◎供稿:高 潔
考點詳解
在復(fù)合句中修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句,定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。定語從句是中考必考考點之一,主要考查的是時態(tài)及賓語從句的語序,有時也會考查定語從句的引導詞。其中,關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句最為常見,也是考試重點。考查的主要形式是單項填空、完形填空、短文填空和完成句子,閱讀理解和書面表達中也會考查到定語從句。因此,我們要熟練掌握定語從句的用法。
1.定語從句的關(guān)系詞
定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that、which、who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where、when、why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又是定語從句的重要成分。如:
2.定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去;非限制性定語從句的主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明的作用,從句若省去,意思仍完整。
3.關(guān)系代詞的基本用法
作主語 作賓語 作定語指人 who/that who/whom/that/省略 whose指物 which/that which/that/省略
The man who/that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong.
會上發(fā)言的人來自香港。
The building which/that is being built will be used as a hospital.
在建的這幢建筑將用作醫(yī)院。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world.
我拜訪了一位世界知名的科學家。
【典例】—I heard that Shao Yifu passed away.
—Yes, he is a great man ___________ donated billions of dollars to charity, schools and hospitals.
A. who B. whom C. which D. /
【答案】A
【解析】句意:——我聽說邵逸夫去世了?!堑模且粋€偉大的人,捐贈了數(shù)十億美元給慈善機構(gòu)、學校和醫(yī)院。這是一個定語從句,先行詞是人,故用who/whom引導,在從句中作主語時用who,故選A。
【注意】
1. 當關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持主謂一致。
He is one of the boys who like playing basketball.
他是喜歡打籃球的男孩子之一。
He is the one of the boys who likes playing basketball.
他就是那個喜歡打籃球的男孩子。
2. 通常在以下七種情況下只能用that而不能用which。
(1)先行詞為all、much、something、everything、nothing、little、none、the one等代詞時。如:
That is all that I want to say.
那就是我想要說的。
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時。如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一個通過考試的人。
This is the most wonderful film that I have seen.
這是我看過的最精彩的電影。
(3)以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that。如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
(4)先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last、little、few等詞修飾時。如:
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
史密斯先生是他唯一認識的外國人。
(5)先行詞里同時含有人或物時。如:
We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.
我們訪問過的老師和學校給我們留下了深刻的印象。
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚記得我在那個房間見到的人和一些照片。
(6)先行詞在主句中作表語,或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時。如:
It’s a book that will help you a lot.
這是一本對你很有幫助的書。
(7)主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which。如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
3. 關(guān)系詞只能用which而不用that的情況。
(1)先行詞為that、those時。如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那個東西是什么?
(2)關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時。如:
This is the room in which he lives.
這是他居住的房間。
(3)引導非限制性定語從句時。如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
1.當先行詞為地點名詞時,如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語或賓語,則用that或which引導。
This is the house which/that was built by my grandfather forty years ago.
這是我爺爺在40年前建造的房子。(定語從句中缺少主語,所以要用
which/that,而不用where)
2. position、point、case、stage、situation、atmosphere等表示抽象地點的名詞充當先行詞時,若定語從句中缺少狀語,則用where來引導。
It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.
把孩子們放在一個能夠讓他們從不同角度看待自己的環(huán)境中對他們很有幫助。
3.關(guān)系副詞why指原因,代替先行詞并在定語從句中作原因狀語,其先行詞一般是reason。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our help?
這是他拒絕我們幫助的理由嗎?
【典例】We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ___________ the weather may be better.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
【答案】D
【解析】句意:我們將把公園的野餐推遲到下個星期,那時天氣可能會更好。這是一個定語從句,先行詞是next week,定語從句中缺少時間狀語,所以用關(guān)系副詞when引導,故選D。
4.當先行詞是時間名詞時,既可以用when引導定語從句,也可以用that或which引導定語從句,關(guān)鍵要看關(guān)系詞在從句中作何種成分。若關(guān)系詞在定語從句中充當狀語,用when引導;若關(guān)系詞在從句中充當主語或賓語,則用that或which引導。
Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?
你還記得我們整夜聊天的那些日子嗎?(when在從句中作狀語)
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?
你還記得我們在農(nóng)場一起度過的那些日子嗎?(that或which作spent的賓語)
1.限制性定語從句是不能去掉的,否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立。非限制性定語從句則不然,它只對所修飾的詞做進一步說明,去掉之后并不影響整個句子的含義。在形式上,非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常必須有逗號隔開。
Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.
最后我們參觀了長江三峽大壩,它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。2.引導非限制性定語從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整個句子。
That Peter will marry Alice, which has not been announced yet, has spread around.
彼特要娶愛麗斯這件事還沒宣布,卻已被傳得沸沸揚揚。
3.除which外,還可用when、where、who、whom等關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導非限制性定語從句。
After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
畢業(yè)后,我決定留在重慶,在那里我度過了我的童年和四年大學生活。
【注意】that不能引導非限制性定語從句。
4.在限制性定語從句中,如果先行詞作賓語時,引導詞可以省略;但引導非限制性定語從句的引導詞不能省,同時關(guān)系代詞whom不能用who替換。
練習
1. I shall never forget those days _______ I lived on the farm with the local farmers.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
2. There are many works of art in the museum _______ we will visit tomorrow.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
3. —The TV showSay Hello to Lifeis popular recently.
—Yes. It’s the only program _______ I watched this month.
A. that B. who C. what D. which
4. The attitude you put on life is the attitude you point to yourself. Remember: Attitude does make a difference in everything _______ you do.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
5. In 2020, Ho Hung-sun _______ died at the age of 98 this year. In 2003, he gave away the pig-head statue (雕像) of the Old Summer Palace to the mainland.
A. whom B. whose C. that D. /
6. —What are the girls doing over there?
—They are talking about the boy _______ short videos are very popular on Douyin.
A. whose B. who C. that D. /
7. He doesn’t like people in the company _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. which C. who D. that
8. I’m looking for a place _______ I can live.
A. which B. that with it C. where D. /