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      when與while在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法

      2022-05-11 20:13:31王靜云
      瘋狂英語(yǔ)·初中版 2022年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:主句省略謂語(yǔ)

      王靜云

      用作狀語(yǔ)的從句叫作狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句用于修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句是指復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子,其關(guān)聯(lián)詞有before、after、when、while、as、since、till、until、as soon as 等。在這當(dāng)中,學(xué)生容易混淆when 和while 的用法,而這兩詞又恰好是考試高頻單詞,所以明晰when與while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法異同至關(guān)重要。

      一、when 與while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的相同用法

      1. when 和while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它們既可放句首,也可放句中,都含有“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”“與此同時(shí)”之意。例如:

      When he was very young, Tan Dun showed an interest in music. 很小的時(shí)候,譚盾就對(duì)音樂(lè)感興趣。

      I will call you when I’ m ready. 我準(zhǔn)備好就給你打電話。

      While he was attending junior high, Spud tried out for the school team. 在他上初中時(shí),斯巴德參加了校隊(duì)的選拔。

      He always listens to the radio while he’ s driving to work. 他開(kāi)車上班途中總聽(tīng)廣播。

      2. 在when和while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí),簡(jiǎn)稱“主將從現(xiàn)”,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),簡(jiǎn)稱“主過(guò)從過(guò)”。例如:

      When I get there, I’ ll ring you up. 我到那兒后,給你打電話。(主將從現(xiàn))

      I’ ll ask him about it when he comes. 他來(lái)時(shí)我要問(wèn)他這件事。(主將從現(xiàn))

      He jumped up when the phone rang. 電話鈴響了,他猛地跳了起來(lái)。(主過(guò)從過(guò))

      Racing was halted for an hour while the track was repaired. 修理賽道時(shí),車賽中止了一個(gè)小時(shí)。(主過(guò)從過(guò))

      3. 在when 和while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致,并且從句中有be 動(dòng)詞時(shí),可以省略從句中的主語(yǔ)和be 動(dòng)詞。例如:

      When (she is) in trouble, she always asks for my help. 當(dāng)(她)遇到麻煩時(shí),她總會(huì)尋求我的幫助。

      He was fond of swimming when (he was) yet a child. 他還是孩子時(shí),就喜歡游泳。

      He cut himself while (he was) shaving. 他在刮胡子時(shí)刮傷了自己。

      4. 在when 和while 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不一致,但是屬于泛指意義的代詞you 時(shí),從句中的主語(yǔ)和be 動(dòng)詞也可省略。例如:

      When (you are) in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。

      A good way to master English is to spend holidays in English speaking countries,and while (you are) there, talk to native speakers. 掌握英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)好方法是在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家度假,當(dāng)你在那里時(shí),與英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)人士多交談。

      5. 在when 和while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)從句和主句的主語(yǔ)不一致,但是從句主語(yǔ)和主句中的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句中的主語(yǔ)和be 動(dòng)詞也可省略。例如:

      He told me to remain silent when (I was) not asked. 當(dāng)(我)沒(méi)有被問(wèn)到時(shí),他告訴我保持沉默。

      She told her son not to talk while (he was) eating. 她告訴她兒子在(他)吃飯時(shí)不要說(shuō)話。

      二、when 與while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的不同用法

      1. when 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句作連詞時(shí),有下列幾種意思:

      (1)“當(dāng)……時(shí)”,表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的特定時(shí)間點(diǎn)或者時(shí)間段。例如:

      The days get longer when spring comes. 春天到來(lái)時(shí),白天時(shí)間長(zhǎng)了。

      When he finally got the chance, he scored 20 points in his first game. 當(dāng)他終于得到機(jī)會(huì)時(shí),他在第一場(chǎng)比賽中就得了20 分。

      When the weather is great, we like going picnic. 天氣好時(shí),我們喜歡去野餐。

      Amy was reading a book when I came in. 當(dāng)我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),艾米正在讀書(shū)。

      (2)“(某事發(fā)生于另一活動(dòng)、事件或情形期間)在……的過(guò)程中”。例如:

      When I met the Gills, I had been gardening for ten years. 遇到吉爾一家時(shí),我已經(jīng)做了10 年的園藝工作。

      (3)“在那時(shí),然后,屆時(shí)”。例如:

      We will go to the countryside at the beginning of June when the summer har-vest starts. 我們將在六月初到鄉(xiāng)下去,那時(shí)夏收將開(kāi)始了。

      The summer of 1969, when men first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten.1969 年的夏天將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)被忘記,那時(shí)人類第一次登上了月球。

      I stayed till noon when I went home. 我待到了中午,然后就回家了。

      (4)表示肯定或很有可能發(fā)生的事情,以及經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。試比較:

      I’ ll do the work next week when I come back from the south. 我下周從南方回來(lái)后再做這件事。(肯定會(huì)回來(lái))

      When you read this letter, I’ ll be at the front. 當(dāng)你看到這封信時(shí),我將在前線了。(很可能讀到此信)

      When you hear a big noise, don’ t be frightened. It comes from that factory over across the street. 當(dāng)你聽(tīng)到一聲巨響,不要驚慌,這是馬路對(duì)面那家工廠發(fā)出的聲音。(經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事)

