/R或其他DAAs使用。 安全性方面,任何嚴重的不良事件和任何不良事件發(fā)生率從低到高依次均為EBR/GZR 綜上所述,GLE/PIB、LDV/SOF、SOF/VEL、EBR/GZR治療慢性丙肝的有效率較高且接近,尤以GLE/PIB治療的加權SVR率最佳;安全性方面,以EBR/GZR、GLE/PIB相對較好。本研究的局限性如下:(1)納入研究的總體質量不高,且多數(shù)RCT未實施盲法,具有較高的偏倚風險,可能影響分析結果;(2)由于本研究納入的RCT在設計上多為兩種DAAs直接比較或者同種DAAs不同劑量或不同治療周期的比較,缺乏5種DAAs方案的直接比較,也缺乏空白對照,因此只進行了單臂Meta分析,而無法進行成組Meta分析或者網(wǎng)絡Meta分析,其不確定性較高;(3)納入的研究大多為國外研究,國內研究較少,在患者基線特征上可能存在差異。因此,本結論尚需更多高質量RCT進一步驗證。 參考文獻 [ 1 ] 中華醫(yī)學會肝病學分會,中華醫(yī)學會感染病學分會.丙型肝炎防治指南:2019年版[J].中華肝臟病雜志,2019,27(12):962-963. [ 2 ] World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report:2017
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(收稿日期:2020-12-08 修回日期:2021-04-15)
(編輯:陳 宏)