孫安舒
在英語中,有些表達看似是以否定的形式出現,實則蘊含著強烈的肯定意義。同學們若把握不當,極易望文生義,造成誤解和錯用。對此,筆者對否定形式表示肯定意義的常見結構進行了歸納,以期對同學們有所幫助。
一、帶“否定詞+but”的句子
在英語中,有許多含有but的否定句,往往含有肯定意義。具體體現在:
(1)noting/none but,意為“只不過,只有”。如:①The old woman was nothing but skin and bones.這個老婦人瘦得只剩皮包骨。②None but a strong man couldhave lifted it. 只有身強力壯的人能舉得起它。
(2)never...but...意為“沒有哪次不是……,每當……總是……”but為連詞,其后常接從句。如:①He never visited his grandparents but he brought them some gifts. 他去看望他的外祖父母,沒有哪次不帶些禮物.②I neverpass my old house but I think of the happy times I spentthere. 每當我路過我的故居時,總是會想起我在那兒度過的快樂時光。
(3)not...but... 意為“不是……而是……”如:①Heis not doing his homework but playing computer games.他不是在寫作業(yè),而是在玩電腦游戲。②The excuse for me,however,was not youth but plain stupidity.然而,我的借口不是年輕而是愚蠢。
(4)no...but...意為“凡是……都……,沒有……不……”如:①There is no man but admired him.沒有一個人不羨慕他。(大家都羨慕他。)②There is no generosity without some sacrifice.凡是慷慨行為都有犧牲。
(5)can’t/couldn’t (help) but...,意為“不得不,只能”,but后接不帶to的動詞不定式。如:①In view ofthe current situation,we can’t help but adjust our offer.鑒于目前的情況,我們不得不調整報價。②Graduates can not but fight for jobs in a highly competitivemarket.畢業(yè)生不得不在競爭激烈的市場上奮力爭取找到工作。
二、帶“否定詞+比較級”的句子
在英語中,有一些帶“否定詞+比較級”的句子,表面上看形式是否定的,實際上意義是肯定的。具體如下:
(1)no sooner...than...意為“剛一……就……”如:①The rain had no sooner stopped than they set off.雨剛一停,他們就出發(fā)了。②No sooner did the meeting come? to a close than he received a phone call from his wife.會議剛一結束,他就接到了妻子的電話。
(2)nothing /no more than,意為“僅僅,只不過,只是”。如:①They expected nothing more than freedom.他們期望的只不過是自由而已。②From ground lev- el,it appears to be no more than a pond.從表面看,它僅僅是個很普通的小湖。③It tookme no more than half an hour to write the article.我僅僅花了半個小時就寫完了這篇文章。
(3)nothing /no less than,意為“簡直是,正好是,無疑,完全”。①The discovery is nothing less than abreakthrough.這個發(fā)現無疑是個突破。②It is no less? than blackmail to ask such a high price.開那么高的價簡直是敲竹杠。
(4)none/no other than,意為“正是,就是,只有”。如:①The first one was none other than our class Alice.第一個不是別人,正是我們班的愛麗絲。②No other? than that,we can ensure the sustained,healthy and or- derly development of network news.只有如此,才能確保網絡新聞的持續(xù)、健康、有序發(fā)展。
(5)can’t/couldn’t與比較級連用時,往往含有最高級意味,意為“非常/完全/最……”如:①You couldn’t have come at a better time!你來的正是時候。②I can’t agree with you more. Nobody can succeed easily unless? he study hard.我非常同意你的看法。若不努力學習,沒有人能輕易成功。
總之,以否定形式表示肯定意義的句型多樣,不勝枚舉。在平時英語學習中,同學們要注意歸納整理,并加以仔細辨析,準確理解其意義,從而豐富語言積累,提高語用能力。
(作者單位:江蘇省鹽城市龍岡中學)