      (5)由when 構(gòu)成的表達(dá)“當(dāng)某人剛要/ 準(zhǔn)備做某事時(shí)候”的搭配。

      ① “Somebody was ready to do something when something happened”,例如:I was ready to go to bed when my father came back from work. 父親下班回來(lái)時(shí),我正準(zhǔn)備睡覺(jué)。

      ② “Somebody was just doing something when something happened”,例如:I was just going to speak when the bell rang. 我剛要講話,鈴就響了。I was just doing my homework when someone knocked at the door. 我剛要做作業(yè),某人就來(lái)敲門了。

      ③ “Somebody was about to do something when something happened”,例如:We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain. 我們剛要出發(fā)時(shí),突然下雨了。

      He was about to leave when the telephone rang. 他正要離開(kāi),電話鈴響了。

      另外,由when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,有以下幾點(diǎn)應(yīng)注意:

      (1)when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,也可以是瞬間動(dòng)詞。when 引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作可以發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前、之后,也可以同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:

      When the meal was finished, Alice washed up and made coffee. 吃完飯,愛(ài)麗絲洗了碗并煮了咖啡。(從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞之前)

      A man is not finished when he is defeated. He is finished when he quits. 一個(gè)人被打敗并不等于結(jié)束,只有他放棄了才算結(jié)束。(從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞之后)

      It was snowing heavily when we got to the airport. 我們到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí),雪下得很大。(從句和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)

      (2)在談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事情時(shí),when 從句中的動(dòng)詞,按照和主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作先后相距的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短以及是否需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成等,分別使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)或過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:

      When I had washed and cut the vegetables, the water in the pot began tohum. 當(dāng)我把蔬菜洗好切完之后,鍋里的水也燒開(kāi)了。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作時(shí)間間隔較長(zhǎng),并強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)

      When I opened the door, the children came in. 我把門一打開(kāi),孩子們就進(jìn)來(lái)了。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作間隔不太長(zhǎng),且無(wú)需強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成開(kāi)門的動(dòng)作)

      When I saw the enemy, I fired at once. 看見(jiàn)敵人我就開(kāi)槍了。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生)

      (3)過(guò)去完成時(shí)與含有一般過(guò)去時(shí)的when 等從句連用時(shí),有時(shí)從句是全句的重點(diǎn)。例如:

      Scarcely had I left the house when it began to rain. 我剛離開(kāi)家就開(kāi)始下雨了。

      He had only just reached home when a man called to see him. 他剛到家就有人找。

      (4)when 常和分詞組成分詞短語(yǔ),when 后也可接形容詞,起省略的狀語(yǔ)從句的作用。例如:

      It is dangerous to use mobile phone when driving. 開(kāi)車使用手機(jī)很危險(xiǎn)。

      This kind of steel becomes very brittle when hardened. 這種鋼硬化后變得很脆。

      2. while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句作連詞時(shí),有下列幾種意思:

      (1)“……時(shí)”,表示在某一個(gè)時(shí)間段,主句動(dòng)作和從句動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的。注意while 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。例如:

      He always phones while we are having lunch. 他總是在我們吃午飯時(shí)打電話。

      Strike while the iron is hot. 打鐵趁熱。

      While we were dancing, a stranger came in. 我們正在跳舞時(shí),一個(gè)陌生人進(jìn)來(lái)了。

      While I was waiting for the taxi, it rained suddenly. 當(dāng)我正在等出租車時(shí),突然下雨了。

      (2)“在……期間”,表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的過(guò)程中。例如:

      Children were told not to listen to the music while they were going over their homework. 孩子們被告知不要在做作業(yè)時(shí)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。

      They arrived while we were having dinner. 我們正在吃飯時(shí),他們來(lái)了。

      (3)while away 表示“ 消磨, 打發(fā)( 時(shí)間)”,“while somebody was away/ was on holiday/ was away on business”,表持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀態(tài)。例如:

      He was left in charge of the shop while the manager was away. 當(dāng)經(jīng)理不在時(shí),他被留下來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)商店。

      Don’ t worry. Bill will help you look after your cat when you are away on business.不要擔(dān)心,比爾在你出去出差的時(shí)候會(huì)幫忙照顧你的貓。

      3. when 與while 在引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法口訣:兩長(zhǎng)用while,主長(zhǎng)從短用when,主短從長(zhǎng)while、when兩者均可。即主句和從句兩動(dòng)詞都為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(長(zhǎng)動(dòng)詞)的,用while;主句長(zhǎng)動(dòng)詞,從句為瞬間動(dòng)詞(短動(dòng)詞)的用when;當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞為短動(dòng)詞,從句動(dòng)詞為長(zhǎng)動(dòng)詞時(shí),用while 和when 均可。例如:

      —What were you and your father doing at 7:00 last night?

      —I was doing my homework while my father was reading newspapers.

      —你和你爸爸昨晚七點(diǎn)在干嗎?

      —我在做作業(yè),而我爸爸在讀報(bào)。(兩長(zhǎng)用while)

      She screamed when she suddenly saw an accident happen in the street. 當(dāng)她突然撞見(jiàn)街頭的車禍時(shí),她尖叫了。(主長(zhǎng)從短用when)

      While/ when I was in Japan, I visited many places of interest. 當(dāng)我在日本時(shí),我游覽了很多名勝。(主短從長(zhǎng)用while 和when 均可)

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